body was divided into a lower house, consisting of representatives, and an upper house, consisting of persons appointed by the proprietor.

The peace of this colony was soon disturbed by William Clayborne. By circulating false reports among the Indians, he excited them to a war, which involved the colony in much distress for several years. Clayborne was tried and condeinned, but before the day of his execution, he made his escape. But the contending parties in England soon occasioned a civil war in the colony. The catholics were overpowered, and an act was passed declaring them without the protection of law; laws were also enacted against the quakers. At the restoration of Charles II., in 1660, Cecil Calvert recovered his right to the province, and his son, Philip Calvert, was appointed governor, and harmony was again restored in the colony. At this time the population of Maryland was about twelve thousand.

Potomac river, which divides this state from Virginia, is five hundred miles long, and navigable about two hundred and ninety-five miles, from the mouth of Chesapeake bay to Washington city. It is seven and a half miles wide at its mouth in Chesapeake bay, and one and a quarter miles at Alexandria. Susquehanna river enters the head of Chesapeake bay in this state, one and a quarter miles wide at its mouth, and navigable only five miles; above which, it is obstructed by falls and rapids. The Pa tapsco, though a small river, is navigable fourteen miles for large ships to Baltimore, and affords above much water-power. The Patuxent is one nundred and ten miles long, and navigable for fifty miles for vessels of two hundred and fifty tons burden. The other rivers are Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke, which flow by broad mouths into the east side of Chesapeake bay.

Two of the greatest works of internal improvement in the United States have been projected and commenced in Maryland; the first is the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, which commences at Georgetown, D. C., and is designed to extend three hundred and forty-one and a quarter miles to Pittsburgh. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad is designed to extend from* Baltimore to the Ohio river at Wheeling, three hundred and sixty miles, and is the second great work.

The constitution was formed in 1776, but has been frequently amended, since that time. The state is divided into three districts, the eastern, southern, and north-western. The governor is elected for three years, by the people from the districts alternately, so that each district is represented in the gubernatorial chair for one term in each period of nine years. He must have resided in the district for which he is elected for three years next preceding the election. The senate consists of twenty-one members elected for six years, by the people; one third of the number being elected every two years; and the senators must have resided in the city or county for which they are chosen for three years next preceding the election. The house, of delegates consists of seventy members elected by the people, and must have resided in the county for which they are chosen for one year next preceding the election. All judges are appointed by the governor, with advice and consent of the senate, and hold their offices during good behavior. Every white male citizen over twenty-one years of age, who has resided in the state one year next preceding an election, and for six months in the city or county where he offers his vote, enjoys the right of suffrage. The legislature meets annually at Annapolis, or the last Monday in December.

NORTH-CAROLINA

SIR Robert Heath, in 1630, obtained a grant of a large extent of territory south of Virginia, which was called Carolina, but under this grant, no colony was planted. About the year 1645, a number of persons fled from persecution in Virginia, and settled north of Albemarle sound, and for many years they lived in the enjoyment of freedom and plenty. In 1664, another settlement was made near Cape Fear, by a band of adventurers from New-England. A few years after, it was greatly increased by a company of emigrants from Barbadoes. They purchased the lands of the Indians, but had no other title. As Sir Robert Heath' had not complied with the conditions of his title, in the year 1663 the same territory was granted to Lord Clarendon and seven others; they now organized a government on the most liberal principles, and held out many inducements to einigrants. Mr. Drummond was appointed governor of the settlement on

the Albemarle.

At this time the celebrated John Locke had gained great reputation in England for his political writings. At the request of Lord Clarendon, he prepared a constitution of government for the province. It was very different from the constitutions of the other colonies. It provided that the governor should hold his office during life, and that an hereditary nobility should be created. This constitution was adopted, but was not pleasing to the people, and was the occasion of much disorder in the colony. In 1671, William Sayle commenced a settlement, which, in honour of King Charles, he called Charleston. This town, being well situated for commerce, rapidly increased in population; many came from Clarendon county, which embraced the settlements about Cape Fear. After the death of Sayle, Sir John Yeamans was appointed governor of Charleston; the settlements under this government were now called South-Carolina, in distinction from those at Albemarle, which were called North Carolina. At length disorders began to arise in the northern colony; these were greatly increased under the administration of Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, who had been appointed governor. The people, after enduring for six years his cruel oppression, banished him from the colony. In 1793, a change took place, and the government of each colony afterwards consisted of a governor, council, and house of representatives.

