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words and the commencements of new series. From eleven (undecim) to seventeen (septendecim) inclusive, each consecutive word is compounded of decem and a number taken from the first series. When they come to eighteen, instead of saying after their former manner, and as we say in English, eight, ten, the Romans said, two from twenty, duo de viginti. Having passed twenty, they made use of it to form the numbers between twenty and thirty; thus: unus et viginti, one and twenty; they also said, viginti unus, viginti duo, viginti tres, viginti quatuor, and so forth. In all cases, eight and nine are expressed by subtracting two and one from the next ensuing new term; thus twenty-eight is duo de triginta, two from thirty; thirty-nine is undequadraginta, one from forty; so in the ordinals duodequadragesimus, undesexagesimus.

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Incola, -, m., an in-
habitant.
Alins is used with alius in a peculiar manner, nearly equal to
our one another, the one, the other, differently, in different ways, as :

Alius alium occidit.
Alii alio currunt.
The one slays the other.
They run in different directions.
EXERCISE 67.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

the laws are sacred. 4. Happy is the king whom all the citizens love. 5. O king, who governest our state, thou art pleased (resolved) to honour good citizens, to terrify evil-doers, to succour the wretched, and to hear the request of the good.

EXERCISE 60.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Reges qui civitates gubernant omnium civium salutem curare debent. 2. Eoni homines libenter parent regibus quorum imperium est mite et justum. 3. Regibus quibus leges sunt sanctæ libenter parent boni cives. 4. Reges qui civibus cari sunt, sunt felices. 5. O reges, qui civitates gubernant, colere virum bonum magnumque debetis. 6. O Deus, colimus te cui placet miseris succurrere. 7. Hostes quibuscum confligitis patriam vestram devastant.

EXERCISE 61.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Who calls me? 2. What art thou doing, my friend? 3. Who writes this letter? 4. What art thou thinking of? 5. What am I doing? 6. Why do I torture myself? 7. What friendship is there among the ungrateful? 8. What poem art thou reading? 9. What man is coming? 10. What poet is sweeter than Homer? 11. Whose voice is sweeter than the voice of the nightingale ? 12. What sins do we most easily yield to? 13. Whatever is honourable is useful. 14. Whatever thou seest, runs (away) with (in the lapse of) time. 15. However the fact is, I defend my view. 16. Whatever opinion opposes virtue is false.

EXERCISE 62.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Quid dicis? 2. Quis est ille homo? 3. Quæ est illa femina? 4. Quibus cum ambulat amicus tuus? 5. Quem quæris? 6. Quem librum legis? 7. Ad quem has literas scribis? 8. Quocunque modo res sese habent, sententiam tuam laudamus.

EXERCISE 63.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. If we fear death, some terror always hangs over us. 2. If fortune takes away his money from any one (a person), he is not on that ac3. Greece holds a certain small space of (in) Europe. count miserable. 4. There is (inheres) in our minds as it were an augury (presage) of future ages. 5. God dwells in every good man. 6. Justice gives his due to every one according to his dignity. 7. The love of life is planted in every one of us.

EXERCISE 64.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Malis aliqui terror semper impendet. 2. Quid terroris tibi impendet? 3. Si cuipiam fortunam adimis, vituperaris. 4. Parvum quendam Græciæ partem tenent. 5. In unoquoque malorum hominum habitat malum. 6. Unicuique merita ejus tribuit justitia. 7. Pecu

EXERCISE 65.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Quota hora est? 2. Decima. 3. Estne sexta hora? 4. Quinta niam habent quidam. est hora. 5. Annus quo nunc vivimus, est millesimus octingesimus sexagesimus et octavus post Christum natum. 6. Pater meus agit annum quartum et sexagesimum. 7. Soror tua agit annum sexagesimum tertium. 8. Mater mea agit annam octavum et quinquagesimum. 9. Pater tuus agit quinquagesimum octavum annum. 10. Frater major natu agit annum tertium et tricesimum. 11. Frater minor natu agit annum alterum et vicesimum. 12. Soror major natu agit annum duodetricesimum. 13. Soror minor natu agit annum vicesimum. 14. In urbe sunt mille milites. 15. Duo milia hostium urbem obsident. 16.

