daughter: and secondly, Mrs. Lucas, the widow of a merchant of that name, by whom he had no issue. He left a princely fortune, comprising estates in Kent, Norfolk, Lincoln, and Suffolk; and personal property sworn under half a million.

YOUNG, (Sir WILLIAM,) the son of a baronet, to whose title he succeeded in 1788, was born at Charlton, in Kent, in 1750; and, after having completed his education at University College, Oxford, passed some time in France and Italy, where he ardently cultivated the literature of those countries. In 1777, he commenced author, and political economist, by the publication of The Spirit of Athens, in one volume, octavo, of which an improved edition subsequently appeared, under the title of The History of Athens, Political and Philosophical, considered. In 1784, he came into parliament, for the Cornish borough of St. Mawes, through the interest of the Grenvilles, to whom he was related; and in 1788, on the agitation of the subject of the poor laws, he published a pamphlet, in reply to Mr. Gilbert's projected amendment of them. His next work was The Rights of Englishmen; followed by an able Letter, addressed to Mr. Pitt, on the subject of poor and workhouses. During his subsequent parliamentary career, he opposed both parliamentary reform, and the abolition of the slave trade, but occasionally voted in support of liberal measures, and in opposition to government. He went out as governor of the island of Tobago, in 1807, and died there, on the 10th of January, 1815. He had been married, first, in 1777, to Sarah, daughter of Charles Laurence, Esq., by whom he had four sons and two daughters; and secondly, in 1792, to Barbara, daughter of Richard Talbot, Esq., of Malahide Castle, by whom he had no issue. Besides the works before-mentioned, he wrote The West India Common-place Book, and edited The Contemplatio Philosophica of his maternal grandfather, Dr. Brook Taylor.

TATHAM, (WILLIAM,) was born in 1752, at Hutton, in the forest of Cumberland, of which place his father

was rector. After receiving a scanty education, he was, in 1769, sent to North America, and became clerk to some merchants, on James's River, Virginia. He afterwards commenced merchant himself, but on the breaking out of the revolt, joined the colonists, and accepted a captaincy, in the American army. He also took part in the war with the Cherokee Indians, had some share in the treaty which was entered into with them, and wrote the memoirs of some of their most celebrated chiefs. Having attained the rank of major-commandant, he quitted the army for a time, and studied the law. In 1780, he repaired to Richmond, in Virginia, where he was taken particular notice of by the celebrated Jefferson, and in conjunction with Colonel John Todd, compiled the first regular account of Western Country, that was ever submitted to the Americans. On the invasion of Virginia, by Generals Phillips and Arnold, he again marched against the enemy, in the suite of General Nelson; and, at the siege of York, he acted as a volunteer with that body of the American army. After the recognition of American independence, he led an itinerant sort of life, for the next twelve or thirteen years, in the course of which he was called to the American bar; was shipwrecked on a voyage to Cuba; went on a diplomatic mission to Spain; and also made a voyage to England. To this country he returned a second time, in 1796, and immediately turned his attention to the means of "increasing," as he himself stated, "mechanical powers, and of contributing to the extension of agriculture and commerce." To this end he published, in succession, his Plan for Insulating the Metropolis, by means of a Navigable Canal; Remarks on Inland Canals; Political Economy of Inland Navigation; Irrigation and Drainage, with Thoughts on the Multiplication of Commercial Resources; Communication concerning the Agriculture and Commerce of the United States of America; Historical and Practical Essay on the Culture and Commerce of Tobacco; An Essay on the Comparative Advantages of Oxen for Tillage, in Competition with Horses; and, National Irrigation, or the Various

Methods of Watering Meadows. The celebrity he obtained by the publication of these works, seems to have gained him the appointment, in 1801, of superintendent of the London Docks, at Wapping; but he lost this situation shortly afterwards, in consequence of the remaining works being agreed to be done by contract. Much disappointed, and having failed to realize a competence by any of his numerous speculations, he, a third time, left this country, and proceeded to America. He arrived at Alexandria, in Virginia, some time in 1805; and, on the day of the celebration of the anniversary of the Revolution, put an end to his existence, by placing himself before the muzzle of an eighteen pounder, whilst in the act of being fired, and which, it is said, literally blew his head to atoms. His works exhibit great ingenuity, in reference to all the subjects of which he treats, and show that, had he confined himself either to law, politics, science, or agriculture, he would, probably, have attained eminence in either department.