North-Carolina was not long free from the calamities of an Indian war. In 1712, the Tuscaroras, fired with a love of country, and a spirit of revenge for past injuries, formed a plan for destroying the whites. At this time many French and German protestants were living in the interior; one night twelve hundred savage warriors, having concerted a plan, entered the houses of the inhabitants, and murdered men, women, and children, without mercy; they flew from village to village, leaving nothing behind them but a horrid scene of common slaughter. Colonel Barnwell, with about one thousand men, arrived from South-Carolina, subdued the enemy, and restored peace; but hostilities were soon renewed by the Indians. Colonel Moore was then immediately sent with a strong force from the southern colony, when he defeated the savages, and took eight hundred prisoners. The next year the Tuscaroras abandoned their country, and joined the confederacy of the Five Nations in New-York.

The two Carolinas were still under the same proprietors, and troubles and disputes often arose between the rulers and the people. In 1729, the court of England declared the old charter forfeited, and the king immediately established a distinct government over each colony. The people of North-Carolina, finding the soil in the interior much better than that near the coast, began to penetrate the wilderness; and the colony, ander wise governors, enjoyed a high degree of prosperity

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The whole eastern coast of North-Carolina consists of a ridge of sand and low islands, separated from the mainland in some parts by narrow, and in other parts by broad sounds and bays, entered by various inlets, generally shallow and of dangerous navigation. Ocracoke inlet is the only one north of Cape Fear, through which vessels pass. The western part of the state is an elevated table land, and in some places rises into rugged mountains. In Yancey county is the highest land in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Black Mountain is six thousand four hundred and seventy-six feet above the level of the sea, which is two hundred and forty-two feet higher than the highest peak of the celebrated White Mountains in N. H. Roan Mountain is six thousand thirty-eight feet high, and Grandfather Mountain is five thousand five hundred and fifty-six feet high. It is but recently that the elevation of these mountains has been correctly ascertained. In the low country the climate is somewhat unhealthy, but in the elevated parts it is salubrious. In the northern part, extending into Virginia, is the Great Dismal swamp, thirty miles long and ten broad, containing one hundred and fifty thousand acres; and on the Virginian line is lake Drummond, fifteen miles in circumferBetween Albemarle and Pamlico sounds is the Alligator or Little Dismal swamp, which also has a lake in the centre. It is computed that there are two millions five hundred thousand acres of swamp within the state, which are capable of being drained, at a moderate expense, and made to produce cotton, tobacco, rice, and Indian corn.

ence.

Gold and iron are found in this state. The gold region lies on both sides of the Blue Ridge, and extends to the east of the Yadkin river. Many persons have commenced digging for gold, and a considerable amount is sent annually to the mint of the United States.

The governor of this state is elected by the qualified voters for the house of assembly, once in two years, but cannot hold the office more than four years in six. He must be thirty-five years of age, possess a freehold estate to the value of £1000, and have resided in the state for five years. The council consists of seven persons, elected for two years by the general assembly. The senate is composed of fifty members, elected once in two years by the people. A senator must have a residence, and possession for one year previous to the election, of three hundred acres of land, in the county for which he is chosen. The house of assembly consists of one hundred and twenty members, chosen once in two years by the people. A member must have a residence, and possession for one year previous to the election, of land to the amount of one hundred acres in the county for which he is chosen. The general assembly, by joint ballot, appoint the judges of the supreme courts of law and equity, judges of admiralty, and the attorney general. The judges hold their offices during good behavior, and the attorney general for two years. Every person of twenty-one years of age or upwards, who has resided in one county one year previously to an election, and paid taxes, is entitled to vote for members of the house of assembly. In addition to this, to be entitled to vote for senator, he must possess fifty acres of land. Free negroes, and persons of a mixed blood from negro ancestors, to the fourth generation, are excluded from the right of suffrage. The legislature meets once in two years, at Raleigh, on the second Monday of November

SOUTH-CAROLINA.

THE first settlement in South-Carolina was made at Port Royal, in 1670, ey William Sayle; the next year he commenced the settlement of old Charleston; this place increased rapidly and was for many years the

seat of government; but in 1680, the people of this town considered Oyster Point a more suitable place for a city, removed there, and laid the foundation of the present city of Charleston. The first settlers suffered extremely from the climate, and from the hostility of the natives. In 1690, Seth Sothel, who had been banished from North-Carolina, was, by favour of a party, made governor; but, on account of his oppression, he was afterwards removed from office. The English episcopalians, being very numerous, manifested a spirit of determined opposition against the French protestants. They were not willing to admit their representatives into the general assembly. The French were mild and peaceable, and the governor favoured their cause, and endeavoured to appease the feelings of their unchristian opposers.

In 1695, John Archdale was appointed governor of both Carolinas; order was now restored, and the French soon enjoyed all the rights of freemen. But not long after this, Lord Granville, one of the proprietors, and James Moore, the governor, determined to establish the episcopal religion by law. An act was passed for this purpose, depriving dissenters of all participation in the government; but the dissenters made complaint to the house of lords, and soon after the obnoxious law was declared void. During the war between England and Spain, Governor Moore made an unsuccessful expedition against the Spanish settlements. Soon after his return he marched against the neighbouring Indians. He burnt their towns, took many prisoners, and enriched himself by selling them as slaves. In 1706, a Spanish fleet appeared in Charleston harbour; but finding the whole force of the colony appeared to oppose them, they retired without a general attack. One of their ships, however, was taken by the colonists.

