below, before precipitation begins; in winter the usual height of the barometer observed at the beginning of rain is about 30.10 inches.

The relative humidity decreases until within twenty-four hours of the beginning of rain. The moisture of the air is unreliable as an indicator of rain, except that the relative humidity is generally low preceding the beginning of precipitation.

In all seasons cirrus, or cirro-stratus clouds moving from the southwest are observed six to seven days before rain. In spring, autumn, and winter rain is generally preceded in the order named by cirrus, cirro-stratus, and stratus clouds, and in summer by cumulo clouds and thunderheads.

During periods of abnormally high temperature the wind is from the southeast in spring, summer, and autumn, and from the southwest in winter. In all seasons during periods of abnormally low temperature the wind is from the south.

Fruit and other crops are most likely to be damaged by frost in April, May, June, September, and October.

The general conditions favorable to frost in summer and autumn are barometer oscillating, temperature changes sudden, wind variable, relative humidity high, cirrus clouds, and clear weather.

BALTIMORE, MD.

In spring the wind sets in from the southeast, and in summer, autumn, and winter from southeast to southwest, with falling barometer before precipitation, and the barometer usually falls to about 30 before rain begins. A wind from northeast to southeast is generally followed by increasing cloudiness, and in the colder months a shift of wind to these directions is closely followed by precipitation.

In about 50 per cent of the instances noted the relative humidity increases for about two days preceding rain.

Cirrus-cloud formations, moving from points between southwest and northwest, are observed twenty-four to forty-eight hours before rain. The highest winds of spring are from the northwest, of summer from north to northwest, and of autumn and winter from west.

In all seasons during the periods of abnormally high temperature the wind is usually from southeast to southwest, while north to northwest winds generally prevail during periods of abnormally low temperature.

Injury by frost is most likely to occur from the latter part of March to the middle of April: In average seasons crops are safe after that, although damage has been done the early part of May. In autumn nearly all staple crops of this locality have been gathered before heavy frost occurs. Corn is seldom hurt.

The general conditions favorable to frost are barometer above the normal and rising, falling temperature, decreasing humidity, fair to clear skies, and light north to northwest winds.

BINGHAMTON, N. Y.

East to south winds and falling barometer precede rain twelve to twenty-four hours in spring, autumn, and winter. In summer east to south winds precede rain about twenty-four hours, and the barometer falls until just before the beginning of rain. In all seasons the barometer falls to about 29.90 or 29.95 before rain begins.

Data regarding relative humidity are very incomplete, but in all seasons an increase in relative humidity occurs at least twelve hours in advance of rain.

In about 70 per cent of the instances noted, rain is preceded in all seasons by stratus or strato-cumulus clouds. Cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds, moving from the west, are observed twenty-four to thirty-six hours before precipitation.

The high winds of spring, summer, and autumn are from the west, with rising barometer, and in winter from the south, with falling barometer.

During periods of abnomally high temperature the prevailing winds are from the southwest in spring and summer, from southwest to west in autumn, and from south in winter.

Frost is most likely to damage fruit and other crops in May and September.

The general conditions which precede frost in spring are rising barometer, high temperature followed by rapidly falling temperature early in the afternoon, low humidity, light westerly winds, and clear or rapidly clearing weather in spring and autumn. In autumn the relative humidity increases preceding frost, with the result that dense fogs frequently occur before radiating surfaces reach the freezing point, and radiation is stopped and the frost does not form. Occasionally dense fog occurs after the frost has formed. Frost forecasts for autumn are therefore very difficult to verify.

BISMARCK, N. DAK.

In spring precipitation is preceded by east winds and falling barometer, in summer by southwest winds and barometer "on the turn" from falling to rising, and in autumn and winter with northwest winds and rising barometer. In spring the barometer falls to about 29.80, in summer to about 29.90 before precipitation begins; in autumn the barometer usually stands at about 30, and in winter at about 30 to 30.10, when precipitation begins.

No relation has been observed between the moisture of the air and precipitation.

No observations have been made which connect cirrus or cirrostratus clouds with approaching precipitation. Neither have any observations been made regarding any special characteristics of cloud formation that presage rain.

The high winds of spring, autumn, and winter are usually from the northwest, with rising barometer, and of summer from southerly, with falling barometer.

During periods of abnormally high temperature the wind is from southeast to south in spring, from south in summer, and from southwest in autumn and winter. During periods of abnormally low temperature the wind is from east to northeast in spring, from east in summer, and from northwest in autumn and winter.

Frost is most likely to damage fruit or other crops in June, August, and September. The general conditions which precede heavy frosts are high barometer, temperature between 30° and 40°, clear weather, and light winds.

BLOCK ISLAND, R. I.

In the spring precipitation is preceded about nine hours by northeast winds and falling barometer, in summer by southwest winds and falling barometer for periods which vary from one to three days, in autumn by northeast winds and falling barometer for ten to twentyfour hours, and in winter by northeast winds and falling barometer for an average period of about ten hours. In all seasons the barometer falls to about 29.90 before precipitation begins, except during the colder months, when precipitation will begin with northeast winds immediately after the barometer begins to fall.

There appears to be a slight increase in relative humidity from one to three days in advance of rain in all seasons; but an increase does not always indicate rain. In many instances the humidity decreases just preceding rain.

