WITONE. C. 2. Witton. WILLELMUS, filius ANSCULFI (xxvii.) I hide. The value had increased from 10 shillings to 20 shillings.

WITSCAGA. B. 3. Wishaw. WILLELMUS, filius CORBUCION (xxviii.) 2 hides. The value had decreased from 30 shillings to 10 shillings.

WLFESMESCOT.
WORWARDE.

See under ULFELMESCOTE.

L. 3.

[Bedricestone hund.] Great Wolford. ROBERTUS de STATFORD (xxii.) 4 hides. Of two hides it is said the value had increased from 20 shillings to 30 shillings; of the other two hides the value is said to be 50 shillings.

VOLWARDE. [Bomelau hund.] ROBERTUS de STATFORD (Xxii.) 7 hides. The value had increased from 20 shillings to 100 shillings.

WOTONE. G. 2. PATELAU HUND. Wootton Wawen. ROBERTUS de STATFORD (xxii.) 7 hides. "It is worth 4 pounds."

The tenant-in-chief of this manor before the Conquest was Waga, whose name is still preserved in Wootton Wawen. c. f. GAURA and SCOTESCOTE.

LIST 4.

A List of all the Places in Warwickshire where the Domesday Commissioners note the presence of a Presbyter.

The Roman numerals indicate the Tenant-in-Chief, see List I.; the other references, A. 4, etc., show the positions of the places on the map.

LIST 5.

A List of all the Places in Warwickshire where the Domesday Commissioners note the presence of Ancilla.

The Roman numerals indicate the Tenant-in-Chief, see List I.; the other references, H. 3, etc., show the position of the places on the map.

3 at ALNODESTONE (XL.), H. 3.

I at ALVESTONE (III.), H. 3.

5 at BEDEFORD (I.), H. 2.

3 at BRAILES (I.), K. 4.

2 at CHIRCHEBERIE (XXXI.), D. 6.

2 at HANTONE (XXXI.), H. 3.

I at HASELOVE (XL.), G. 2.

I at LILLINTONE (XVII.), F. 4.

2 at MERSETONE (XVIII.), J. 4.

I at MOITONE (XVII.), G. 4.

The church of St. Mary, Warwick, was the under-tenant of this Manor.

4 at PILARDETONE (XVIII.), J. 4.

2 at QUINTONE and WALEBORNE (I.), H. 4.

I at STANLEI (I.), F. 4.

2 at TORLAVESTONE (XVI.), F. 6.

2 at WESTONE (XVI.), F. 5.

2 at WITELAVESFORD (XI.), H. 1.

1 at MERSTONE (XVI.), C. 5.

On the Study of Topography.

By HAROLD STUART THOMPSON, P.A.S.I., F.L.S.

The relation between Topography and many branches of natural science particularly geology, botany, and zoology, is patent to all; and its bearing upon archæology in all its ramifications must be equally obvious. Not only is there an evident connection between Topography and the antiquarian matters of every day allusion, such as Folk-lore and Dialect, Ancient Manners and Customs, and Land Tenure; but our subject is also closely connected with such kindred sciences as Anthropology and Ethnology, among others. I therefore make no apology for attempting to deal with my subject in the broadest possible sense.

Geography is the study of the earth, Topography is the study of places, of every conceivable kind; and as the surface of the earth is, in a sense, nothing less than an agglomeration of places, it follows logically that in studying Topography one studies Geography, and that one cannot study Geography without studying Topography.

I therefore ask your indulgence while I say a few words on the teaching of Geography, and endeavour to show that whereas in Switzerland and elsewhere on the Continent, the minds of children are trained to observe the physical features of a country, and to accurately describe them; in England the teaching of so-called Geography has been a miserable failure.

I delight to see that at our new Birmingham University courses of lectures

on Geography are delivered under the direction of no less an authority than Professor Lapworth.

"Geology is the study of the past in the light of the present, and Geography "is the study of the present in the light of the past.”

An excellent little book has recently been published by Miss Joan Berenice Reynolds, B.A., on "The Teaching of Geography in Switzerland and North Italy," being the Report, presented to the Court of the University of Wales, on a visit to Switzerland and North Italy in 1898, as Gilchrist Travelling Student.

Perhaps the most striking feature of the Geography lessons in Switzerland are the excursions which the students take at the end of term, under the guidance of the Professor or Master, and which many of us have come across in the course of our travels.

Miss Reynolds thinks that these short tours and excursions have had much to do with producing what is the most striking result of the geographical teaching in Switzerland, and that is a remarkably detailed and living knowledge of local topography, combined with the power of obtaining similar knowledge of unknown parts by scientific observation and interpretation of maps, pictures, &c.

Of course the thorough study of the Geography of Switzerland is furthered by the fact of the country being such a tourist resort on account of its scenery, and on account of the formation of the different Alpine Clubs, which have sprung into existence since the founding of the English Alpine Club in 1857. In 1878 a special course of instruction for guides was established by the Swiss Club, including lessons on the Alps, map reading, orientation, and sometimes on glaciers, geology and botany. "He who knows not his own country has no standard by which to know foreign lands," wrote Goethe.

Rousseau was probably the first man to introduce into Switzerland the idea that Geography must deal with real objects and their relative positions, rather than with words or even with symbols. Rousseau showed this clearly in his Emile which he wrote at Geneva in 1762.

Dr. Mill, who delighted us at the Midland Institute lately with his exposition on The Geography of the English Lake District," told us a year ago that Geography had for 30 years been properly represented in the Universities of Germany and France.

In the Swiss Universities it appears that the question whether Geography is a University subject is not yet settled, but some of the men look forward to the creation, in time, of a Faculty embracing many chairs, with what Dr. Früh calls "a geo-centric aim, to act as a link between the diverging ways of Physical Science "and History-to do, in fact, what Physiology and Hygiene do for the various "branches of the Faculty of Medicine." The University of Vienna has made a start

in this direction.