rent account holders receive 10 per cent. in one month, 5 per cent. six months later, and 5 per cent. quarterly thereafter until they are paid in full with 34 per cent. interest; or they may take 4-per-cent. deposit receipts payable in one, two, three, four, and five years. Fixed deposit holders receive deposit receipts bearing 4 per cent. interest, the receipts payable in five, six, seven, and eight years. The plan of the Australian Joint Stock Bank provided for the payment of all existing customers of the bank in cash to the extent of £100, and several other banks made a similar provision. The scheme of reconstruction of the Queensland National Bank was on entirely different lines. It provided for the calling up of £3 per share on the capital; the reduction of the nominal capital of the bank from £2,000,000 divided into 200,000 shares at £10 each to £1,600,000, divided into 200,000 shares of £8 each, the reduction to be effected by cancelling the paid-up capital to the extent of £2 per share upon each of 160,000 shares which had been issued, and by reducing the nominal amount of all shares in the bank's capital to £8 per share; and for the subsequent increase of the so-reduced capital to £3,000,000 by the creation of 175,000 new shares of £8 each, such new shares to be disposed of at such times and to such persons and on such terms as the directors of the bank may deem advisable. On June 29 the Commercial Bank of Australia, the Bank of Victoria, the National Bank of Australasia, the City of Melbourne Bank, the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, and the Australian Joint Stock Bank had resumed business; the Colonial Bank of Australasia resumed July 10, and the Queensland National Bank reopened its doors for general business; while several other banks were in an advanced stage of reconstruction. To the shareholders of the suspended banks reconstruction was undoubtedly favorable, as it saved the greater expense of liquidation, and relieved them from paying in at once the amounts for which they were liable on their shares, and distributed these amounts over a long period of time. To the depositors who were forced by the plan to become shareholders it was not so favorable. The banks as a rule kept as much as possible of the deposits in the form of proprietary capital, and retained large options as to the repayment of the remainder. The depositors, however, accepted reconstruction as the only alternative for eventually getting back their money. Most of the banks which were forced to suspend are once more doing business, but as a result of the stupendous financial calamity in which they have participated, banking capital to the extent of nearly £20,000 has, by the depreciation of shares, been wiped out, while deposits to the amount of of about £70,000,000 have been locked up for a period of years.

New South Wales.-The Earl of Jersey, who was appointed Governor of the colony in October, 1890, resigned in January, 1893, and Sir R. W. Duff was appointed to the governorship, and entered upon his office on May 29. The new Governor is a Scotsman, who has had upward of thirty years' experience in the British Parliament. The ministry in office at the beginning of 1893 was as follows: Premier and Colonial Secretary, Sir George R. Dibbs; Colonial Treas

urer, John See; Attorney-General, E. Barton; Secretary for Lands, H. Copeland; Secretary for Public Works, W. J. Lyne; Minister of Public Instruction, F. B. Suttor; Minister of Justice, R. E. O'Connor; Postmaster-General, John Kidd; Secretary for Mines and Agriculture, T. M. Slattery; Vice-President of the Executive Council and Representative of the Government in the Legislative Council, Sir J. E. Salomons. Mr. Salomons resigned Jan. 25, on account of a difference with his colleagues, and was succeeded by Dr. J. N. MacLaurin. An attack was made upon the ministry, on account of the financial statement made by the Treasurer, but the motion of want of confidence was not carried. The statement showed an existing deficit of £1,150,000. The Premier formulated a scheme for the equalization of income and expenditure which included an increase of taxation and a reduction of expenses. The expenditure of 1893 was to be less by £795,000 than that of 1892, and a new source of income to be found in the imposition of an income tax on a graduated scale. On incomes from £200 to £500 it was proposed to lay a tax of 4d. in the pound; from £500 to £1,500, 6d.; from £1,500 to £5,000, 8d.; and on all above the latter amount, 10d. It was also proposed to reduce by 5 per cent. the salaries of all public servants receiving over £200 per annum, and also to lay a tax upon the property of absentees.