A general war with the Indians, who had conspired to extirpate the whites, commenced in 1715. It began by a general massacre of the colonists around Port Royal; a band of seventy whites, and forty negroes, after a short contest, surrendered, and were all immediately cut to pieces. Governor Carver, with a force of twelve hundred men, fought a bloody battle with the enemy, when the savages were defeated with great slaughter; four hundred whites were killed in the war, and a great deal of property destroyed. Besides the calamities of war, the colonists groaned under the cruel measures of the proprietors, and their oppressive officers. In 1719, a general union was formed, and after several unsuccessful attempts to produce a change in their favour, the people met and appointed James Moore their governor. He immediately assumed supreme authority, and controlled the affairs of the colony with spirit and decision.

Its peace was again disturbed, in 1738, by an insurrection of the slaves. At Stono they killed the keepers of a warehouse, and supplied themselves with guns and ammunition; they then marched forward with their colours flying, killed the whites, burnt their houses, and compelled the blacks to join them. The alarm soon reached Wiltown, where a large congregation were assembled for divine worship; having their arms with them, they immediately marched against the negroes, whom they found in an open field, dancing and rejoicing at their success. They fell upon them, killed some, and put the rest to flight. The colony afterwards suffered from the Indians; yet the population continually increased.

South-Carolina presents a great variety of soil and surface. Along the seaboard and for forty miles into the interior, the face of the country is flat and unpromising; covered with extensive tracts of pine barren, swamp, and savannah, or open meadow without wood; comprising the most fertile and the most sterile extremes of soil. Ascending towards the centre Advanof the state, the country rises into hills of moderate elevation. cing still further in a north-westerly direction, it becomes mountainous, and very picturesque. The first section, which is generally called the lower

country, includes the sea-islands, famous for producing the finest kind of cotton, called the sea-island cotton, which bears a higher price than the other kinds; the tide lands are equally celebrated for their valuable.crops of rice. The high lands of this region are generally poor, interspersed with strips of great fertility. The climate is moist, very changeable, and during the summer and autumn months, extremely unhealthy. The region which lies between the tide lands and the granite or mountain ridges, is called the middle country, less healthy in summer than the latter, but much more so than the former. In winter and spring, it may be regarded as much more healthy than either. It is well irrigated by rivers and water-courses. It possesses, amidst long and barren tracts of swamp and forest, many fine spots for culture, and produces, in considerable abundance, the kind of cotton which is called upland, or short staple.

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The first constitution of South-Carolina was formed in 1775; the first which was formed in the Union. The present constitution was ratified at Columbia, June 3d, 1790. The governor is elected for two years by the joint vote of both houses of the legislature, and is ineligible for the next four years. He must be thirty years of age, have resided in the state for ten years, and possess, within the state, property to the amount of £1500 sterling, above his debts. The lieutenant governor is elected at the same time, in a similar manner, and with similar qualifications; and in case of the death, removal, resignation, or absence of the governor, discharges the duties of the office. The senate consists of forty-five members, elected for four years by the people. One half the number is elected biennially. A senator must be a free white citizen of the age of thirty years or upwards, and must have been a citizen and resident in the state for five years next preceding his election, and possess a freehold estate in the district for which he is elected, of the value of £300, clear of debt. If a non-resident within the district, he must possess within it an estate of £1000 clear of debt. The house of representatives consists of one hundred and twenty-five members, elected biennially by the people. A member must be a free citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age or upwards, and have been a citizen of the state for at least three years next previous to his election, and possess a freehold estate of five hundred acres of land, and ten negroes, or real estate of £150 sterling, clear of debt. If a non-resident, he must possess a freehold estate of £400 sterling, clear of debt. The judges of the superior courts are elected by the joint ballot of the legislature. The courts consist of ten judges, and are three in number:-of law, equity, and appeal. The two former are common to all the districts; the latter is held only in Charleston and Columbia. The secretary of state, treasurer, and surveyor-general are elected in the same manner, and for the same period as the governor. Citizens and inhabitants of the state, who have paid taxes for the year preceding the election, and who have resided for six months in the county where they offer their vote, are entitled to the right of suffrage.

GEORGIA was the latest settled of the original thirteen United States. In 1732 George II. granted the territory now constituting the state of Georgia to a company of benevolent individuals, who desired to provide an asylum for the poor of England, and for the persecuted protestants of all nations. The affairs of the colony were committed to a board of twenty-one trustees, who made many wise and useful regulations. In January of the next year, James Oglethorpe, with one hundred and thirteen emigrants, arrived at Charleston, and after receiving a good supply