2. How do you know the Lizard when you firft make it? A. It is the Southermoft Land on the Coaft, and may be feen 7 or Leagues off, in 42 Fathoms. 2. How does the Lands End appear when you make it? A. It appears in Hummocks with a Church on it, and may be seen 7 or 8 Leagues off, in 54 Fathoms. 2. What are the Dangers off the Lands End? - A. Many: 1ft, The Runnel-tone, lies about Mile S. S. W. from Toll-peden-penwith. 2d, N. E. by N. from the Runnel-ftone, there is a Rock, called the Leaw-mean, which appears at half Ebb, with a Pallage between it and the Main, feldom ufed by any but Coasters. 3d, The Wolf Rock bears from the Lands End S. W. by W. Distance 3 Leagues; it is fmall, and may be feen at half Tide; the largest of the Brazen Rocks, kept open of the outermost of the Long Ships (on which there is a Light-houfe now erecting) will lead me clear to the Weftward of the Wolf. 4th, The Long Ships lie N. W. by N. about 3 Miles from the S. W. Point of the Lands End, and 1 Mile W. N. W. from the Weftermost Point, they are high, and may be feen 4 or 5 Leagues off. 5th, The Kettle-Bottom, is a Shoal with only 6 Feet on it, and lies about half Way between the nethermoft Part of the Long Ships, and the West Point of the Lands End. 6th, The Brefam Rocks lie about 3 Miles N. E. by N. from the Long Ships. 7th, The Seven Stones are a Row of Rocks that come not' above Water, but the Sea always breaks over them; they lie from the Lands End W. S. W. S. Distance 7 Leagues; and from St. Martin's Head, Scilly, N. N.E. Distance 3 Leagues. I 2. If you are forced into Mount's Bay, where would be the fafeft anchoring Ground? A. Mount's Bay lies between the Lizard and the Lands End; there is a high land on the Eaft Side, and a Castle on the Weft Side of it, called St. Michael's Mount; from the Eaft Side of it lies a Ledge of Rocks, near a League into the Sea: the Coaft is full of Rocks, and not fafe to anchor in. To fail into the Bay I must bring St. Paul's Steeple W. and keep over to the Weft Shore, and make St. Clement's Ifland, which is before the Town of Moufehole, having the Caffle on the Starboard Side; I fhall then fee a large fandy Bay, and, when within the lfland, there is a good anchoring in 7 or 8 Fathoms Land-locked from all Winds but a S. E. Wind. 2. If you are bound, or forced to go into Scilly, what would you do?" A. I would fteer for St. Mary's Sound, and run in for the Southermoft Point of St. Mary's Ifland, called Penninis Point, minding to keep the Lead going, and approach no nearer than 5 Fathoms Water; about N. W. of Penninis Point, a little more than half a Mile, is the Woolpack, the Shoal lies near to the Shore; I must continue to run in 5 or 6 Fathoms, keeping pretty clofe to St. Mary's Ifland to avoid the Spanish Ledge, which lies about half a Mile W. by S. from Penninis Point; fome Part of this Shoal may be feen-at low Water, and Part of the Woolpack fhows itfelf before low Water. When I have got abreast of the Wooolpack, to which I must give a good Birth, about a Cable's Length, and steer for the Stevel Rock, which is bold to; when I am abreast of the Stevel, muft fteer N. W. by W. until little Crow Ifland comes on with Bantfcarren Point; then steer N. N. E. until Crow Ifland comes open a Ship's Length of Bantfcarren Point, or bring the Caftle, which is on St. Mary's Ifland to bear S. S. E. and anchor in 6 or 5 Fathoms Water. N. B. The foregoing Queftions