Aliud alii placet. 17. Aliud alii displicet. 18. Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortissimi. 19. Utrumque est vitium et omnibus credere, et nulli. 20. Perfidus homo vix ulli fidem habet. 21. Unius fidi hominis amicitia habet plus pretii quam multorum infidorum societas. 22. Boli sapienti vera vis virtutis est cognita. 23. Incolæ totius urbis de victoria exercitus læti sunt. 24. Nullius hominis vita ex omni parte beata est. 25. Habeo duo amicos, ambo valde diligo. 26. Amicus meus habet duo filios et duas filias.

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thousand soldiers defend the city. 3. The city is defended by 2,500

soldiers.

1. There are as many views as there are men. 2. That princes do wrong is as great an evil as that there arise very many imitators of princes. 3. As many kinds of orations as there are, so many kinds of orators are found. 4. As are the generals, so are the soldiers. 5. As is the king, so is the flock (people). 6. As princes are in the state, 80 the citizens are wont to be. 7. A good man does not despise wretched men, of whatever kind they are. 8. The goods of the body and of fortune, how great soever, are uncertain and perishable. 9. All the men that live love life. 10. All the writers there are speak of the justice of Aristides.

EXERCISE 66.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Quot homines tot animi. 2. Quot pueri tot puellæ. 3. Quot 4. Quantus est tuus moror tantum est meum patres tot matres. gaudium. 5. Quales sunt parentes tales sunt liberi. 6. Qualis pastor talis grex. 7. Res qualescunque sunt non contemno. 8. Ab omnibus scriptoribus, quotcunque sunt, justus prædicatur Aristides.

LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.-XVII.

4. 28,000 cavalry and 13,500 infantry defend the country. 5. THE circle affords us a ready means of constructing regular My father is in his seventy-fifth year. 6. My mother is in her sixty-polygons of any number of sides; but before entering on this third year. 7. My elder brother is in his thirty-seventh year. 8. My younger brother is in his thirtieth year. 9. My elder sister is in her part of our subject, it will be necessary to say something about thirty-fourth year. 10. My younger sister is in her eighteenth year. the inscription of the triangle and square in any given circle, and the circumscription of the triangle and square about any given circle, the triangle being equiangular and similar to a given triangle, both in the case of inscription in a square and circumscription about a square.

11. What o'clock is it? (what is the hour?) 12. It is eleven o'clock.
13. How old art thou? (in Latin, What year dost thou lead ?) 14. I am
fifty-two. 15. We repose confidence in neither of the two, neither the
faithless nor the flatterer. 16. The life of no one is happier than (the
life) of the sage.
17. The father takes a walk (ambulo) with his two
sons and two daughters. 18. Two faithful friends are one soul in
two bodies. 19. Some things please some (persons), some others.
20. This displeases some one, that another. 21. God is the governor
of the whole of life (in Latin, the whole life).

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.-XVI.

EXERCISE 59.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. The king who governs the state ought to take care of the safety of the citizens. 2. All the citizens willingly obey a king whose government is mild and just. 3. The citizens respect a king to (with) whom

First, however, let us arrive at a clear understanding of what is meant when we speak of describing a figure, inscribing one figure within another, and circumscribing one figure about another. The latter part of each word is immediately derived from the Latin word scribo, I write or draw; the distinctive meaning of each of the three words given above depends on the meaning of the Latin preposition with which each word is commenced. In the first the prefix de gives the word to meaning of ". writing down" or "copying off;" in the the prefix in gives the word the signification of d figure within the limits or boundary lines of another f

to the utmost extent that the limits of that figure will permit; and in the third the prefix circum gives the word the meaning of drawing one figure round another. Inscription and circumscription indicate operations that are precisely the reverse of each other.

PROBLEM XLII.—In a given circle to inscribe a triangle equiangular to a given triangle.

X

Let A B C (Fig. 61) be the given triangle, and DEF the given circle: it is required to inscribe in the given circle DEF a triangle equiangular to the given triangle ABC. At any point D in the circumference of the circle DEF draw X Y as a tangent to the circle, and at the point D in the straight line X Y C make the angle Y D F equal to the angle ABC, and the angle X D E equal to the angle AC B; and let the straight lines DE, D F cut the circumference of the circle D E F in the points E and F. Join E F. The triangle D E F, inscribed in the circle D E F, is equiangular to the given triangle A B C.

Fig. 61.

