BRITISH COLUMBIA. The third session of the Sixth Parliament of British Columbia opened on Jan. 28 at Victoria. The death of the Hon. John Robson, Premier, made a reorganization of the Government necessary, and Lieut.-Gov. Dewdney called upon the Hon. Mr. Davie to form an administration, which he did, with the following Cabinet: Hon. Mr. Pooley, President of Council; Hon. Mr. Vernon, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works; Hon. Mr. Turner, Minister of Finance; Col. Baker, Provincial Secretary and Minister of Education; Mr. Davie, in addition to the premiership, having the portfolio of Attorney-General.

The Lieutenant-Governor, in his opening address, directed the minds of the members to the matters of public interest that would occupy their attention during the session, the more important being the question of the redistribution of parliamentary seats, public health, the rights of the province to the lands in the railway belt, and the consideration of the relations of labor and capital.

The Minister of Finance, in his budget speech, stated that the public revenue of the province for the preceding year was $1,038,237, and the expenditure $1,430.920, or an excess of expenditure over revenue of $392,683. Much of the expenditure, however, he said, was for roads, public works, and other necessary improvements. There had been paid during the year $118,978 for interest on the public debt, and $41,710 on account of the sinking fund. By means of a new system of refunding the public debt, lower rates of interest, and increased revenue, the minister said he hoped to begin the year 1894 with about $500,000 to the credit of the province.

The Minister of Education, in his annual report, gave the number of pupils in the public schools as 10,773, the number of schools 149, and the expenditure for the year $160,627.

Other important items of expenditure were for hospitals, etc., $33,272, and for roads and other improvements $368,633.

During the session, which ended on Apr. 13, 92 bills were introduced, 66 of which were passed. The most important of the acts were one providing for the establishing of a bureau of labor statistics and councils of conciliation and arbitration for the settlement of industrial disputes; to amend the Married Women's Property act; respecting public health; and acts incorporating railway and other companies.

The Dominion Government subsidy to the province is over $200.000 a year, and another source of revenue is the tax of $50 a head on Chinese, which last year netted the province $26,275. This is only one third of the whole sum collected, the remaining two thirds passing into the Dominion treasury.

Dominion Grants.-The following were the most important grants made by the Government of Canada to the province for the fiscal year 1893-'94: Indians, included under the general heads of salaries, relief of distress, seed grain, implements and tools, medical attendance, education, etc., $92,282; collection of revenue customs, $59,495 steam service between San Francisco and Victoria, $17,640, and between Nanaimo and Victoria, and Comax and Valdez

island, $6,000; Victoria new post-office, $100,000; British Columbia Penitentiary, $49,449.15; Victoria drill hall, $26,500; improving Victoria harbor, the Fraser River, etc., $83,500; fortifications at Esquimalt, $70,000; pay of a detachment of Royal Marine Artillery at the fortifications, $35,000; and for the quarantine station and wharf at William's Head, $114,500.

Mineral Products.-Coal, of which British Columbia possesses vast supplies, is the most important mineral production of the province. In 1874, the earliest year of which there are statistics, the amount of coal mined was 81,574 tons. Since 1888, when the product was 548,017 tons, there has been a steady annual increase in the output of over 100,000 tons, and the estimated production for the present year (1893) is 1,059,517 tons. Of the coal produced about two thirds is exported, and for this year the amount received from this source of wealth will probably exceed $2,100,000. So far coal mining has only been conducted at the Nanaimo, Wellington, East Wellington, and Union collieries; but small supplies for home use are procured from surface outcroppings and shallow deposits in various sections of the province.

Gold mining is not now prosecuted in British Columbia with the enthusiasm and success that characterized the industry in former years. In 1858, a year after gold was discovered there, the value of the product amounted to $705,000 for the year. The amount produced rapidly increased until 1863, when the maximum was reached, the value of the precious metal for that year being $3,913,563. Since that time there has been a gradual decline in the yearly product, until now scarcely $400,000 worth is secured. Since the discovery of gold in the province the value of the entire quantity produced is $56,500,000 nearly.