In spring, autumn, and winter cirro-stratus clouds moving from the west generally indicate precipitation, and are observed eighteen to twenty-four hours before precipitation begins.

The highest winds of spring are from southeast to southwest, with falling, and from north to northwest with rising barometer; of summer from the southwest with falling barometer; of the autumn from northeast with falling barometer; and of the winter from east to northeast with falling, and from northwest with rising barometer. During periods of abnormally high temperature the wind is from the southeast to southwest in spring, from the west in summer, from west to south in autumn, and from southeast to south in winter. During periods of abnormally low temperature the wind is from north to northeast in spring, northeast in summer, and north to west in autumn and winter.

On account of the ocean's influence and high average wind velocity frost is infrequent. Freezing temperature after April 15 is, however, liable to do some damage.

BOISE, IDAHO.

In all seasons rain almost invariably begins during the barometric stationary period, or "on the turn" from falling to rising. A steady and regular fall of the barometer may be expected preceding rain, but sharp rises and falls, frequently amounting to 0.10 inch, sometimes occur about the time clearing weather is expected. There are frequently twelve hours of such unsteady barometer after a sufficient rise to warrant fair weather has occurred. The "critical point" of the barometer, as regards precipitation, is not well established. It seems to vary greatly in all seasons and sometimes occurs with the pressure considerably above normal. As a rule, southeast winds set in ten to twelve hours before rain begins in spring, autumn, and winter. In summer the rainfalls are entirely local, and are not necessarily indicated by either wind or barometer conditions.

The moisture of the air can not be depended upon to indicate the approach of rain, and the relative humidity immediately preceding rain, and many times after rain has begun to fall, is surprisingly low. The clouds preceding rain are usually high cirro-stratus and altostratus through which the sun is visible to within a short time preceding the beginning of rain. Lower clouds, coming up quickly, attend the beginning of rain. In spring, autumn, and winter, especially in winter, when cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds are observed in easterly quadrants, unsettled weather usually follows. The halos that result from cirrus clouds are so frequently followed by rain in less than twelve hours that the direction of the clouds during halos has been closely noted. Cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds observed in the west are not forerunners of rain. The best cloud indication of approaching rain is the cirro-stratus observed in the east, whether in spring, autumn, or winter; but in summer the appearance of strato-cumulus, principally in the southwest, is regarded as a good sign of an approaching thunderstorm.

Fruit growers fear the late frosts that occur from about the 10th of May to June 5. It appears that the frosts that occur in spring prior to May 10 are likely to be followed by cloudiness, and the damage which would otherwise result is mitigated thereby. The late frosts are likely to be followed by cloudiness, and the temperature change to much warmer generally does more damage than the frost itself. Fruit is seldom damaged by frost during the fall. Preceding frost the barometer rises with west to northwest winds for twelve hours or more. Under these conditions the temperature falls, the humidity remains high, and heavy lower cumulus clouds appear. Frequently a state of semicloudiness exists after the wind has decreased to a point favorable for frost to form and frost fails to form, except in streaks. Many apparently ideal conditions for frost are turned aside by increasing cloudiness about sunrise.

BOSTON, MASS.

In spring, autumn, and winter precipitation is usually preceded twelve to twenty-four hours by southeast to southwest winds and falling barometer; and in spring, summer, and autumn the barometer generally falls to about 29.90 inches before precipitation begins. In the case of storms that advance from the southern Atlantic coast precipitation closely follows a shift of wind to the northeast and the turn in the barometer from rising to falling. In the spring and winter rapidly rising temperature precedes rain.

There is generally an increase in the humidity of the air preceding well-defined storms or general rains; but, owing to the proximity to the ocean, an increase in humidity is frequently produced by sea breezes and fog when fair weather is assured.

In spring and summer cirrus clouds have not been observed to any marked extent; in autumn and winter cirrus clouds, moving from the west, often precede rain twelve to twenty-four hours. In summer, cirrus and cirrus haze often precede high wind; in autumn, fine types of cirrus and cirro-stratus presage high wind and rain, and these characteristics also obtain for winter.

In spring and autumn high winds usually occur from east to south, with falling barometer. The highest winds of summer generally occur with thunderstorms; in winter high winds occur from east to south, with falling, and from west to northwest with rising, barometer.

During periods of abnormally high temperature southwest winds prevail in spring, summer, and autumn, and south to southwest winds in winter. During periods of abnormally low temperature the direction of the wind is northwest to west in spring and autumn, northeast to north in summer, and northwest in winter.

Frost is most likely to damage fruit or other crops during the last week of May and the first two weeks of June.

The general conditions which precede heavy frost in spring are high and stationary barometer, temperature below the normal, light wind, and clear weather. In autumn the same conditions obtain as in spring, with low humidity.

BUFFALO, N. Y.

In spring and summer precipitation is preceded twelve to eighteen hours by south to southeast winds and falling barometer, and in autumn and winter from eight to fifteen hours by south to southwest winds and falling barometer. The rains of summer usually begin with barometer about 29.80 inches and near the "turn" from falling to rising. In autumn rain also generally begins with barometer near the “turn” from falling to rising, and at a height of about 29.95. In spring precipitation usually begins when the barometer has reached