B

the point E, the point of intersection of the straight lines a C,
B D, at the distance E A, E B, E C, or E D, describe the circle
ABCD. This circle touches the sides of the given square
F G H K, and is inscribed within it, as
required.

To circumscribe a circle about the
given square FG HK, find the point
E as before, and then from the point
E as centre, with a radius equal to
the straight line joining E with any
one of the four corners of the square,
describe the circle F G H K. The
circumference of the circle F G H K
passes through the other three corners
of the square, and the circle F G H K
is therefore circumscribed about the
square F G H K, as required.

H

Fig. 63.

We may now pass on to the construction of regular polygons. The term polygon is derived from two Greek words, woλus (pol-'use), much or many, and ywvia (goʻnia), an angle, and means a figure that has many angles. Many-angled figures are also called multilateral or many-sided figures, from the Latin multus, much or many, and latus, a side. "Polygon" and "multilateral figure" are terms which may be considered to mean precisely the same thing, for a figure that has many angles must, of course, have many sides. It has, in fact, just so many sides as it has angles, and the most familiar illustration of this that can be given is that of a room, which, generally speaking, has just four sides and four corners or angles. The terms " polygon" and "multilateral figure are applied, as we have been taught in Definition 33 (Vol. I., p. 53), to any figure that has more than four sides. A polygon may be regular or irregular-that is to say, its sides and angles may be equal or unequal. The student has already been shown the method of making triangles equal to given irregular polygons; and the construction of an irregular polygon of any number of sides, having its angles equal to triangles of any prescribed opening, would be a thing that he could readily accomplish, provided that he has paid sufficient attention to our lessons to understand thoroughly all that we have advanced. It is with the construction of regular polygons only that we have now to do.

If it is desired to cut off a segment of a circle that shall con. tain an angle equal to a given angle, as in the above figure to cut off from the circle DEF a segment that shall contain an angle equal to the angle A B C, all that we have to do is to draw a tangent to the circle, and at the point of contact make an angle equal to the given angle, as the angle Y DF was made equal to the angle A B C. The leg DF of the angle Y DF must then be produced far enough to cut the circumference of the circle D E F in the point F. Any angle that may then be formed by drawing straight lines from D and F to any point in the segment, as the angle DEF or the angle D G F, is equal to the given angle A B C.

PROBLEM XLIII.-About a given circle to circumscribe a angle equiangular to a given triangle.

Let A B C (Fig. 62) be the given triangle, and DEF the given circle about which it is required to circumscribe a triangle equiangular to the given triangle A B C.

B

C

Y

Produce B C, the base of the triangle A B C, both ways to x and y. Draw K L touching the circle D E F in the point E, and from the centre G of the circle D E F draw the straight line G E perpendicular to K L. Then at the point &, in the straight line E G, make the angle EGF equal to the angle ACY, and the angle E G D equal to the angle A B X. Through the points D and F draw the straight lines H K, H L, meeting each other in the point H, and the straight line K L in the points K and L. The triangle HKL circumscribed about the circle D E F is equiangular to the given triangle A B C. PROBLEM XLIV. To inscribe a square in a given circle, and about the same circle to circumscribe a square.

Fig. 62.

Let A B C D (Fig. 63) be the given circle, and E its centre. Through E draw the diameters A C, B D at right angles to each other, and join A B, B C, C D, and D A. The figure A B C D thus formed is a square, and it is inscribed in the given circle A B C D, as required.

To circumscribe a square about the circle A B C D, draw the diameters A C, BD as before. Through the points A and c draw the straight lines FG, H K parallel to B D, and through the points B and D draw the straight lines F K, G H parallel to A c. The figure F G H K thus formed is a square, and it is circumscribed about the circle A B C D, as required. PROBLEM XLV.-To inscribe a circle in a given square, and about the same square to circumscribe a circle.

Let F G H K (Fig. 63) be the given square: it is required to inscribe a circle within the given square F G H K, and to circumscribe a circle about it. First bisect the sides F G, F K in Ad B, and through a draw A c parallel to F K or в draw BD parallel to F G or H K. From

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In Definition 34 we were further taught that polygons are divided into classes according to the number of their sides and angles. Some of these classes have no distinctive name, as will be seen from the following table; but many of them have a name by which the number of their sides can be recognised at once. Thus the polygon that has five sides and five angles is called a pentagon, from the Greek weνTE (pen'te), five, and yania, an angle; the polygon that has six sides and six angles is called a hexagon, from the Greek & (hex), six, and ywvia, an angle; and so on, the Greek or Latin word for the number of the sides, or some modification of it, being prefixed to the termination gon. A triangle would be called a trigon, and a square a tetragon, according to this system of naming figures from the number of their angles.