BELL, (ANDREW,) was born at St. Andrew's, Fifeshire, about the year 1760. He was educated at the university there for the ministry of the church of England; and, after having received ordination, he went out to the East Indies, as a chaplain on the Company's establishment. It was here that his observation of the Hindoo mode of writing in sand, and other peculiarities of tuition, led to his introducing a similar practice into the Male Asylum, at Madras, of which he was superintendent. On his return to England, in 1798, he published An Experiment in Education made at the Male Asylum, at Madras; and, in 1799, Instructions for Conducting Schools on the Madras System. The utility of his plan was acknowledged; but the credit of it was, for some time, usurped by Mr. Lancaster, whose system, though but a counterpart of Dr. Bell's, was immediately adopted, and put into practice as original. Each had his partisans, and a controversy was for some time carried on by both parties, which ended in the formation of two societies: one called the National Society, for the establishment of schools

on the plan of Dr. Bell; and the other called the British and Foreign School Society, for establishments on that of Lancaster; in our memoir of whom we have pointed out the difference between the two. Dr. Bell was, for some time, rector of Swanage, in Dorsetshire; and was subsequently presented, by the Bishop of Durham, to the mastership of Shirburn Hospital. in that diocese and county. Besides the works before-mentioned, he is the author of A Sermon, preached at Lambeth, on the 28th of June, 1807, on the Education of the Poor under an improved system; The Madras Schools; Elements of Tuition; and Elements of Tuition, containing the English School, or the History, Analysis, and Application of the Madras System of Education.

WAKEFIELD, (EDWARD,) eldest son of Mrs. Priscilla Wakefield, the authoress, was born about 1765; and having adopted agriculture as his calling, he, for some years, held an extensive farm in the county of Essex He, however, has become more celebrated as a writer than as a practical agriculturalist. He possesses an extensive knowledge of agriculture, as connected with political economy; and his information has, on various occasions, been sought by committees of the house of commons. In 1808, he was engaged in a controversy with Mr. Cobbett, relative to the importation of foreign corn, and the capability of the country to raise a sufficiency of food for its inhabitants. He was subsequently engaged in making a survey of Ireland, the result of which appeared, in 1812, in two large quarto volumes, with the title of, An Account of Ireland, Statistical and Political. This work has, by some of the partisans of the present system in Ireland, been accused of want of candour; but it is undoubtedly a valuable production, and contains a mass of information, which is not to be met with elsewhere. "Mr. Wakefield," says one of the authors of Public Characters of all Nations, "ranks high among the philanthropists and genuine patriots of his day, and was one of the gentlemen whose inquiry into the state of madhouses produced the dismissal of Dr.

SPENCE, (WILLIAM,) is known as the originator of the political economy doctrine called Spencean, and as president of the Holderness Agricultural Society. He was born in Yorkshire, near Hull, about 1770. At the beginning of the present century, he attracted much notoriety by an attempt to remove the popular prejudices of this country from their favourite pursuits of trade and commerce, to a love of the practice of agriculture; in aid of which doctrine he advanced opinions which were ingeniously supported, but the general fallacy of which were soon exposed, so that the impression made by his Britain independent of Commerce, printed in 1807, soon disappeared. He is also the author of The Radical Cause of the Present Distress of the West India Planters, 1807; and, in 1808, he reiterated, but with little success, the principles laid down in his first work, in a publication, entitled, Agriculture the Source of the Wealth of Britain.