Victoria.-The Governor is the Earl of Hopetoun, who entered on his office in November, 1889. The Shiels ministry was defeated on a direct vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. J. B. Patterson, who was invited to form a new ministry. The Executive Council was reconstituted as follows: Premier, Chief Secretary, and Minister of Railways, J. B. Patterson; AttorneyGeneral, Sir Bryan O'Loughlen; Solicitor-General, Mr. Isaacs; Treasurer, Godfrey Downes Carter; Minister of Customs and Education, John Campbell; Minister of Defense and Health, Robert Reid; Minister of Mines and Water Supply. J. H. McColl; Postmaster-General, Agar Wynne; Minister of Agriculture and Public Works, W. T. Webb; ministers without portfolios, Messrs. Baker, Richardson, Abbott, and Cooke. new Premier has for many years represented Castlemaine in the Legislative Assembly. He has been twice Minister of Public Works, and was Minister of Railways in 1880-'81, and Minister of Customs in 1889-'90.

The

In this colony, as in New South Wales, the condition of the public finances engaged at the beginning of the year the most serious attention. The specific charge on which the Shiels Government was overthrown was that it had failed to carry into effect any scheme of consistent retrenchment. Mr. Patterson announced that the policy of the new Government would be rigid retrenchment which would bring the expenses of the colony within the revenue. He anticipated that the deficit would amount in June to £1,800,000. He promised large reductions in the civil service and reform in the land administration by encouraging co-operative settlement. For increasing the revenue the Government proposed either an income tax or the temporary expedient of laying a small duty on imports now admitted free. In pursuance of this programme the Legislative Assembly voted to reduce the

salaries of future colonial governors from £10,000 to £7,500, which is the same as in New South Wales, and also passed measures for reducing the salaries of ministers, members of Parliament, and all officers receiving salaries under special appropriations of revenue. A resolution was carried by a majority of four for the imposition of an income tax. A very strong opposition was developed to the measure among the commercial class, and an amendment was offered, Aug. 29, substituting for it a tax on unimproved lands. But the Government had resolved to stand or fall by this proposal, as the only means of meeting maturing obligations without recourse to London for a new loan, and the amendment was defeated. On Sept. 13, however, it was announced that, in consequence of the rejection by the Assembly of the Treasurer's proposal to reduce subsidies to the municipalities to £260,000, and of the narrow majority obtained for the income tax, the Government had decided to adopt the substitute plan of doubling sugar duties. This, it was estimated, would bring in during the remainder of the year £100,000.

Queensland. The Governor of the colony is Sir Henry Wylie Norman, appointed in December, 1888. Sir Samuel Griffith, head of the ministry in office at the beginning of 1893, having accepted the position of Chief Justice of the colony, the ministry resigned, March 12, with the view of being reconstructed under the leadership of Hugh Muir Nelson, late leader of the Opposition, who had acted as Premier during the absence of Mr. Griffith from the colony. Mr. Nelson, however, was unable to form a satisfactory Cabinet, and Sir Thomas McIlwraith, the late Treasurer, was requested by the Governor to form a ministry. The new ministry is constituted as follows: Premier, Chief Secretary, and Secretary for Railways, Sir Thomas Mellwraith; Colonial Treasurer, Hugh Muir Nelson; Secretary for Public Lands and Agriculture, Andrew H. Barlow; Postmaster-Generaland Secretary for Education, Walter H. Wilson; Secretary for Mines and for Public Works, I. Lissner; Attorney-General, Thomas J. Byrnes; Colonial Secretary, Horace Tozer. The new Premier was born in Ayr, Scotland, in 1835. He had held the position of Premier of Queensland from 1879 to 1883, and from June to November, 1888. Messrs. Tozer, Byrnes, and Wilson, had, like Sir Thomas McIlwraith, been members of the Griffith ministry. The elections began April 28. Mr. Lissner being defeated by the Labor candidate, Robert Philp was appointed Minister of Mines and Works. The Government announced that its policy would be one of retrenchment and economy, and that every item of public expenditure should be revised, and salaries of civil officers, from the highest to the lowest, cut down. It was decided also to dispense with the services of some 600 officials, and it was hoped that a saving of £300,000 would be effected. In presenting the annual budget statement to the Assembly, the Premier said that every effort had been made to cut down expenses, but the deficit on the year amounted to £111,000, making a total deficiency of £1,500.000, the greater part of which had been covered by the issue of treasury bills. The revenue had fallen off during the year £220,000, owing

to decreased returns from taxation, unprecedented floods in one portion of the colony and disastrous droughts in another, and partially also to the monetary crisis. He estimated the revenue for the coming year at £3,375,000.