The number of degrees in the angle of any regular polygon may be found arithmetically by the following process:The angles formed by any number of lines meeting together in a point, such as the lines drawn from the angles of any polygon to any point within it, or, in the case of a regular polygon, to its centre, are together equal to four right angles, or 360 degrees. The greater the number of sides of any regular polygon, the less will be the angle at its centre, subtended by each of its sides; and to find the number of degrees contained in its opening, we have B to do nothing more than to divide 360 by the number of sides. For example, in the regular pentagon, or five-sided figure A B C D E, in Fig. 64, it is clear that each of the five angles, A F B, BF C, CF D, DFE, E FA, formed by drawing straight lines from its five salient angles at A, B, C, D E, to its centre, F, is equal to one-fifth of 360 degrees, or, in other words, is an angle of 72 degrees. We now wish to find the numerical value of any and all of the angles of the polygon in degrees. We know that the three interior angles of any triangle are together equal to two right angles, or 180

Fig. 64.

D

consolidate the power he had acquired in Ireland, he would have settled his grasp on the island with very little trouble; but unfortunately, perhaps, for Ireland, he was suddenly recalled in the spring of 1172, on account of the proceedings taken against him for his alleged part in the death of Thomas à Becket. On the 17th of April, 1172, he sailed from Waterford, after having arranged for the government of his new kingdom, and having appointed various noblemen of his army to posts of command. Hugh de Lacy was made lord constable; Strongbow, lord marshal; Sir Bertram de Vernon, high steward; and military commands were given to Fitz-Stephen and Fitz-Gerald, Raymond le Gros, and other soldier chiefs. The laws of England were also imposed on the realm of Ireland. Never before, and perhaps never since, had Ireland enjoyed a quieter and more contented time than during the six months after Henry's departure. The strength of the English kept the Irish from interfering with them, and their far-reaching power even restrained the Irish from internecine war. The land breathed again, and all went well till the restless spirit of the Irish, not enduring the presence of strangers, broke out again in armed resistance. The fortune of war gave the advantage now to this side, now to that, and at one time it seemed as if the work of conquest in Ireland would have to be done all over again; but in the end the root which had been planted spread abundantly, and by a treaty made between Henry and Roderic O'Connor, it was agreed that the latter should be king over all Ireland, except about one-third, which was given to the English (it was afterwards called the Pale), and that he should do homage for the same, receiving in return the homage of all the lesser Irish princes. An arrangement of this sort was fruitful 32° 43′ 38′′ 73° 38′ 1019 147° 16 21" in disturbances; the English encroached upon the Irish, the

degrees; therefore, the three interior angles of any of the five equal and equiangular triangles, of which the pentagon in Fig. 64 is made up, are together equal to 180 degrees. Now the angle at the apex, F, of any of these angles was shown to be equal to 72 degrees, therefore the angles at the base are together equal to 180-72 degrees, or 108 degrees. But as the triangles which compose the pentagon are isosceles triangles, the angles at the base are equal to each other, and each of them contains 1082, or 54 degrees. Any angle of the polygon, which is, of course, composed of two of these equal angles, contains 108 degrees. The following is a table of regular polygons, from the triangle or trigon of three sides and angles to the polygon of twenty sides and angles, with the numerical value of the angle of each polygon in degrees, minutes, seconds, and fractional parts of a second; and the numerical values of the angles at the apex and base of the triangles into which each polygon may be divided by drawing straight lines from its salient angles to its centre.

TABLE OF REGULAR POLYGONS.

Name of Polygon.

No.

Sides.

Angle at Apex Angle at Base
of Triangle. of Triangle.

Triangle or Trigon

3 120° 0' 0"

Square or Tetragon

4

90o 0' 0"

30° 0' 0"
45° 0' 0"

Pentagon

5

72° 0' 0"

54° 0' 0"

Hexagon

6

60° 0′ 0"

60° 0' 0"

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Angle of
Polygon.

