A. By adding the Complement of the Latitude, the Complement of the Altitude, and the Sun or Star's Polar Distance into one Sum; from half this Sum I fubtract the Polar Diftance, noting the half Sum and the Remainder: Then, to the Arithmetical Complement of the Co-fine of the Latitude, I add the Arithmetical Complement of the Co-fine of the Altitude; the Log. Sines of the half Sum and the Remainder; half the Sum of thefe four Logarithms will give the Co-fine of half the true Azimuth, which being doubled is the true Azimuth, reckoned from the North in North Latitude, and from the South in South Latitude.

Or it may be found thus:

To the Log. Secants of the Latitude and Altitude, add the Log. Sines of the half Sum and the Remainder; half the Sum of these four Logarithms (rejecting 20 in the Index) will be the Log. Cofine of half the true Azimuth, as before.

22. You have given the true Amplitude or Azimuth by Calculation, and the Magnetic Amplitude or Azimuth by Obfervation; how do you find the Variation?

A. By placing both the Amplitudes or Azimuth before me, then, if the true Amplitude or Azimuth be to the Right Hand of the Magnetic, or obferved, the Variation is Eaft, but if it be to the Left Hand, it is Weft.

2. You have the Latitude and Longitude the Ship is in, confequently her Place, how do you fhape her Course, or in other Words, find her Course and Distance to any other Place, whofe Latitude and Longitude is known?

A. It may be found briefly by the Tables of Difference of Lati

tude and Departure, but by Logarithms I will fay,

As the Meridional Difference of Latitude: is to Radius :: fo is

the Difference of Longitude: to the Tangent of the Course, And, As the Co-fine of the Course is to the proper Difference of Latitude fo is Radius to the Distance.

2. You have the Difference of Latitude and Departure made good in the 24 Hours, how do you find the Courfe and Distance, and the Ship's Place, by Logarithms?

A. As the Difference of Latitude: is to Radius :: fe is the Departure to the Tangent of the Courfe. And,

As the Co-fine of the Course is to the Difference of Latitude :: fo is Radius to the Distance made good in the 24 Hours.

Having the Latitude and Longitude left, and the Difference of Latitude, I find the Latitude in, and the Meridional Difference of Latitude; I then fay,

:

As the Co-fine of the Courfe is to the Meridional Difference of Latitude: fo is the Sine of the Course : to the Difference of Longitude. Or, as the proper Difference of Latitude is to the Departure: fo is the Meridional Difference of Latitude: to the Dif ference of Longitude. Having the Longitude left, and the Difference, the Longitude in is found by Addition or Subtraction, as the Cafe requires:

You have now the Ship's Place by Calculation, how do you find it on a Mercator's Chart?

A. By laying a Ruler across the Chart on the Ship's Latitude, and taking her Longitude in my Compaffes, and fetting one Point on the Meridian, by the Side of the Ruler, I turn the other Eaft or Weft, according as the Longitude is, (by the Side of the Ruler) and it will point out the Ship's Place.

2. You have now the Ship's Place, how do you find her Bearing and Distance to any other known Place?

A. By laying a Ruler over the Point where the Ship is, and the given Place, and with the Compaffes I take the nearest Distance between the Ruler and the Center of fome Compafs on the Chart; and flide the Compaffes along the Ruler, (keeping both Points perpendicular to it) the fartheft Point from the Ruler will fhew the Course, or Bearing between the Ship and Place. Again,

I take the Distance between the Ship and Place in the Compaffes, and then lay one Point on the Meridian as much below the Ship's Place, as the other is above the given Place; that Dittance, reckoned in Degrees, Leagues, or Miles on the Meridian, according as it is divided, will be the Diftance.

2. You are ordered to a Ship, fhe is lying in Dock; prepare to take her out of Dock.

A. I would take on Board what Kentledge was neceffary, Stream Anchor and Cable, Kedge Anchor, Hawfer and Tow-line, with fome spare Ropes for Guys, to keep her fair for the Dock Gates Buoy and Buoy-Ropes, for Stream and Kedge.

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2. When your Ship is out of Dock, what is first to be done? A. I would take on Board the Remainder of the Kentledge, and level the Hold; by laying the Kentledge from the fore Part of the Fore-hatchway to the after Part of the After-hatchway.

2. If you are taking in Bales, how would you dunnage, and which Part of the Ship moft?

A. I would dunnage fix Inches, and moftly about the Well, Main-hatchway, the Wake of the Chains and Floor Timbers.

2. Suppofe you have one and a half Foot Water in your Hold, and your Ship heels four Streaks; what Dunnage ought you to have to preferve the Cargo?