Land Settlement.-The Government introduced a bill into the Legislative Assembly, Aug. 3, to authorize the establishment of self-governing communities on the unalienated lands, intended for the benefit of persons who may be willing to co-operate in tilling the soil. The bill also authorizes the Government to give facilities for the establishment of labor colonies for the relief of the indigent and unemployed. South Australia.-The Governor is the Earl of Kintore, who was appointed in December, 1888, and entered upon office April 11, 1889. The heads of departments at the opening of 1893 were: Premier and Chief Secretary, J. W. Downer; Attorney-General, R. Homberg; Treasurer, W. T. Rounsevell; Commissioner of Public Works, L. Grayson; Minister of Agriculture and Education, W. Copley; Commissioner of Crown Lands, J. H. Howe. The general elections took place throughout the colony on April 15, and the Labor candidates were generally successful. In consequence of a hostile motion in the Assembly, June 13, the resignation of the ministry was tendered to the Governor, who requested C. C. Kingston, who made the hostile motion, to form a new ministry. The new ministry, which assumed office on June 15, was constituted as follows: Premier and Attorney-General, C. C. Kingston; Treasurer, T. Playford; Commissioner of Public Works, Mr. Holder; Minister of Agriculture and Education, Dr. Cockburn; Commissioner of Crown Lands, P. P. Gillen: Representative of the Government in the Upper House, J. H. Gordon. The new Premier announced that the Government programme would include a reduction of 5 to 10 per cent. in all civil-service salaries. The gunboat "Protector" would be laid up, and the military expenditures reduced. The land tax and the tax on the property of absentees, as well as the tax on incomes of £1,000 and upward, would be increased, but no change would be made in the customs duties. The savings banks would be taken over by the Government, and a note issue was contemplated. In presenting the annual budget statement to the Assembly, the Treasurer said the deficit for the year amounted to £164,000, which, added to the deficit at the beginning of the year, would make the total deficiency £844,000.

Western Australia.-The Governor is Sir William C. F. Robinson, who held the office before in 1874, and was again transferred to Western Australia in 1889. Responsible government was organized under the Western Australia Constitution act, passed by the British Parliament in 1890. The Cabinet, as first constituted, and as it remained at the beginning of 1892, was composed as follows: Premier and Treasurer, Sir John Forrest; Chief Secretary, Mr. Shenton; Attorney-General, Mr. Burt; Commissioner of Lands, Mr. Marmion; Minister of Public Works, Mr. Venn. At the reopening of Parliament, early in July, the Governor in his speech said that the general prospects were most encouraging, and the development of the resources of the

colony gave great promise for the future. Good progress had been made with the construction of the southern and the Yelgaru railways, and with the work upon Freemantle and Albany harbors, which, when completed, would permit the largest ships to enter either of them by day or night. The Premier and Treasurer in his financial statement informed the Assembly that there was a credit balance on June 30 of £63,000, while the revenue showed an increase of 10 per cent. over the previous year. The Legislative Assembly, Aug. 16, passed the Constitution bill, which virtually establishes manhood suffrage. During the summer rich auriferous quartz reefs were discovered near Coolgardie, 4 tons of ore from which were said to have yielded 9,000 ounces of gold.

Tasmania.-Sir Robert G. C. Hamilton was appointed Governor of the colony in January, 1887. The ministers at the beginning of 1893 were the following: Premier, H. Dobson; Chief Secretary, Adye Douglas; Treasurer, John Henry; Attorney-General, N. E. Lewis; Minister of Lands and Works, W. Hartwell; Minister with out portfolio, C. H. Grant. Ministers must have a seat in one of the two legislative houses.