60° 0' 0" 90o 0' 0" 108° 0 0" 120° 0 0" 128° 34′ 17′′ 135° 0′ 0′′ 140° 0 On 144° 0' 0"

150° 0' 0"
152° 18′ 27′′
154° 17′ 8′′
156° 0' 0"

157° 30′ 0′′

158° 49′ 24"

160° 0 0"

161° 3′ 9%
162o 0' 0"

HISTORIC SKETCHES.-XVII.

HOW IRELAND BECAME PART OF GREAT BRITAIN.-PART II.

Ir were long to trace out step by step the history of the English campaigns in Ireland, before Henry II. himself came Over and assumed the lordship of the country; to show how St. Laurence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin, rallied for a time the numerous Irish princes round the national standard, and how his exertions were nearly rewarded with the destruction of all the invaders; how the English adventurers suffered many things at the hands of the Irish, and how they saved themselves by the exhibition of a desperate and splendid courage. It is sufficient for the present purpose to say that Strongbow, having in the summer of 1171 gone over to England, and made his peace with Henry at the price of surrendering to him all sovereign rights and all the ports and fortresses in Ireland, returned with his monarch, who, being now free from the disquietude which had before troubled him, gave his whole attention to achieving the conquest of Ireland. On St. Luke's Day, the 18th October, 1171, Henry landed at the Crook, near Waterford, with 500 knights and 4,000 men-at-arms. Some show of resistance was made in one or two places, but it was feeble and useless against the numbers and discipline of the English troops. Prince after prince gave in his adhesion, swore fealty to Henry, and was admitted his liegeman, so that the English monarch's progress was one of continued triumph; and when, on Christmas Day, he kept his court in Dublin, his table was filled with Irish chieftains who had hitherto maintained a perfectly real independence, only doubtingly confessing the superiority of the titular Irish king. Domestic quarrels, bitterly pursued, even in the invader's presence, still further weakened the Irish, who seemed to be unaware of, or indifferent to, the danger which threatened them while they occupied themselves with their own broils. Even the veteran O'Ruarc, after some effort at resistance, succumbed to Henry, and Roderic O'Connor himself was reduced to make terms. There can be little doubt that, if Henry had had time to

Irish ever sought to oust the English, and bloodshed, rapine, and misery were made part of the natural order of things. The only way, at length, in which the island could be governed, if held by the English at all, was by means of a military governor, armed with large discretionary power; and this system of government was adopted from the time of. Strongbow till quite modern times, the idea of the ruling power being, not to do what was best for the interests of the governed, but to secure the conquest which had been made.

Government conducted on this principle, or rather on this want of principle, could have but one result-discontent with, and hatred for, the dominant power. Whenever an opportunity presented itself, whenever the oppression of the government, or the yet more insufferable insolence of the foreign settlers, became too unbearable, rebellions broke forth; and though they did not succeed in breaking the yoke from off the necks of the rebels, they involved the country in such confusion as to make it a thorn and a trouble in the side of England, and English governors and statesmen, it is to be feared, looked rather to the plucking out of the thorn than to remedying the causes which led to that thorn being pricked into her. Here are words written by Edmund Spenser, the poet, in Elizabeth's time, in his "Views of the State of Ireland," words which, for their vigour and apt relation to the case of the sister island, might have been written yesterday :-"There have bin divers good plottes devised, and wise councels cast already about reformation of that realme; but they say it is the fatall destiny of that land, that no purposes whatsoever which are meant for her good wil prosper or take good effect, which, whether it proceed from the very genius of the soyle, or influence of the starres, or that Almighty God hath not yet appointed the time of her reformation, or that hee reserveth her in this unquiet state still for some secret scourge, which shall by her come unto England, it is hard to be knoune, but yet much to be feared." And thus Spenser answers his own questions:-"Surely I suppose this but a vaine conceipt of simple men which judge things by their effects and not by their causes: for I would rather thinke the cause of this evill, which hangeth upon that countrey, to proceed rather of the unsoundnes of the councels and plots, which you say have bin oftentimes laid for the reformation, or of faintnes in following and effecting the same, than of any such fatall course appointed of God, as you misdeem; but it is the manner of men, that when they are fallen into any absurdity, or their actions succeede not as they would, they are always readie to impute the blame thereof unto the heavens, so to excuse their oune follies and imperfections."