and Answers have been examined by several experienced Naval Officers, who only difagreed in fome Particulars refpecting the working of a Ship at Sea. Others, indeed, who pretended to great Nautical Knowledge, could do little more than Quibble and Carp at Parts they feemed unable to amend. As I do not take upon myjelf to determine which of them was right, it is hoped, every judicious Mariner will excufe any Errors he may find in the above, which is principally intended to fix the Attention, and facilitate the Speedy Improve ment of young Practitioners in Seamanship. Neceffary REMARKS on coming into the CHANNEL. ERSONS coming from a long Voyage, without Doubt, try for Ground in Time, and, if poffible, would keep in the Latitude of 49° N. in which Latitude, and in 90 Fathoms Water, you will have fine Sand 66 Leagues from the Lizard; but, fhould you be in the Latitude of Scilly then coarfe Ground, and 50 Fathoms. In coming in, having ftruck Ground in 90 Fathoms, you will, from the Lati tude 49° 30′ to 49°, meet with the fame Depth; then, failing 6 or 7 Leagues, you will fhoal 5 Fathoms at once; you run in that Depth for fome Time, and deepen again; and perhaps in three Leagues you fhoal again; for it is to be fuppofed the Ground is not gradual: You must therefore have Recourse to the general Soundings, not to Particulars. But if, in coming in, you meet with Sand interspersed with black Specks like beaten Pepper, and you have 64 Fathoms, then Scilly bears N. E. by N. 14 Leagues; and if, at any other Depth, you have the fame Soundings from 90 to 64 Fathoms, you have the Channel fairly open. When you are in the Latitude 49° 30', and have 75 Fathoms, you must be fure to fteer E. S. E. E. and then you will but keep your Latitude good; which, if poffible do not go to the Northward of, till you get within Scilly; nor then, without you have an Opportunity of making the Land. When you are abreast of Scilly, if you be not to the Southward of 49° 25′, nor to the Northward of 45° 30', and have 60 Fathoms, you are fure to be the Length of Scilly, and in the Latitude as before mentioned; with 35 Fathoms you are a-breast of the Lizard. N. B. It is best to keep in the Latitude 49° 24' and steer the above Course, for the Tide, a good Way to the Weft of Scilly, runs 9 Hours to the Northward, and but 3 to the Southward. If at any Time you fhould be to the Southward, and have from 90 to 70 Fathoms, or in the Latitude of Ufhant, or farther Southerly, you will have reddish Gravel Sand, with many Pieces of Shells which Soundings are no where to be found in the Channel. If in the Latitude of Ufhant you have 86 Fathoms, you are diftant from thence 36 Leagues; if 70 Fathoms, 11 Leagues; then you must be careful in the Night, or thick Weather to come no nearer to it than 63 Fathoms, nor to the Leams than 65 Fathoms. You may know when you are to the Northward or to the Southward of Scilly by the Ground. When you are to the Northward, or in the Latitude of it, you have Ouze on the Lead from 85 to 60 Fathoms; then you must haul to the Southward till you meet with coarfer Ground, which you will have to the Southward of Scilly; you may depend on having Ouze on the Lead in this Latitude, or to the Northward of it; fo that, if you keep the Lead going, you may prevent falling to the Northward. For your better knowing when you are near Scilly, you will find on the Lead, black Stones, the like of which