New Zealand.-The Governor is the Earl of Glasgow, who received the appointment in June, 1892. The ministry at the beginning of 1893 was constituted as follows: Premier, Colonial Treasurer, and Commissioner of Trade and Customs, J. Ballance; Attorney-General and Colonial Secretary, P. A. Buckley; Minister of Agriculture, Lands, and Iminigration, J. Mackenzie; Minister of Mines, Marine and Defense, and Public Works, R. J. Seddon; Minister of Education and Labor and Commissioner of Stamp Duties, W. P. Reeves; Minister of Justice and Native Affairs, A. J. Cadman; Postmaster-General, J. G. Ward; minister without portfolio, representing the native races. J. Carroll. Mr. Ballance died April 27, and Mr. Seddon, who had acted as Premier during the illness of his chief on May 1, accepted the post of Premier. Mr. Ward was made Colonial Treasurer, in succession to Mr. Ballance, the ministry remaining otherwise unchanged. Sir Robert Stout was offered the portfolio of Education, but declined, as he considered himself entitled to the premiership. Mr. Seddon, the new Premier, was born in Lancashire, England, and had been Minister of Mines since 1891. The third session of the present Parliament was opened on June 22 with a speech by the Governor. He congratulated the colony on the buoyancy of the finances and the general prosperity, saying that the surplus for the past financial year was unparalleled. The exports were increasing, and the efflux of population, which had been an alarming feature in former years, had now ceased. The fact that New Zealand had been unaffected by the financial panic was convincing evidence of the prudence with which public and private finance had been conducted. The Treasurer made his budget statement July 4. He estimated that the expenditures for the year would be £4,400,000, and the receipts £4,539,000. The surplus of £130,000, added to last year's surplus, would make a total of £413,000. He said the Government intended to devote a quarter of a million to the construction of public works. It was also

proposed to exempt from taxation all improvements on properties of whatever size, while building societies and mining companies would be relieved from taxation. Customs duties would remain unaltered.

In September, 1892, a bill conferring the franchise upon women was passed by one of the Houses of Parliament, but made no further progress during that session. The Ballance Government was, however, fully committed to the measure, and when Mr. Seddon became Premier he reiterated the intention of the Government to press the measure. It was introduced early in the third session, and passed the House of Representatives on Aug. 11, and the Legislative Council on Sept. 8. On Sept. 19 the bill came before the Governor and received the royal assent. The act confers the parliamentary franchise on both European and Maori women.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, a dual monarchy in central Europe. The provinces of the monarchy have been in political union as two states under the same dynasty since 1867, having a common head in the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. The crown is hereditary in the Hapsburg-Lothringen dynasty, passing by right of primogeniture and lineal succession to males and (on failure of males) to females. The monarch must be a member of the Roman Catholic Church. The reigning sovereign is Franz Josef I, born in 1830, the son of Archduke Franz Karl, second son of the Emperor Franz I of Austria. The heir presumptive is the Archduke Franz, born in 1863, son of the Emperor's brother, Archduke Karl Ludwig. The foreign, financial, and military and naval affairs of the two monarchies are managed in common, except that each legislates independently concerning the army. They also have in principle common management of coinage, indirect taxation, commerce, and interstate railroad affairs. The monarch exercises legislative authority only with the co-operation and consent of the Parliaments. Legislation in affairs common to both Parliaments is accomplished by means of Delegations consisting of 60 members from each Parliament, of whom 20 are from each of the upper houses, and 40 from each of the_lower houses, all appointed for one year. The Parliamentary Delegations are summoned annually by the Emperor, alternately at Vienna and BudaPesth. They deliberate apart, and their decisions are communicated reciprocally in writing. If after three such interchanges they fail to agree, the two Delegations come together and settle the question by vote and without discussion. The Emperor, with the approval of the Delegations, appoints the common ministry, and the Delegations have control over the three executive departments, with power to impeach ministers. At the beginning of the year the common ministry was constituted as follows: Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial House, Graf G. Kalnoky de Köröspatak, born in Moravia, 1832, and appointed Nov. 21, 1881; Minister of War for the Whole Monarchy, FieldMarshal Baron Ferdinand Bauer, appointed March 16, 1888; Minister of Finance, Benjamin de Kallay, appointed June 4, 1882. Baron Bauer died in July, and early in August Lieut.Field - Marshal Baron Rudolf Merk was an

nounced as his temporary successor. On Sept. 25 the Emperor relieved Baron von Merkl by appointing Lieut.-Field-Marshal von Kriegshammer Minister of War for the Whole Monarchy. Gen. Kriegshammer was born in Moravia in 1832, entered the Neustadt Military Academy in 1843, became a lieutenant in 1849, was promoted to a captaincy and received the cross for distinguished military service in the battle of Solferino in 1859. He also served in the Prussian campaign, was appointed aide to the Emperor in 1869, and was promoted to the rank of general and commander of the cavalry corps of Cracow in 1891.