Considerably more than half the men engaged in gold mining in British Columbia are Chinese, and their methods, while giving them what they consider fair remuneration, are not at all scientific, or calculated to secure the best results. But the falling off in the amount of gold produced is less owing to improper methods than to exhaustion of the old sources of supply. The discovery of a rich auriferous belt at Alberni last summer was hailed with delight by gold miners. Col. Baker, a member of the British Columbia Cabinet, visited the place a few months after the discovery, and spoke highly of its prospects. He describes the auriferous belt as being 6 miles wide and extended between China and Highwatches creeks as far as prospected to a distance of 80 miles. A large number of claims were recorded when Col. Baker's visit was made, and prospectors were eagerly pressing forward to the neighborhood. Alberni has a magnificent harbor, and large water power almost in the center of the town, which at the time of the gold find had a population of about 200. A large area of rich agricultural land and immense tracts of valuable timber exist in the district.

Lumber. The revenue received by the Dominion Government from the Crown Timber Agency of the province in 1892 amounted to $30,916, being $15,078 less than for the year before. The total quantity of lumber manu

factured in the licensed sawmills of British Columbia in 1892 was 20,062,680 feet, as compared with 30,507,439 in 1891. This only represents the lumber product of which returns are received by Government. Much is manufactured by private individuals in the unlicensed areas of which no returns are received. The principal wood made into lumber, etc., is red cedar, otherwise known as Oregon pine. The area of crown timber land licensed in 1892 was 243.32 square miles.

Fisheries.-The total yield of the British Columbia fisheries for 1892 amounted to $2,849,483, which was a decrease from that of the previous year of $159,271. The quantity of salmon disposed of in a fresh state exceeded that of 1891 by 800,000 pounds, while the pack of the canners fell short by 3,600,000 cans. The limited output for 1892 was probably due more to a desire to regulate the supply than to any scarcity of fish. The season was considered satisfactory for what is there termed an “off year,” having turned out much better than the preceding periodical "off year" (1888). The product of halibut for the year showed an increase over that of 1891 of over 200,000 pounds. An incident worthy of note was the capture during 1892 of several shad at River's Inlet, and on the north arm of the Fraser river. The fisheries inspector stated that all the shad on the Pacific coast originated from the fry planted in the Sacramento river, and he alluded to the incident to show a northward migration by these fish of over 1,000 miles. The total number of seal skins captured by the British Columbia sealing fleet in 1892 amounted to 46,362, valued at $602,706, as compared with 52,995 skins, valued at $688,935, for 1891. For 1893 the aggregate salmon pack of the Fraser river canneries was 20,500,000 pound tins, or 425,200 cases of 48 cans each, the total weight being 10,000 tons. The fisheries elsewhere were also unusually productive. The estimated value of the fish consumed by the Indians of British Columbia annually is $3,000,000, which is not included in the annual production. In 1892 there were 143 vessels, valued at $656,150, and 1,766 boats, valued at $91,365, employed in the fisheries of the province. The number of sailors and seal hunters was 1,472, and of fishermen and canners 6,698. The number of salmon canneries in operation during the year amounted to 38.

Seal Fishing.-In consequence of the restrictions placed upon the capture of seals, the British Columbia seal fishers were not very sanguine of success when the season opened last spring, but notwithstanding their misgivings the season was fairly successful. Fifty-four vessels were engaged in the industry, 24 of which sent in their spring catch early in the season, and the remaining 30 obtained, up to Sept. 28, on the British Columbia coast, 25,120 skins. The estimated catch for the season is 60,000 skins.

During the preceding year (1892) the British Columbia seal fishing was prosecuted at a loss of about $100,000. Of the 65 vessels employed 3 were wrecked, 10 were seized by American or Russian cruisers, and the rest secured a catch of 50,000 skins. There were 1,452 persons employed during the season, their wages aggregating $30,000.