The "good plots and wise counsels" above referred to w either not appreciated by the Irish, or—and this is closer ⠀

curse

PRINCIPAL OCCURRENCES IN THE CHAIN OF EVENTS THAT
LED TO THE UNION OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND WITH
ENGLAND.

SCOTLAND.
Contention of John Baliol

and Edward Bruce for the

crown

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IRELAND. Adrian IV. gives permission to Henry II. of England

1291

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to invade Ireland and hold

Edward I., called in as um-
pire, decides the dispute
in favour of Baliol
1292
Balicl dethroned by Edward I. 1296
Rising of the Scotch under
Sir William Wallace
1297
Wallace captured by treachery 1304
Executed at Smithfield,
Aug. 23, 1305

truth-they were devised so much in the selfish interests of the
English and so little in the interests of the Irish, that the latter
would have none of them, and, as has been said, they rose in
rebellion on every favourable occasion. Under Henry III.,
under Elizabeth, under James I. and Charles I., their uprisings
were general and most formidable, requiring the whole strength
of England to crush them, though it did not at the same time
crush the almost universal discontent. Not until Oliver Crom-
well himself took the military command in Ireland could that
country ever have been said to be thoroughly subdued; and the
manner in which he behaved there, following out to the utter-
most the traditionary English policy, is remembered to this day
with dread and a shudder, and the Irish peasant can wish no
worse curse to fall upon the head of an enemy than the "
of Crum'll." He marched right through the country, conquering
all before him, scarcely forgiving those who did not resist him, Robert Bruce crowned King
slaughtering without mercy all who dared to oppose his arms.
Whole garrisons were put to the sword, and Ireland, blinded
with the blood of her children, remained for a while at rest,
unable to move, pressed down by the iron heel of the mighty
warrior who had bound the Kings of England and Scotland
with chains, and their nobles with links of iron. Then came
William III., pursuing into Ireland his father-in-law, outcast
from England, and the land groaned again under the tramp of
armed men and the roar of cannon; but the battle was the
battle of English against English, though on Irish ground, and
brought no good to the country in which it was fought. The
cause of William once triumphant, the old policy of repression
was adopted towards Ireland, and religious heats which had
already been thrown out to a large extent, and which had
severely embittered the relations between Protestants and
Roman Catholics, grew fiercer, and rendered the struggle more
and more desperate.

of Scotland Battle

1306

of Bannockburn,
June 25, 1314
Alliance between the Royal
Families of England and
Scotland by the marriage
of James IV. and Margaret,
daughter of Henry VII.
Aug. 8, 1503
Battle of Flodden Field and
death of James IV. Sep. 9, 1513

Birth of James VI., the great-
grandson of James IV. 1566
Accession of James VI. to the

English throne under the
title of James I. Mar. 24, 1603
Scotland declared in Union
with the English Common-
wealth by Cromwell

and Scotland as the King-
dom of Great Britain

1651

May 1, 1707

Not until after the lamentable rebellion which took place in Legislative Union of England 1798, and which was assisted by the French, then struggling by any means to inflict mortal injuries upon Great Britain, did English statesmen see the propriety and the wisdom of doing "justice to Ireland." The immediate political result of this rebellion, which was not put down without much bloodshed both on the field and on the scaffold, was the union of Ireland with the sister kingdom, and this act was consummated, under the

auspices of Mr. Pitt, on the 1st of January, 1801. Before that date Ireland had borne to England the same sort of relation that Hungary till lately bore to Austria; she was a separate kingdom, though acknowledging the same king, had a separate Parliament of two Houses, and was, as far as her own internal affairs went, distinct from Great Britain. But it was found that the Parliament was steeped in corruption to the lips, that selfish interests selfishly advocated were alone represented in it, and that the few brilliant statesmen properly so called, whose voices from time to time were heard in it, were borne down by the dead weight of those who saw no use in legislating for the real good of the people.