The Common Budget.-The common expenditures are covered by the net proceeds of the common customs, the deficit being made up by proportionate payments of each country, Hungary paying 2 per cent. of the total deficit, and 30 per cent. of the remaining 98 per cent., of which Austria pays 70 per cent. The expenditures for 1893 were estimated at 143,821,887 florins (1 florin = 41 cents). The estimated receipts from customs were 42,283,400 florins; receipts of the administration, 2,677,493 florins; leaving 67,818,642 florins to be made up by Austria, and 31,041,352 florins to be paid by Hungary. The ordinary expenditures amounted to 125,359,122 florins, of which 3,603,600 florins were for the diplomatic service, 109,829,840 florins for the army, 9,788,280 florins for the navy, 2,010,800 florins for the financial department, and 126,602 florins for the Board of Control. The extraordinary expenses amounted to 18,462,765 florins, of which 46,400 florins were for the diplomatic service, 16,126,965 florins for the army, and 2,289,400 florins for the navy. The extraordinary expenditures for Bosnia and Herzegovina amounted to 3,712,000 florins.

The general debt of the monarchy on July 1, 1892, amounted to 2,790,594,891 florins. Austria's special debt in 1891 amounted to 1,055,491,000 florins, and that of Hungary to 1,930,115,000 florins, making a total of 5,776,200,891 florins. The floating debt in 1892 amounted to 411,994,925 florins.

Area and Population.-The area of the Austrian provinces is 115,903 square miles, with a population on Dec. 31, 1890, of 23,895,413; that of Hungary, 125,039 square miles, with a population of 17.463,473. The number of marriages in Austria in 1891 was 186,418; births, 947,017, of which 139,512 were illegitimate and 27.514 stillborn; deaths, 673.315; surplus births, 246,188. The figures for Hungary in 1889 are: Total births, 767,884, of which 12,904 were stillborn and 61,468 illegitimate; marriages, 140,524; deaths, 512,852; surplus of births, 242,128.

In 1890 74,002 persons emigrated from the whole monarchy, of whom 63,119 were bound for North America and 1.918 for the Argentine Republic. According to United States statistics, there arrived in that year 38,125 Austrians and 24,994 Hungarians.

The principal cities and their population on Dec. 31, 1890, were: Vienna, the capital of Austria, 1,364,548; Prague, 310.483; Trieste, 158,344; Lemberg, 128.419; Buda-Pesth, the Hungarian capital, 506,384; Szegedin, 87,210.

The population, according to language, was as follows in 1890: Germans in Austria, 8,461,