Salmon Fishing.-The season of 1893 was one of the most successful for salmon fishing ever known in British Columbia. The canning establishments were all busy, and a large export trade was transacted. On Fraser river the run of salmon was the largest on record, and as many as 45,000 were caught in three days in August. Though complete and reliable statistics are not obtainable at the time of writing, sufficient is known to warrant the assumption that the season's fishing was successful in a marked degree.

Exports.-The chief exports of the province are mineral productions, fish, cattle, fruit, and timber. Large shipments of fruit were forwarded to England last autumn, and large consignments of canned salmon and of cattle were also sent there during the season. Shipments of lumber were sent to China, Japan, and elsewhere, and of coal to San Francisco. Complete statistics are not yet obtainable of the export trade of the province for 1893.

Criminal Statistics.-The number of criminal convictions in British Columbia last year was 187, or a ratio of 17:34 per 10,000 inhabitants; for the year preceding, 145, or a ratio of 14-85 per 10,000. Including summary convictions by justices of the peace, the total for last year was 1,321, or 1 to 81 inhabitants, and for the year before 1,360, or 1 to 71. The increase in crime in the province during the past ten years has been 201.55 per cent., while the popuÏation increased only 98.50 per cent.

The disproportionate increase in crime may be largely attributed to the fact that the majority of those employed in mining, in the fish-canning industry, and in the lobster and seal fishing, while responsible for much of the crime, are not enumerated among the permanent population of the province.

Progress and Development.-When British Columbia entered the Dominion of Canada, in 1871, its population was 36,000. According to the census of 1891 the population then was 96,560. Last year the increase in the number of the inhabitants amounted to 10,441, and for the present year (1893) allowing a similar increase, which is probably a moderate estimate, the population would amount to over 117,000. This enumeration does not include occasional or temporary dwellers in the province, Indians, of whom there are 35,202, or Chinese, of whom many thousands are employed in mining and other industries.

Until

The increase in the population of the towns of the province has been at a much higher rate. Vancouver, the Pacific terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, had in 1893 a population estimated in round numbers at 20,000. May, 1886, its site was covered by a dense forest. It is now a place of great commercial importance, having extensive wharves and warehouses, fine hotels, churches, and schools, and many miles of well-paved streets lighted by gas and electricity. It has a regular steamship service to China and Japan, to Australia via Honolulu, to San Francisco, to Alaska, and to various points in the province.

Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, with an estimated population in 1892 of 17,431, in 1893 of 20,000, is at the southern extremity of Vancou

October the Hon. Mackenzie Bowell, Minister of Trade and Commerce, went on a mission to Australia to negotiate special tariffs with reference to this new trade route. Recently the new steamship line between Sydney, New South Wales, and Victoria, British Columbia, entered into a ten years' defensive and exclusive working arrangement with the Canadian Pacific Railway.

A little earlier in the season Sandford Fleming, C. M. G., a noted Canadian surveyor and engineer, visited Australia in the interests of a project to establish telegraphic communication between that continent and British Columbia; but as to the success of his mission, nothing can with certainty be affirmed.

BROOKS, PHILLIPS, fifth bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of Massachusetts; born in High Street, Boston, Mass., Dec. 13, 1835; died in that city, at No. 233 Clarendon Street, Jan. 23, 1893. His parents, William Gray Brooks and Mary Ann Phillips, were descended from the early founders of New England, and among his maternal ancestors there was a long succession of Congregational clergymen. Thomas Brooks, his paternal ancestor, came to this country about 1630, and settled in Watertown, in the same town in which the Rev. George Phillips, his maternal ancestor, who had come from England in 1630, in company with Governor Winthrop, was the first pastor. Phillips Brooks was the second of six sons, four of whom became Episcopal clergymen, and one of whom died of disease in the civil war. At the time of his birth the parents of Phillips Brooks were connected with the First Church of Boston, and he was baptized on May 1, 1836, by the Rev. Nathanael L. Frothingham, a Unitarian minister of eminence, who was then pastor in that church, and who had married a cousin of both Mr. and Mrs. Brooks. In 1839 the family formed its connection with the Episcopal Church by the confirmation of Mrs. Brooks in St. Paul's Church, Boston, which shortly afterward came under the rectorship of the Rev. Alexander H. Vinton, D. D., with whom, until the time of his death, in 1881, Phillips Brooks was closely connected by ties of admiration and friendship.