are no where else in the Channel. In the Night come no nearer than 53 Fathoms; and in that Depth you are not above 3 Leagues from the Scilly Rocks. That you may know if you be within Scilly, and in the Channel, ftand to the Southward and you will have deeper Water; to the Northward and you will have fhoaler. Come no nearer to the Lizard in the Night, than 45 Fathoms. If running up the Channel in the Night, keep without the Stream of 40 Fathoms, for in that Stream the Eddystone lies: Between the Start and Portland, no nearer than 24 Fathoms; nor from Portland to the Nefs, than 20 Fathoms, if in the Night or thick Weather. When you are in a fair Way up Channel, you will always have fine Sand, intermixed with black Specks and Hake's Teeth. By this Time you will moft probably have made the Land; but obferve, that between Beachy and the Wight there are from 30 to 38 Fathoms Water, by which you may be led to imagine yourself farther out than you are. That Depth is found at four Leagues Distance from the Qars and Eastborough head. I fhall now take my Leave of the young Sea Officer, with acquainting him that the following Tables are all numbered for the more readily working his Day's Works at Sea, which he will doubtlefs rather do himself, than copy it from that of others. 35 134.806.6 52251.7 12.4 53252.7 12.4 54253.7 12.5 55254.7 12.5 56 255.7 12.6 Dift Lat. Dep Dift Lat. Dep. Dift Lat. Dep. Dift Lat. Dep. Dift Lat. Dep. 101.000.0 61 60.903.0 121 120.905.9 181 180.808.9 241 240.7 11.8 2'02.000. I 62 61.903.0 22 121.906.0 82 181.808.9 42241.7 11 9 303.000.1 63 62.903.1 23 122.906.0 83 182.809.043 242.7 11.9 404.000.2 64 63.903.1 24123.906.184183.809.0 44 243.7 12.0 595.000.2 65 64.903.2 25 124.906.1 85184.8 09.1 45 244.7 12.0 606.000.3 66 65.903.2 26 125.8 06.2 86 185.809.1 46 245.7 12.1 707.000.3 67 66.903.3 27 126.806.2 87 186.809.2 47 246.7 12.1 808.000.4 68 67.903.3 28 127.806.3 88 187.809.2 48 247.7 12.2 909.000.4 69 68.903.4 29 128.806.3 89188.809.3 49 248.7 12.2 10 10.000.5 70 69.903.4 30 129.806.4 90 189.809.3 50249.7 12.3 1111.000.5 71 70.903.5 131 130.806.4 191 190.809.4251 250.7 12.3 12 12.000.6 72 71.903.5 32 131.806.5 92 191.809.4 13 13.000.6 73 72.903.6 33 132.806.5 93192.809.5 14 14.000.7 74 73.903.6 34133.806.6 94193.809.5 1515.000.7 75 74.903.7 95194.809.6 16 16.000.8 76 75.903.7 96195.809.6 17 17.000.8 77 76.903.8 97 196.809.7 18 18.000.9 78 77.903.8 38 137.806.8 98 197.809.7 19 19.000.9 79 78.903.9 39 138.806.8 99 198.809.8 20 20.001.0 80 79.903.9 40139.806.9 200 199.809.8 81 80.904.0141 140.806.9 201200.809.9 2222.001.1 82 81.904.0 42 141.8 07.0 02 201.809.9 23 23.001.1 83 82.904.1 43 142.8 07.0 03 202.8 10.0 24 24.001.2 84 83.904.1 04203.8 10.0 2525.001.2 85 84.904.2 05204.8 10.1 26 26.001.3 86 85.904.2 46 145.8 07.2 06205.8 10.1 27 27.001.3 87 86.904.3 47 146.8 07.2 07206.8 10.2 2828.001.4 88 87.904.3 48 147.8 07.308 207.7 10.2 2929.001.4 89 88.904.4 49 148.8 07.309 208.7 10.3 30 30.001.5 90 89.904.4 50 149.8 07.4 10209.7 10.3 3131.001.5 91 90.904.5151 150.8 07.4 211 210.7 10.4 32 32.001.692 91.904.5 12 211.7 10.4 33 33.001.6 93 92.904.6 13212.7 10.5 34 34.001.7 94 93.904.6 14 213.7 10.5 35 35.001.7 95 94.904.7 15214.7 10.6 36 36.001.8 96 95.904.7 16 215.7 10.6 37 37.001.8 97 96.904.8 17 216.7 10.777 276.7 13.6 3838.001.9 98 97.904.8 18 217.7 10.7 39 39.001.9 99 98.904.9 19218.7 10.8 40 40.002.0100 99.904.9 20 219.7 10.8 21 21.001.0 44 143.8 07.1 52 151.8 07.5 4141.002.0101100.905.0161160.8 07.9221 220.7 10.9 4241.902.1 02 101.905.0 62 161.8 08.0 22 221.7 10.9 57 256.7 12.6 58257.7 12.7 59258.7 12.7 60259.7 12.8 261 260.7 12.8 62 261.7 12.9 63262.7 12.9 64263.713.0 65264.7 13.0 66 265.713. 