A. Three Feet.

2. How would you moor your Ship at Gravefend?

A. I would come too with my fmall Bower, veer the Service into the Hawfe, and then hang my best Bower Anchor to the Long-boat, and with the Tide drop her a-ftern: When the Cable is taught, let go the Anchor, first letting go the Shank-Rope, to keep the Cable more taught.

2. How would you hang the Anchor to the Long-boat?

A. Take the Buoy-Rope over the Roller (which is in the Middle of the Stern of the Long-boat), bring the Bight round the main Thwart, cockbill the Anchor, hook the Cat to the Anchor, and lower

away, until the Flukes of the Anchor are clear of the Boat's Bottom, then make faft the Buoy-Rope, have a Shank-Rope through the Ring, (which is at the Boat's Stern-Poft), pafs it round the Shank of the Anchor, make it faft to the After-thwart, lower away and unhook the Cat, then veer away the Cable; be careful to heave the Buoy over-board before you let go the Anchor..

2. How do you moor in the Downs?

A. With my beft Bower to the S. W. I would veer away with the last quarter Flood, and moor with the fmall Bower to the N. E. 2. Where is the beft anchoring in the Downs?

A. Upper Deal Church and Castle in one, in eight or nine Fa thoms Water.

2. What are the Marks for anchoring in the Downs?

A. The South Foreland S. S. W. Deal Castle bearing Weft, and Sandown Caftle N. W.

2. How would you unmoor in the Downs with the Wind at North?

A. I would fplice my Stream Cable to my small Bower, and veer away at half Ebb, that I might have Time to ftow my beft Bower, and fhorten in my fmall Bower-cable, before the Ship tends to Windward.

2. Proceed to unmoor Ship as it is done in the Navy.

A. I would fend for the Mafter to fee the Hawfe is clear, turn all Hands up to unmoor Ship, lay the Capftan-Bars for fhipping, call the Mate to fee the Meffenger paffed for the beft Bower, ig the Davit out, because I will take it up the first quarter Flood, get the Cat and Fish to pafs for the best Bower, ftretch along the Fifh Tackle; Quarter Mafters down in the Tier, and ftand by to veer away the small Bower-cable; fhip the Capftan-Bars, pin and swift them; clap on the Stoppers before the Bitts, and bring to the Meffenger. At the fame Time unbit the best Bower, rowse aft the Slack of the Cable; heave taught, take off the Stoppers, hold on the Meffenger, and heave away; veer away the fmall Bower-cable; clap on the Nippers: Thick and dry for weighing, heave chearly; the Anchor's away, keep faft the fmall Bower-cable; Quarter Mafter take hold of the Helm; look out for the Anchor; the Anchor is in Sight, heave and paul the Capftan; hook the Cat; haul taught, and take a Turn; furge the Meflenger round the Capftan; take off the Nippers; out Cable; Cable enough; haul Cat; belay the Catfall; pafs the Stoppers; hook the Fish; try Fifh by Hand; haul away the Fifh; belay the Fish Tackle-Fall; pafs the Shank Painter'; bowfe to the Stock-Tackle; belay the Shank Painter; make faft the Stopper and Stock-lafhing; come up Cat and Fish; unhook both; haul the Buoy in; then shift the Messenger for the small Bower and bring to, clap on the Stoppers before the Bitts and unbit the Cable; rowse aft the Slack of the Cable; man the Capftan; hold on the Meflenger; Forecastle-men; rig out the Davit for the fmall Bower;

when the Anchor is a-peak, fend the Top Men to loose the Sails; man the Yards; ftretch along the Top-fail Sheets; let go the Top-fail; reef Tackles, Buntlines and Clue-lines; foot the Sails out of the Top; haul home the Top-fail Sheets; stretch along the Top-fail Halyards and man them; Quarter-Mafters and Boatfwain's Mates attend to the Braces; hoift away the Top-fails; belay the Halyards; trim the Sails; heave up the Anchor; ftow it as before, and haul the Buoy in.

2. How would you unmoor with the Wind S. E. or S.?

A. Veer on the beft Bower-cable, and take the fmall Boweranchor up first; and proceed as before, then to heave in to the short Service on the beft Bower, &c. If the Anchor has great Hold and afraid of standing the Meffenger, clear away the Main Capftan and lafh a Block on the Cable, and one to the Main-maft; or one to the two Ports abreast of the Main-maft; reeve a Hawser through them, and heave on both Capftans together.