580, in Hungary, 1,972,115; Bohemians, Moravians, and Slovaks in Austria, 5,472,871, in Hungary, 1,892,806; Polish in Austria, 3.719,232; Ruthenians in Austria, 1,176,672, in Hungary, 360,051; Slovenes in Austria, 1,176,672; in Hungary, 86,401; Servians and Croatians in Austria, 644,926, in Hungary, 2,359.708; Italians in Austria, 675,305; Roumanians in Austria, 209,110, in Hungary, 2,423,387; Magyars in Austria, 8,139, in Hungary, 6,478.711. Besides these there are 82,256 gypsies and 83,940 persons speaking various other languages in Hungary. The Army.-Military service is compulsory, and has a duration of twelve years, of which three years are spent in active service, seven years in the reserve, and two years in the Landwehr. Besides this the army and the Landwehr have a so-called Ersatz reserve, into which those are drafted who are either exempt from active service or are disqualified by personal defects, but are otherwise capable of carrying arms. Those immediately drafted into the Ersatz reserve of the army have to serve ten years, and those in the Ersatz reserve of the Landwehr twelve years. Those discharged after twelve years of service form for another ten years part of the Landsturm, to which every male citizen between the ages of nineteen and forty-two not serving in any of the other categories belongs. The Landwehr is organized independently of the common army and separately in the two monarchies. It is called out in time of peace for drill and instruction only, and in case of war the Emperor's command is required to mobilize it. The Landsturm can only be called out in time of war, by order of the Emperor, and can not be utilized outside of its own territory unless a special statute provides for it. The contingent of recruits for the army in 1893 was 103,100, of which Austria furnished 60,389, and Hungary 42,711. There were besides a contingent of recruits for the Ersatz reserve, numbering 27,400, a contingent of 10,000 recruits for the Austrian Landwehr, and a contingent of 12,500 recruits for the Honved or Hungarian Landwehr. The peace effective for 1893 was as follows: Infantry, 210,780, of which 187,846 belonged to the army and 22,934 to the Landwehr; cavalry, 49,459, of which 45,360 belonged to the army and 4,099 to the Landwehr; field artillery, 27.267; fortress artillery, 8,130; technical troops, 9,623; train, 3,146; sanitary troops, 2.712; general and field officers, etc., 5,932; military establishments, 8,982; making a total of 326,031. The war footing is fixed at 1,753,583, of which the regular army furnishes 939,192, the Landwehr 355,127, and the Landsturm 459,264.

The annual manoeuvres of the Austro-Hungarian army began at Güns, Sept. 16, and continued six days. The scheme of operations covered an unusually wide territory, and by order of the Emperor all movements were directed in the Hungarian language. On the first day the Army of the South, consisting of two army corps, commanded by Field-Marshal Reinlander. began its march upon Güns, that town being occupied and defended by the Army of the North, consisting of three army corps, under command of Field-Marshal von Schönfeld. On the third day an attack was made on Güns, great masses of cavalry being precipitated upon

the town. The Emperor of Germany rode at the head of the Hungarian Hussars in the attacking party. The Army of the North was driven out, the Austrian Emperor and the princes retreating with it, and Gen. von Reinlander occupied Güns and the adjacent villages. On the fourth day the entire forces of both armies, amounting to upward of 130.000 men, were engaged. The Army of the South had crossed the river Stob by means of pontoons, and sought to defend the position. A fierce artillery battle raged for several hours. Under cover of their guns the Army of the South threw pontoons across the river and effected a landing on the opposite bank, forcing the enemy again to retire. On the fifth day the Army of the North, having been re-enforced by the Vienna Corps, assumed the offensive. The line of battle was five miles long. The flank of Gen. von Reinlander's army was turned and he was compelled to retreat. On the sixth day the victorious army attempted to dislodge Gen. von Reinlander from the new position he had taken up, but failed. The victory was awarded to the Army of the North for having turned the enemy's flank. Men and horses suffered severely from exhaustion, and many accidents occurred during the fighting. The plain and inconspicuous Austrian uniform seemed well adapted for use in a battle where smokeless powder is used. Bicycle riders and dogs were utilized for the carrying of dispatches, and the new waterproof silk tents proved their superiority in every way to any tent heretofore used. The army commissariat proved inefficient, the men having to wait sometimes till midnight before rations were served. In an order of the day the Emperor expressed his satisfaction with the manoeuvres and with the discipline of the troops, and declared that he had entire confidence in the army. The Navy. The Austrian navy consists of 2 turret ships, of 21 guns, 22 machine guns, and 13,000 indicated horse power; 8 plated casemate ships, of 142 guns, 88 machine guns, and 28,500 indicated horse power; 1 plated frigate, of 20 guns, 9 machine guns, and 3,500 indicated horse power; 2 ram cruisers, 7 torpedo ships, 6 torpedo vessels, 62 torpedo boats, 3 avisos, 6 training ships, 3 river monitors, 17 station and service ships, 10 vessels for harbor and coast service, 9 school and barrack ships, and 4 stationary vessels. The navy is manned in time of peace by 676 officers, 424 engineers, mechanics, etc., 7,500 sailors, and 4,500 marines.