WEST, (SIR EDWARD,) was born in 1783, and losing his father, when young, was brought up under the care of Sir Martin Folkes, and his grandfather, Admiral West. He was educated at Harrow, and University College, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship, and, in 1857, took the degree of M. A. He had, in the meantime, entered himself a student of the Temple, and shortly after his call to the bar, he published a very admirable Treatise on the Law of Extents. He then turned his attention to political economy, but, apprehensive of injury in his profession, published the fruits of his labours in an anonymous work, entitled An Essay on the application of Capital to Land. This is a very superior performance, and the next, perhaps, in importance to the celebrated work of Adam Smith. From this great political economist, however, our author differs in many points, and he, in particular, refutes the proposition of the former, also adopted by Malthus, Say, and others, that the fall of profits, as countries advance in opulence, is a consequence of the accumulation of capital. His reputation for knowledge and

increase till 1822; when he received the appointment of Recorder of Bombay, and was, at the same time, knighted. He arrived in India, in February, 1823, and on the establishment of the Supreme Court of Judicature, at Bombay, he was appointed chief justice. His conduct in this character was, at the same time, enlightened, liberal, and constitutional. He refused to sanction the regulation of the court of Calcutta, for fettering the liberty of the press; reformed the police; and ameliorated the condition of prisoners at Bombay. In 1826, he published a tract, On the Price of Corn and the Wages of Labour; originally designed as a refutation of some of the errors of Mr. Ricardo's Protection to Agriculture, and suggesting, it is said, the precise plan upon which the late Mr. Canning's corn bill of 1826 was framed. He died of a fever, at Poonah, on the 18th of August, 1828, leaving a widow, who did not survive him quite two months, and an only daughter.

PARNELL, (Sir HENRY,) son of the late Sir John Parnell, chancellor of the Exchequer, and grandson of the poet of the same name, deserves mention as a political economist of no ordinary talent. He was born in Ireland, about 1784; and, after having completed his education at Trinity College, Dublin, was early introduced into the house of commons as member for Queen's County. In parliament he has been always distinguished by his financial knowledge, and by the active part he has taken in all measures relative to political economy. He is an advocate for the abrogation of the corn laws, and his writings upon this subject have gained him merited reputation. Besides his Treatise on the Corn Trade and Agriculture, he is the author of A Historical Apology for the Roman Catholics; History of the Penal Laws against the Irish Catholics; and The Principles of Currency and Exchange illustrated. But he is best known as a writer on finance. by his Observa tions on Paper Money, Banking, and Overtrading; one of those works, says a writer in The Edinburgh Review, "that was called forth from the ruinous effects that had resulted to all

classes of persons, from the tampering with the currency ;" and in which will be found many pertinent and important observations. Few members are listened to with more attention in the house, on the subject of finance, than Sir Henry; and his writings on the subject, may be ranked among the most useful, if not the most brilliant of their class.

M'CULLOCH, (JOHN ROBERT,) one of our most talented writers on the science of political economy, &c., was born in Scotland, about 1788, and there received his education. He seems to have early turned his attention to our national policy, and in 1816, he published An Essay on the Question of Reducing the National Debt; which was followed, in the same year, by his Essay on a Reduction of the Interest of the National Debt; proving that this is the only possible means of relieving the distresses of the commercial and agricultural interests. He is, however, principally known by his work On Political Economy; in which he opposes, with great ability, the theory of Mr. Malthus, respecting population. writer in The Edinburgh Review, says of it," With some of the controversial spirit, from which it is so difficult to disengage such a work, with some dogmatism, now and then, on debateable ground, the knowledge condensed in it, the clearness of conception, the vigour and reach of thought, and the earnestness, simplicity, and strength of style, make it a book valuable to its readers, and, what is of the highest consequence, readable with pleasure." Mr. M'Culloch has lately been appointed professor of political economy at the London University.

A

SADLER, (MICHAEL THOMAS,) was born about the year 1790, at Leeds, in Yorkshire, where he now carries on the business of a banker. The prominent part he had been in the habit of taking at all public meetings of the town, on the Tory side, at length attracted the attention of the Duke of Newcastle, who procured his return to parliament for Newark. In the debates on the Irish poor laws, and the Catholic question, he was a frequent speaker; and his speech in opposition to the

