Pass School. Group B.

Roman Law. I.

1. Translate carefully, explaining technical terms— (1) Quodsi nemo eorum satis offerat, si quidem adscriptum fuerit a testatore, quis gerat, ille gerere debet: quodsi non fuerit adscriptum, quem maior pars elegerit, ipse gerere debet, ut edicto praetoris cavetur. sin autem ipsi tutores dissenserint circa eligendum eum vel eos qui gerere debent, praetor partes suas interponere debet. idem et in pluribus ex inquisitione datis probandum est, id est ut maior pars eligere possit, per quem administratio fieret.

(2) Si tamen alienam purpuram quis intexuit suo vestimento, licet pretiosior est purpura, accessionis vice cedit vestimento: et qui dominus fuit purpurae, adversus eum, qui subripuit, habet furti actionem et condictionem, sive ipse est, qui vestimentum fecit, sive alius. nam extinctae res licet vindicari non possint, condici tamen a furibus et a quibusdam aliis possessoribus possunt.

Who are the 'alii possessores' referred to in this passage?

2. What reasons does Justinian give for

(1) discussing natural before civil modes of acquisition; (2) the difficulty of acquiring res mobiles by usucapio; (3) the cessation of legislation by the Comitia?

3. Explain, with illustrations-adfinitas-ius non scriptum iusta causa manumissionis-animus revertendiacquisitio per ius adcrescendi-ius stillicidii-consolidatio.

4. Illustrate the different effects of bona and mala fides respectively upon a man's legal position by reference to usucapio, fruits, cultivation of fundus alienus, and consumption of money lent by a pupillus without auctoritas.

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5. Translate and explain, with reference to the context, (1) Error autem falsae causae usucapionem non parit.

(2) Hoc quoque a nobis dispositum est in ea specie ubi parens, emancipando liberum, ex rebus quae adquisitionem effugiunt, sibi tertiam partem retinere.. licentiam habebat.

(3) Civilis ratio civilia quidem iura corrumpere potest, naturalia vero non utique.

(4) Saepe enim constitutum est natalibus non officere manumissionem.

6. Describe the incidents of infamia, specifying the circumstances under which it was inflicted, and distinguish it from capitis deminutio.

7. 'Hae mortis causâ donationes ad exemplum legatorum redactae sunt per omnia.' In what points was this similarity of treatment most conspicuous?

8. Enumerate the principal grounds upon which a tutor or curator could be removed from his office.

9. What different kinds of 'res nullius' are mentioned by Justinian? And was the precise mode in which some of them were acquired ever matter of controversy ?

10. Explain the exact nature of a servitude, and shew in your explanation the truth of the maxims

Servitus in faciendo consistere non potest.

Nemini res sua servit.

Servitus servitutis esse non potest.

Pass School. Group B.

Roman Law. II.

1. Translate carefully, explaining technical terms :

(1) Tripli vero, cum quidam maiorem verae aestimationis quantitatem in libello conventionis inseruit, ut ex hac causa viatores, id est exsecutores litium, ampliorem summam sportularum nomine exigerent: tunc enim quod propter eorum causam damnum passus fuerit reus, id triplum ad actore consequetur, ut in hoc triplo et simplum, in quo damnum passus est, connumeretur. quod nostra constitutio induxit, quae in nostro codice fulget, ex qua dubio procul est ex lege condicticiam emanare.

(2) Sin vero aliquis convenitur, si quidem praesens procuratorem dare paratus est, potest vel ipse in iudicium venire et sui procuratoris personam per iudicatum solvi satisdationis sollemnes stipulationes firmare vel extra iudicium satisdationem exponere, per quam ipse sui procuratoris fideiussor existit pro omnibus iudicatum solvi satisdationis clausulis. ubi et de hypotheca suarum rerum convenire compellitur, sive in iudicio promiserit sive extra iudicium caverit, ut tam ipse quam heredes eius obligentur: alia insuper cautela vel satisdatione propter personam ipsius exponenda, quod tempore sententiae recitandae in iudicio invenietur, vel si non venerit, omnia dabit fideiussor quae condemnatione continentur, nisi fuerit provocatum.

2. State and explain minutely Justinian's definition of 'obligatio.' Under which of his classes of obligations (if any) would he place the duty (1) of the heir to discharge legacies; (2) of a master to treat his slaves humanely; (3) of a tenant to pay his rent; (4) of an innkeeper to make compensation for damage to his lodger's property?

3. Aliquando tamen ex contractu actio contra heredem non competit.' When was this the case? State briefly the rules relating to the transmission of actions contra heredem.

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4. What different kinds of transactions are included under locatio conductio? Which of them was created an independent species of contract, and by whom?

5. Nec enim potest animal iniuriam fecisse dici, quod sensu caret.' Illustrate with reference to this the different meanings of ' iniuria' in Roman law. What is the essence of the specific delict known by that name?

6. State the leading principles of the title de fideiussoribus.

7. In what ways could an obligation be extinguished ?

8. Explain the nature and purpose of the actiones furti, quasi Serviana, de tigno iniuncto, and rei uxoriae. What change was made by Justinian in respect of the latter?

9. What account is given in the Institutes of the earlier law relating to pluris petitio, and how had it been altered?

10. Was there any difference in Justinian's time between an interdict and an ordinary action? How are the former classified?

Pass School. Group C.

Elements of Geometry. I.

1. Define centre of a circle, figure, gnomon, altitude, and segment of a circle.

2. The angles which one straight line makes with another straight line on one side of it, either are two right angles, or are together equal to two right angles.

3. If a straight line be divided into any two parts, the square on the whole line is equal to the squares on the two parts, together with twice the rectangle contained by the two parts.

4. If two circles touch one another internally, the straight line which joins their centres, being produced, shall pass through the point of contact.

5. About a given circle, describe a triangle equiangular to a given triangle.

6. Define ratio, proportion, ex aequali, and part.

7. If the vertical angle of a triangle be bisected by a straight line which also cuts the base, the segments of the base shall have the same ratio which the other sides of the triangle have to one another; and if the segments of the base have the same ratio which the other sides of the triangle have to one another, the straight line drawn from the vertex to the point of section shall bisect the vertical angle.

8. To a given straight line apply a parallelogram, which shall be equal to a given triangle, and have one of its angles equal to a given rectilineal angle.

9. In obtuse-angled triangles, if a perpendicular be drawn from either of the acute angles to the opposite side produced, the square on the side subtending the obtuse angle is greater than the squares on the sides containing the obtuse angle, by twice the rectangle contained by the side on which, when produced, the perpendicular falls, and the straight line intercepted without the triangle, between the perpendicular and the obtuse angle.