Commerce. The general commerce of the Austro-Hungarian customs union, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, amounted in 1891 to 618,300,000 florins of imports and 787,600,000 florins of exports. The values of the principal imports were as follow: Cotton, 45,500,000 florins; coffee, 38,900,000 florins; wool, 37,100,000 florins; coal and coke, 24,400,000 florins; silk, 20.900,000 florins; woolen yarn, 17,700,000 florins; machinery, 17,600,000 florins; furs and hides, 17,500,000 florins; leaf tobacco, 16,700,000 florins; cattle, 16,700.000 florins; leather, 15,300,000 florins; cotton yarn, 13,900,000 florins; books and newspapers, 13,000,000 florins; hardware and clocks, 12,700,000 florins; silk goods, 12,100,000 florins; woolen goods, 12,000,000 florins; colors and tanning material, 10,900,000 florins; grain,

7,200,000 florins; manufactured tobacco, 4,900,000 florins. The following are, the values of the principal exports: Sugar, 83,000,000 florins; grain, 80,400,000 florins; timber, 63,500,000 florins; cattle, 37,100,000 florins; coal and coke, 34,300,000 florins; hardware, 21,600,000 florins; glass and glassware, 19,000,000 florins: wooden ware, 18,200,000 florins; gloves, 17,900,000 florins; iron and ironware, 17,500,000 florins; woolen goods, 16,000,000 florins; paper and paper ware, 16,000,000 florins; eggs, 16,000,000 florins; flour, 15,200,000 florins; feathers, 13,700,000 florins; wool, 11,900,000 florins; leather ware, 11,800,000 florins; minerals, 11,700,000 florins; wine, 9,300,000 florins; silk ware, 7,700,000 florins; linen yarn, 7,000,000 florins.

Navigation.-During the year 1890 there were 26,856 sailing vessels, of 894,338 tons, and 41,817 steamers, of 7,622,540 tons, entered, and 26,794 sailing vessels, of 893,160 tons, and 41,832 steamers, of 7,552,114 tons, cleared at Austro-Hungarian ports. In 1891 there were entered at the port of Trieste 3.506 sailing vessels, of 119,396 tons, with cargoes, and 766 sailing vessels, of 49,682 tons, without cargoes; 2,516 steamers, of 1,171,642 tons, with cargoes, and 1,047 steamers, of 134,145 tons, without cargoes. There were cleared 2,893 sailing vessels, of 143,012 tons, with cargoes, and 1.350 sailing vessels, of 28.439 tons, without cargoes: 3,058 steamers, of 1,197,255 tons, with cargoes, and 484 steamers, of 109,474 tons, without cargoes. The commercial navy, in the beginning of 1892, was composed of 10,380 vessels, of 250,568 tons, of which 261, of 186,810 tons, were seagoing; 1,734. of 43,526 tons, coasting vessels, and 8,385, of 20,232 tons, were vessels of all kinds. The crews of the commercial navy numbered 29,772.

Railroads.--On Jan. 1, 1892, there were 15,650 kilometres of railroads in operation in Austria, and 12,045 kilometres in Hungary. Of the Austrian roads, 6,337 kilometres were owned by the Government, 1,645 kilometres were worked by the Government but belonged to companies, and 7,668 kilometres were operated by companies. Of the Hungarian roads, 7,443 kilometres were owned by the Government, 2,459 kilometres leased and operated by the Government, and 2,143 kilometres owned and operated by companies. The length of railroads in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1892 was 384 miles.

Posts and Telegraphs.-In 1891 there were expedited by the Austrian post-offices 493,188,850 letters and postal cards, 74,433,500 samples and printed inclosures, and 68,985,020 newspapers. The Hungarian post-offices forwarded 141,089,240 letters and postal cards, and 22,140,880 samples and printed inclosures. There were in the same year 17,609 miles of telegraph lines with 50,154 miles of wire in Austria, 12,473 miles of lines with 46,700 miles of wire in Hungary, and 1,765 miles of lines with 3,814 miles of wire in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There were transmitted a total of 14,293,336 messages, of which 9,661,297 were over Austrian lines, 4.310,120 over Hungarian lines, and 321,919 over the lines of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Receipts of posts and telegraphs in Austria in 1891 amounted to 32,500,919 florins, and expenditures to 29,174,954 florins. The receipts in Hungary were 13,723,856 florins, and the expenses 9,561,836 florins.