Mr. Fitt, therefore, in view of this state of things, and recognising that the Irish people had many veritable grievances to be redressed, determined to bring about a union between the countries. In the face of much opposition, and under circumstances of much public danger, he carried his point, and in January, 1801, the Irish Parliament, by its own consent, ceased to exist. Since that time Irish interests have been represented by 105 members sitting in the imperial House of Commons at Westminster, and the peerage of Ireland by 32 representative peers, including four ecclesiastics, in the House of Lords. Since that time also Irish interests have been more conscientiously considered than before, and legislation, of which the distinct object was to do justice to Ireland as an integral part of the empire, has gone forward with a quick hand. Much remains to be done, much will be done, in spite of the mad attempts of a

few political and military adventurers to paralyse the arm of the

Government; and there is no reason whatever why, in the face of equal laws faithfully administered, the kingdom of Ireland should not be as really and intimately united to the sister kingdom of England, as Scotland or Wales; why the memory of old wrongs and old quarrels should not be buried for ever, or why the three countries should not be as inseparable as the leaves on the shamrock, the three-in-one plant, by which St. Patrick is said to have made plain to the Irish the mystery of the unity of the Blessed Trinity.

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of Leinster, takes refuge in England Landing of Fitz-Stephen to assist Mac-Murchad 1169 Landing of Strongbow 1170 Henry II. lands near Waterford, and, receiving the submission of the Irish princes, becomes "Lord of Ireland" Oct. 18, 1171 English Laws, etc., introduced by King John 1210 Piers Gaveston, first LordLieutenant of Ireland. 1308 Richard II. in Ireland 1394 Apparel and Surnames Act. 1465 1494 Poynings Law passed. Rebellion of the Fitzgeralds 1534 Henry VIII. assumes the title of "King of Ireland". 1542 Insurrection of Tyrone. 1601-2 Settlement of Ulster in the

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THE word "tone," in elocution, may be used, as in music, to
signify the interval which exists in successive sounds of the
voice, as they occur in the gamut, or musical scale. But it is
commonly used as equivalent, nearly, to the term "expression"
in music, by which is meant the mode of voice as adapted, or
Thus we speak of the "tones" of
not adapted, to feeling.
"school" tone.
passion-of a "false" tone-of a
Every tone of the voice implies-1, a certain "force," or
quantity," of sound; 2, a particular "note," or "pitch;" 3,
a given "time," or "movement;" 4, a peculiar "stress;" 5,
a special "quality," or character; 6, a predominating “inflec-
tion." Thus, the tone of awe has "a very soft force," a
low pitch," a
'very slow movement," "medial stress," and
pectoral quality," or that deep murmuring resonance which
makes the voice seem, as it were, partially muffled in the chest,
together with a partial "monotone," prevailing at the opening
All these properties belong
of every clause and every sentence.
of emotion is lost-the expression sounds deficient to the ear.
to the natural utterance of awe; take away any one, and the effect
[xx]* Example 1. The bell strikes | one.
[oo] no note of time,
But from its loss: to give it, then, a tongue,
[m.s.] Is wise in man. As if an àngel | spoke
[p.q.] I feel the solemn sound. If heard aright,
It is the knell of my departed hours.
Where are they ?--With the years beyond the flood.
enumerated, are the ground of the following classification and
The first five of the properties of voice which have been

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KEY TO THE NOTATION OF EXPRESSIVE TONE." "Force." [1] "loud;"[]" very loud;" [x] "soft;" [xx] "very soft;" [<]"increase;" [>] "decrease."

• These marks indicate [xx] "very soft;" [oo] "very low;" (=) "very slow;" [m.s.]" medial stress;" [p.q.] "pectoral quality."-Se Key to the Notation of "Expressive Tone."

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[r. s.] "radical stress;" [m. s.] "medial stress;" [v.s.] "vanishing stress;" [c.s.] "compound stress;" [th.s.] "thorough stress;" [s. s.] "suppressed stress;" [tr.] "tremor;" [ef.s.] "effusive stress;" [expul. s.] "expulsive stress ;" [explo. s.] "explosive stress."

"Quality." +

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[h.q.] "harsh quality;" [sm. q.] "smooth quality;" [a.q.] "aspirated quality;" [pu. t.] pure tone;" [p. q.] "pectoral quality;" [9. q.]" guttural quality;" [o. q.] "oral quality;" [oro. q.] "orotund quality." "Combinations."

[h. g.q.] "harsh guttural quality;" [sm. p. q.]" smooth pectoral quality," etc.

The above Key, though at first sight intricate, will occasion no serious difficulty to students who have read attentively the Sections on 66 Stress' and " Quality." The notation will be found of great service, not only by suggesting appropriate "expression," which a young reader might otherwise overlook, but by enabling the pupil to prepare for the exercise of reading or declaiming, by previous study and practice.