Phillips Brooks was educated in the public schools of Boston, being graduated at the Latin School in 1851, when he entered Harvard College. There he attained high rank, and was graduated twelfth in the class of 1855. He received in his junior year, the Bowdoin prize for an English essay, and his course was marked by an unusual degree of popularity among his fellow-students. After his graduation he taught in the Public Latin school of Boston from September, 1855, to February, 1856, and in October, 1856, he entered the Theological Seminary in Alexandria, Va. He had been confirmed by Bishop Eastburn in St. Mary's Church, Dorchester, Mass., on July 2, 1856, and he was ordained deacon at the Theological Seminary on July 1, 1859, by Bishop Meade, of Virginia, and delivered his first sermon in St. George's Church, Fredericksburg, Va., on July 3. Previous to his graduation at the seminary Mr. Brooks had consented to serve for three months as temporary supply at the Church of the Advent, Phila

delphia, where he entered upon his duties on July 10, 1859, and on Oct. 16 of the same year he assumed the place of rector, which he had accepted on the termination of the three months of trial. He was ordained priest by Bishop Alonzo Potter on May 31, 1860.

Mr. Brooks's rectorate of the Church of the Advent continued until January, 1862, when he became rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity in the same city, which place he occupied until he assumed the rectorship of Trinity Church, Boston, in October, 1869. During these ten years of residence in Philadelphia his reputation as a preacher became thoroughly established and was recognized throughout the country. In the civil war his patriotic efforts in behalf not only of union but also of freedom called wide attention to his ability as a thinker and an orator. His sermon entitled "Our Mercies of Reoccupation," on Thanksgiving Day, 1863, and the one on April 23, 1865, in memory of Abraham Lincoln, were widely circulated, and had a deep effect upon public opinion throughout the country. He was not only largely influential in increasing moral enthusiasm for the prosecution of the war, but also advocated boldly and ably the cause of the negro, claiming for him equal political rights with white men, and interesting himself in many projects for his education and improvement. His pulpit and parish work were noted for their thoroughness and earnestness, and he identified himself with the interests of the evangelical societies in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was constant in his labors in their behalf. His wide interest in missionary and philanthropic projects brought him into connection with all who were active in the charities cf the country, and his advocacy was relied upon for all good causes.

In July, 1865, after the close of the war, Mr. Brooks offered the prayer at the commemoration services at Harvard College, and immediately afterward he sailed for Europe on leave of absence from his church for a year. He visited Ireland, England, and the Continent of Europe, and Palestine and Egypt, and returned to the United States in September, 1866. This was the first of a series of journeys which continued through all his life, and which not only rendered him a traveler of large experience, but also furnished the opportunity for the spread of his reputation as a preacher and for the cultivation of acquaintance with men of letters in Europe. In 1870 he visited Switzerland and the Tyrol, and on his return he was in Paris at the time of the overthrow of the Government of Louis Napoleon. In 1872 he visited Norway, Sweden, and Russia, traveling as far as Nizhni Novgovod. In 1874 he visited France, and on this trip he preached in Westminster Abbey, being the first American clergyman to receive an invitation to do so. In 1877 and 1880 he revisited familiar ground, and in July, 1880, preached at Windsor Castle before Queen Victoria. In 1882-'83 he was absent from home for more than a year, spending several months in study in Germany, and visiting India, and on his return passing several months in England, the memory of which is embodied in his published volume, "Sermons preached in English Churches." In 1885 he preached at the Uni