67 266.7 13.1 68 267.7 13.2 69268.713.2 70269.713.3 271 270.7 13.3 72 271.7 13.4 73272.713.4 74273-713-5 75 274.7 13.5 76275.713.6 78 277-713-7 79 278.713-7 80 279.713.8 281 280.7 13.8 82 281.7 13.9 43 42.902. 03102.905.1 63 162.808.0 23 222.7 11.083282.7,13.9 65 164.808.1 44 43.902.2 04103.905.1 64 163.808.1 45 44.902.205 104.905.2 4645.902.3 06105.9.05.2 66 165.808.2 4746.902.307106.905.31 67166.808.2 48 47.902.4 08 107.905.3 68167.808.3 49 48.902.4 09 108.905.4 69 168.808.3 50 49.902.5 10109.905.4 70 169.808.4 51 50.902.5 111110.9 05.5171 170.808.4 52 51.902.6 12111.905.5 72171.808.5 53 52.902.6 13 112.905.5 73 172.808.5 5453.902.7 14113.905.6 74 173.808.5 55 54.902.7; 15,114.905.6 75 174.808.6 5655.902.8 16 115.905.7 57 56.902.8 17 116.905.7 58,57.902.9 18 117.905.8 59 58.902.9 19 118.905.8 6059.902.9 20 119.905.9 So 179.808.8 Dift Dep Lat. Dift Dep. Lat. Dift Dep. Lat. 24 223.7 11.0 84 283.7 14.0 25 224.711.I 85 284.7 14.0 26 225.7 11.1 86285.7 14.1 27 226.7 11.2 87286.7 14.1 28 227.7 II.2 88,287.7.14.21 29 228.711.3 89.288.7 14.2 30229.7 11.3 90 289.7 14.3 291 290.7 14.3 92291.6 14.4 93 292.6 14.4 94 293.6 14.5 231 230.7 11.4 35 234-7 11.5 95 294.6 14.5 76 175.808.6 77 176.8c8.7 37236.711.6 97 296.6 14.6 1,01.000.I Dift Lat. Dep. Dift Lat. Dep. Dift Lat. Dep. Dift Lat. Dep. Dift Lat. Dep. 61 60 706.0121 120.4 11.8181130.1 17.7241239.823.6 82 181.1 17.8|| 42240.823.7 83182.1 17.9 43241.823.8 84 183.1 18.0 44 242.823.9 85184.1 18.1 45 243.8 24.0 86 185.1 18.2 46244.8 24.1 87 186.1 18.3 47 245.8 24.2 88 187.118.4 89 188.1 18.5 90 189.1 18.6 202.000.2 62 61.706.1 22 121.4 11.9 303.000.363 62.7 06.2 23 122.4 12.0 404.000.464 63.706.3 24123.4 12.1 505.000.5 65 64.706.4 25 124.4 12.2 606.000.6 66 65.706.5 26 125.4 12.3 707.000.7 67 66.706.6|| 27 126.4 12.4 808.000.8 68 67.7 06.7 28 127.4 12.5 909.000.9 69 68.706.7|| 29 128.4 12.6 70 69.706.8 30 129.4 12.7 191 190.118.7251 249.824.6| 48 246.8 24.3 49 247.8 24.4 50 243.8 24.5 52 250.8 24.7 53 251.8 24.8 54 252.8 24.9 55253.8 25.0 96195.1 19.2|| 56254.8 25.1 ICIO.001.0 20 19.902.0 2120.9 02. I 22 21.902.2 23 22.902.2 83 82.608.1! 24/23.902.3 84 83.608.2 25 24.902.4 85 84.608. 25.902.5 86 85.608.4 2726.902.6 87 86.6c8. 2827.902.7 26 38137-313-5|| 98197.019.4 201 200.0 19.7261 259.725.6 04203.020.0|| 64262.725.9 141 140.313.8 62260.7 25.7 03202.0 19.9 63261.725.8 42 141.3 13.9 211 210.020.6||271 269.726.6| 88 87.608.6 48 147.3 14.5 29 28.902.8 89 88.608.7 49148.3 14.6 3029.902.990 89.608.8|| 50149.3 14.7 31 30.903.0 91 90.608.9151150.3 14.8 3231.803.1 92 91.6 09.0|| 52151.3 14.9 33 32.803.2 93 92.609.1| 53 152. 15.0 34 33.803.3 94 93.5 09.2 54153.3 15.1 3534.803.4 95 94.509.3 55154.315.2 3635.803.5 96 95.509.4 56155.3 15.3) 37 36.803.6 97 96.509.5 57 156.2 15.4 3837.803.7 98 97.509.6 58157.215. 39 38.803.8 99 98.509.7 59158.215.6|| 19217.921.4 79277-727-4 4039.803.9100 99.509.8 60159.215.7 20218.921.5 80278.727.5 41 40.804.0101100.509.9161160.2 15.7221219.9 21.6 281 279.627.6 75 273-727.0 76 274.7 27.1 77 275.7 27.2 18217.021.378276.727.3) 4241.804.1 02 101.5 10.0 62 161.2 .215.8 22 220.9 21.7 82 280.627.7 Dift Dep. Lat. Dit Dep. Lat. Dia Dep. Lat. Dift Dep. Lat. Dift Dep. Lat. |