Duke of Wellington's bill for Catholic Emancipation, was printed, and produced a considerable temporary impression. In 1829, he published a work, entitled Ireland: its Evils, and their Remedies, &c. ; in which he contends, that emancipation is not the panacea required for the improvement of that part of the United Kingdom; but the introduction of the poor laws; and the cultivation, upon a large scale, of the waste and bog-lands, &c. Early in 1830, he published, in three volumes, octavo, The Law of Population: a Treatise in six books, in Disproof of the Superfecundity of Human Beings, and developing the Real Principle of their Increase; written principally in opposition to the principles developed by the celebrated work on population, by the Rev. R. T. Malthus, whose theory he denounces as inconsistent with Christianity, and even with the purest forms of deism. The Edinburgh Review, which had unfavourably criticised his work on Ireland, was still more severe upon this. "We did not expect," says the reviewer, "a good book from Mr. Sadler; and it is well that we did not; for he has given us a very bad one." Justice, however, is by no means done to Mr. Sadler's book; which. though deficient, perhaps, in logical precision, and scientific technicalities, contains a bold and far from superficial attack upon the theory of Mr. Malthus. A very able critic, in The Atlas Newspaper, has given a masterly review of the work in question, in which the captious objections of The Edinburgh Review are forcibly refuted. Mr. Sadler is the author of some fugitive verses, of which a specimen appeared in The Amulet, for 1829. As a speaker in parliament, Mr. Sadler has not realized the expectations he raised by his first address; but, as a writer on political economy, he is, if not the most powerful, among the least sophisticated of the present day.

SENIOR, (WILLIAM NASSAU,) was born in 1790; and, about 1808, was sent to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1811; M.Á. in 1814; and obtained a fellowship and a Vinerian scholarship. He appears to have early given his attention to the study of political economy; his known predilection for which procured him the

professorship of political economy, on its establishment at Oxford, in 1825, by Henry Drummond, Esq. His introductory lecture was printed in 1827; and, in 1828, appeared his three lectures on the transmission of the precious metals from this country, and the mercantile theory of wealth. In 1829, he published two lectures on population, with a correspondence between himself and the celebrated R. Malthus; and, in 1830, in which year he was obliged to resign his professorship, according to the stipulations of its founder, he printed three lectures on the cost of obtaining money; and

the same number on the rate of wages. The Quarterly Review justly calls Mr. Senior "a political economist of weight and name;" and adds, speaking of his lectures on the rate of wages," we are gratified to find this able writer completely agreeing with us on several of the points in which we ventured to differ most widely from the prevailing opinions; as, for instance, on the doctrine of absenteeism-the limitation of the principle of free trade-the separation of national wealth from national welfare-and the paramount importance of a sufficiency of food to all other considerations."

BRADLEY, (RICHARD,) was born about 1676, and first made himself known by the contribution of two papers to the Transactions of the Royal Society: one on the motion of the sap in vegetables; the other on the quick growth of mouldiness in melons. Of this body he was chosen a fellow on the 10th of November, 1724; and, in the same year, is said to have procured his election as botanical professor, in the University of Cambridge, by a pretended verbal recommendation from Dr. Sherrard to Dr. Bentley. His ignorance of the learned languages was soon discovered, and, neglecting to read lectures on botany, a course was delivered by Dr. Martyn. His conduct gave great dissatisfaction to the university, and it was in agitation to dismiss him from his professorship, when he died on the 5th of May, 1732. Notwithstanding his classical deficiency in his capacity of professor, he undoubtedly possessed considerable botanical knowledge, and had the merit of being the first who treated the subjects of gardening and agriculture in a philosophical manner. His works were so numerous, that they comprised two folio; four quarto, and nearly

twenty octavo volumes; enumerated in Nichols's Life of Bowyer. Amongst them may be mentioned, his New Improvement of Planting and Gardening, both Philosophical and Practical; The Gentleman's and Gardener's Kalendar; Philosophical Accounts of the Works of Nature; General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening; and his Dictionarium Botanicum; which, Dr. Pulteney says, was the first attempt of the kind in England. These, though for the most part ingenious compilations, were held in high temporary repute, and went through several editions; but the progress of science has rendered the greater part of his works, both on botany and horticulture, obsolete.

MILLER, (PHILIP,) called, for his botanical and agricultural knowledge, Hortulanorum Princeps, was born in North Britain, in 1691. He was educated by his father, who was superintendent of the garden, at Chelsea, belonging to the Apothecaries' Conpany, to which appointment he himself succeeded in 1722. He soon became celebrated for his superior mode of raising exotic plants; and gave a proof