2. Suppofe you are close upon a Wind, in moderate Weather, with all your Sails fet, how will you tack the Ship?

A. I would hand down the Lee-bow-lines, ftretch along the Weather-braces, the Weather-fheets and Lee-tacks; then put the Helm a-lee, let go the Fore-fheet, Lee Fore-top-fail, Brace and Foretop-bow-line, Jib and Stay-fail-fheets : and haul them taught. When the Fore-top-fail touches, brace too and help her; when aback brace up and help her; when the Wind is out of the After-fails, raise Tacks and Sheets; fhift the Stay-fail-tacks, and haul over the Stay-failfheets cant Sprit-fail-yard, when the Wind is a-head, haul the Mainfail. N. B. One Watch of the Top-men on the Quarter-Deck and Forecastle to set up the Weather-breaft-back-ftays: If fhe has Sternway, fhift the Helin and fquare the Sprit-fail-yard; haul on Board the Main Tack and aft the Main Sheet. Brace up the Main Yard when the After-fails are full; haul off all; and haul on Board the Fore- Tack; keep in the Weather-braces forward, and let her come too; then brace up; haul aft the Fore-fheet, Jib and Stay-fail-fheets; fet the Back-ftays up, and haul the Bow-lines; then haul taught the Weather-braces, Lee-tacks and Weather-fheets; have the Braces let go at once; when the Word is given to haul Main-fail, (all the Hands on the Braces fhould keep hauling taught in for the Run), the Yards will fwing of themselves.

2. How would you tack a Ship under her three Top-fails?

A. I would put the Helm a-Lee, eafe off the Fore-top-fail Brace, keep fast the ore-top Bow-line; when the Fore-top-fail touches, brace too and help her; when the Wind is a-head, haul the MainTop-fail and fhift the Helm; then brace up the Main-yard, and haul the Main-top Bow-line; when the After-fails are full, let go and haul; keep in the Weather-braces forward, and when she comes too brace sharp up, haul the Main and Fore-top Bow-lines, and haul taught the Weather-braces.

2. How do you veer a Ship with all her Sails fet?

I would haul the Mizen up, and the Mizen-ftay-fail down, hard a Weather the Helm, fhiver the Mizen-top-fail, let go the Main and Main-top Bow lines, ease off the Main-fheet, the Leemain-brace, and round in the Weather-brace. When the Wind is abaft the Beam, raife the Main-tack; when the Wind is aft, fquare the Head-yards, and get the other Tacks on Board; haul aft the Sheets, fhift the Jib aud Stay-fail Sheets over the Stays, and as fhe comes too haul the Mizen out; hoift the Mizen Stay-fail, and haul aft the Sheet; brace the Head-yards up, haul the Bow-lines, and trim all fharp. If a fresh Wind, and fhould be proper to fhorten Sail, in Top-gallant-fails, down Jib and Stay-fails, take one or two Reefs in the Top-fails.

2. It blows hard, would have you proceed to close reef the Topfails.

A. I would let run the Halyards, and haul the Yards clofe down by the Clue-lines and down-haul Tackles; if the Wind is large, man the Clue-Lines and Bunt-lines, let go the Sheets, and clue them close up; haul in the Weather-brace, and fpill the Sail as much as poffible; then haul out the Reef Tackles, fend Men up and haul out the Weather Earing firft, then the Lee one, and reef away, hauling the other Reefs up before the Yard: If the Ship is upon a Wind when the Top-fail-yard is down, let go the Bow-line. It is moftly the Way to man the Clue-lines and the Bunt-lines, to eafe off the Lee-fheet and clue it up; then man the Weather-brace, let go the Lee-brace, ease off the Weather-fheet and clue it up, hauling in the Weather-brace and Bunt-lines at the fame Time; when the Sail is fpilled, haul out the Reef-Tackles, and reef as before. But to keep the Sail from splitting or fhaking (efpecially if it be wet) it is the beft Way to man the Clue-lines, Bunt-lines and Weather-brace, let go the Lee-brace, eafe off the Weather-fheet, hauling up the Clue-line, and in with the Weather-brace at the fame Time; when in enough, ease off the Lee-fheet, clue up, &c, N. B. To fet a Top-fail on a Wind when it blows ftrong, always haul the Lee-fheet home firft, then the Weather one, &c. &c. as before.

2. It blows harder, you must take in your Top-fails.

A. I would take in the Fore and Mizen Top-fails first, because it will eafe the Ship forward, (for when it blows hard we generally have a Head Sea, and fhe keeps too the better) let go the Fore-top Bow-line, lower away the Halyards, man the Chines and BuntJines, clue close up, and haul out the Reef haul in the Weather-brace, fteady the Lee-brace, haul taug me Top-fail yards; fend the People up to hand the Sail, and when up, be they go on the Yard, I'll clap the rolling Tackle on to fteady the (all the Top-fails fhould be taken in the fame Way) after that, if

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