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radiation, and not to remain in the vicinity of radium longer than is

necessary.

7. That in the packing and unpacking of radium in connection with the receipt and dispatch of shipments, all boxes, wrapping paper, and other equipment be assembled, arranged, and prepared so as to expedite the work and thus reduce the amount of unavoidable exposure to radiation.

8. That all employees of the section be allowed to work only five days a week, and that at least a two-day period intervene between the two holidays of each week, these not to be considered annual or sick leave.

9. That all employees of the section be required to take 30 days' annual leave each year, preferably, whenever at all practicable, in two-week periods at six-month intervals.

10. That the 2 days' weekly holiday and the 30 days' annual leave be spent outdoors as much as is possible.

Bibliography.

1. Gudzent and Holberstaedter: Deutsch med. Wchnschr., March 26, 1914, p. 633. 2. The leucocytic blood content of those handling radium for therapeutic purposes. By J. C. Mottram and J. R. Clark. From the Research Department, Radium Institute, London. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy, March, 1920, pp. 345–350. 3. Histological changes in the bone marrow of rats exposed to the gamma radiations from radium. By J. C. Mottram. From the Research Department, Radium Institute, London. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 1920-21, vol. 25, p. 197.

4. Some contrasts in the effects of X-rays and radium upon blood cells. By Sidney Russ. Brit. Med. Jour., 2: 268, 1921.

5. The red cell blood content of those handling radium for therapeutic purposes. By J. C. Mottram. From the Research Department, Radium Institute, London. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 1920-21, vol. 25.

6. On blood platelets, their behavior in vitamin-A deficiency and after radiation. By Cramer, Drew, and Mottram. Proc. Roy. Soc. B., vol. 93, pp. 449-467.

7. Effects of the X-rays and radium on the blood and general health of radiologists. By G. E. Pfahler. Am. Jour. Roentgenol. October, 1922.

8. Modifications et hemoleucocytaires sans l'influence de l'émanation du radium. Rabattu et Richard. Jour. Med. Français, Paris, 1913, p. 234.

9. Observations upon the action of radium and X-rays on the mononuclear leucocytes of the blood of rats. By J. C. Mottram. From the Research Department, Jour. Roy. Soc., Med. Pathological Sect. February,

Radium Institute, London. 1922.

10. Action of radium and the X-rays on the blood and blood-forming organs. By Isaac Levin. The Am. Jour. of Roentgenology. February, 1922.

11. The use of blood counts to indicate the efficiency of X-ray and radium protection. By J. C. Mottram. Brit. Med. Jour. 2: 269, 1921.

12. The effects of increased protection from radiation upon the blood condition of radium workers. By J. C. Mottram. Archives Radiology and Electrotherapeutics, May, 1921, vol. 25.

13. Vitamines, exposure to radium, and intestinal fat absorption. By Mottram. Cramer, and Drew. Brit. Jour. Exp. Pathology. Vol. 3, No. 4.

Appendix.

In the following tables are given the chronological records of the blood counts of the individual workers:

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THE PROGRAM FOR ORAL HYGIENE IN THE PUBLIC
SCHOOLS OF MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.

By F. E. HARRINGTON, M. D., Director of School Hygiene, Minneapolis, Minn.

The ultimate object of the oral hygiene program for the public schools is to have the teeth of the children put in good condition and to maintain them in that condition, thus eliminating, as far as possible, the necessity for reparative work. To maintain this object,

an extensive educational program has been carried on in the schools this year in connection with the prophylactic and the reparative work.

Educational program.-The purpose of the educational work is to disseminate information in regard to dental hygiene, to arouse interest, and to gain the cooperation of the teachers, parents, and children. To accomplish these purposes an effort has been made to choose the methods which would yield the maximum benefit with the minimum funds available.

The work has been maintained during the past year by two dental nurses, whose duty it has been to examine the teeth of all the children from kindergarten through the sixth grade (inclusive). Up to June 12, 1923, this program had been carried on in 47 schools in the city.

At the first visit to the school (after securing the sanction of the principal), the records are made, the names of the pupils being taken according to rooms. A brief talk is given in each room to explain the 100 per cent program for good teeth and to impress upon the children the necessity for dental care. Four or five children are taken from the room at first, and as one returns another child comes out for the examination. In this way class work is but slightly interrupted.

When the examination is made, a personal talk is given to arouse individual interest. If necessary, a demonstration of the correct method of brushing the teeth is given. Particular stress is also laid upon the importance of caring for the 6-year molars.

A record is kept of each individual case by checking for cleaning, filling, or extraction. If no work is necessary, the case is checked "O. K.," and a gold star is placed after the name. In addition to this, the child is given a notification slip, grading his mouth as "good," "fair," or "poor." If "fair" or "poor," he is also given a dental certificate to be signed by a dentist upon the completion of all necessary dental work. When the certificate is signed, it is returned to the teacher, who keeps it until the check up is made the following month.

On the second and successive visits, the records are checked by collecting the signed certificates and rewarding the pupils with a gold star. Those who have neglected dental care are further urged to complete their treatments or are referred to the nurse for clinical attention if the parents are too poor to employ a dentist. The percentage of dental attention of the class is also used as another incentive. A comparison is made with the percentages of other rooms. and the ratings of other schools.

To further this work in the schools it is absolutely essential to have the cooperation of the principals, the teachers, and the nurses, especially the teachers, because, if the children are not constantly reminded of the obligation of the certificates, they become negligent.

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