It is a humiliating fact that, in many schools, the sublimest and most beautiful strains of poetry-take, for example, Milton's invocation, "Hail, holy Light!"-are, from the neglect of "expressive tone," called out in the same voice with which a clerk repeats the number or the mark on a bale of goods, or read with the "free and easy" modulation of a story told by the fireside; or, perhaps, with the pompous mouthing of the juvenile hero of a "spouting club," with the languishing tone of a sick person, or with the suppressed, half-whispering utterance of a conscious culprit.

The notation of "expression" has been adopted with a view to the early formation of correct habit.

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He hath disgraced me, and hindered me of half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies: and what's his reason? I AM A JEW. Hath not a Jew éyes, hath not a Jew hands, órgans, dimensions, sénses, affections, pássions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same méans, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a CHRISTIAN is?

Vexation.

Say you so SA'Y you so ?-I say unto you again, you are a shallow, cowardly kind, and you LIE. Our plot is a good plot as ever was laid; our friends true and co'NSTANT; a GOOD PLOT, good friends, and full of expectation: an EXCELLENT plot, VERY good friends. What a FRO`STYSPIRITED rogue is this!-An I were now by this rascal, I could brain him with his LADY'S FAN.-Oh! I could DIVIDE myself, and go to BUFFETS, for moving such a DISH of SKIMMED MILK with so honourable an action!

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I will not stir, nor wi'nce, nor speak a wo`RD,
Nor LOOK upon the irons | ángerly;

Thrust but these mén away, and I'll FORGIVE you,
Whatever torments you do put me to.

Terror.

AWAKE! AWA'KE!—

RING the ALARUM BELL: MURDER! and TREASON!
BANQUO, and DONALBA'IN! MALCOLM! AWAKE!
Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit,
And look on death itself!-UP! UP! and see
The great DO`Om's image !—MALCOLM! BANQUO!
As from your GRAVES rise up, and walk like sprites,
To countenance this horror!

Rule 2.-Wonder and astonishment are expressed by "loud, high, and slow utterance;" "vanishing stress;" "aspirated" and slightly "guttural" "quality ;" and prolonged "downward slide." Astonishment exceeds wonder, in the degree of these properties.

Example of Wonder.

What is't?-a spirit?
See! how it looks about! Believe me, sir,
It carries a brave form!-but 't is a spirit!-
I might call him

A thing divine; for nothing natural
I ever saw so nòble!

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And what does else want credit, come to me,
And I'll be sworn 't is TRUE.

Note.-Amazement, when it does not go to the utmost extreme, has a louder, but lower and slower utterance, than astonishment; the other properties of voice are of the same description as those expressed in astonishment, but increased in degree.

Amazement.

Gonzalo. I' the name of something hòly, sir, why stand you In this strange stare? [o] Alonzo. Oh! it is MONSTROUS! MONSTROUS ! Methought, the billows spoke, and told me of it; The WiNDS did sing it to me; and the THU`nder, That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronounced The name of PROSPER; it did bass my trespass! Rule 3.-Horror and extreme amazement have a softened force," an extremely "low" note, and "slow" movement, a suppressed stress," a deep "aspirated pectoral quality," and a prevailing "monotone."

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Example of Horror.

Now, o'er one half the world

Nature seems dead; and wicked dreams abūse
The curtained sleeper; witchcraft celebrates
Pale Hecate's offerings; and withered murder,
Alarumed by his sentinel, the wolf,

Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace,
With Tarquin's rāvishing strides, towards his design
Mōves like a ghost.-oo] Thou sure and firm-set earth
Hear not my steps which way they walk, for fear
The very stones prate of my whereabouts,
And take the present hōrror from the time,
Which now suits with it.

Extreme Amazement.

Oh! answer me:

Let me not bùrst in ignorance! but tell
Why thỹ canonized bōnes, hearsed in death,
Have burst their cèrements! why the sepulchre,
Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned,

Hath ōped his ponderous and marble jāws,

To cast thee up again! [co] What may this mean,
That thou, dead corse, again, in complete steel
Revisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon,
Mäking night hideous; and we fools of nature,
So horribly to shake our disposition,
With thoughts beyond the reaches of our souls ?

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