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the women four feet. Their features are strongly marked and homely, with an expression generally bright and good-natured. The figure of the women is rotund, but their carriage graceful; the face full; pretty, intelligent features, and good teeth. The agent in 1875 reports that "polygamy is not tolerated among them; they are true to their marriage relations; venereal

diseases are almost unknown. Any one that violates the established code of morals is ostracised. This is considered sufficient punishment for any crime." A manual-labor and boarding school has been established among them, with far more success in its results, as inferred from the agent's report, than similar efforts on the Pacific Coast generally exhibit.

Colonel Hodge, in his recent work on Arizona, states that "the word Moqui means death, and was applied to them by other tribes at a time long since, when the small pox killed off large numbers of the tribe. Their original name was Ha-pe-ka." Exclusive of the Navajoes, (who number abont 9,000, half of their reservation being in New Mexico) the Indian population

of Arizona is a little over 20,000. The legal reservations in Arizona aggregate 7,323,400 acres, or 11,443 square miles, exclusive of the land occupied by the Moquis and by the Indians on the Colorado river not on reservations. Inasmuch, however, as the Indians have all been removed from the Chiricahua Reservation of 2,736,000 acres, it will probably soon be open for settlement, reducing the area to 4,587,400 acres, or 7,168 square miles.

So far as the Indian question relates to white settlement, it may be regarded as virtually withdrawn, outside of the reservations, or of other lands in actual cultivation by them. They have neither the disposition nor the ability to renew hostilities; and residents have everything to lose and nothing to gain by any infringements upon the Indian lands, in the occupancy of which they would be protected, if necessary, by the military power, as well as by the public sentiment of the Territory.

CHAPTER XVI.

MISCELLANEOUS.

RAILROADS AND WAGON ROADS.

THE VARIOUS LINES OF TRANSPORTATION;
FREIGHT EAST AND WEST. PRICE

STAGE ROUTES; COST OF TRAVEL.

OF LABOR; SKILLED MECHANICS. POPULATION AND ITS GROWTH. TAXATION AND PROPERTY VALUATION. THE SCHOOLS. MEXICAN POPULATION. SEMI-ORIENTAL HABITS AND APPEARANCE. ADOBE HOUSES.

LAKES, ETC.

It has been seen by the careful statements heretofore presented that but a small portion of our new territory equals Arizona in natural resources, when it is considered that to almost unsurpassed mineral wealth are added its agricultural and pastoral facilities, abundance (in some portions) of large timber, and a widely varied but generally healthy climate. Like many other good things, however, Arizona is still difficult to reach. The enterprise that conquered the heights and snows of the semi-arctic Sierras, has not been beaten by the depths and drought of the super-tropical Colorado Desert. Turning from the poetry to the prose of this subject, the reader will find the fares, etc., via the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Colorado river, fully set forth in the Appendix.

Leaving San Francisco by steamship, the route is via the port of Santa Monica, $14 cabin and $9 steerage; thence to Los Angeles by railroad for $1, and from Los Angeles to Yuma, $23 by railroad, or to Dos Palmas $13. The cost from San Francisco by this route will therefore be $38 to Yuma and $28 to Dos Palmas. From Colton to Yuma is $20, and to Dos Palmas $10. Ehrenberg is on the route to Prescott, Wickenburg, and the county of Yavapai generally; but passengers for Mojave county go higher up the river, to Aubrey or Hardyville. Those disposed to take a longer time at less expense can go by freight teams from Dos Palmas to Ehrenberg, and thence to the extensive country of which that point is the distributing center. The Southern Pacific Mail Stage line, of which Kerens & Mitchell are proprietors, claims to be the longest stage line in the United States, extending from Yuma to

Mesilla, N. M., there connecting with another stage line for Austin and other places in Texas. The company own 650 horses and 37 coaches and stages, employing 47 drivers and 104 stock-tenders. The fares on these lines will be found in the advertising pages of this volume. The remaining stage and other connections in the Territory will be found set forth in the Appendix.

For travel by wagon or horse, there are northern routes from Nevada and eastern California crossing the Colorado at Stone's Ferry, thence eighty miles to Mineral Park, forty of which are through the dreaded Death Valley, Detrital Valley or Fortymile Desert, (as it is variously denominated) on which there is no water. From Mineral Park to Prescott the roads are easy The Utah Southern Railroad has now reached about 100 miles south of Salt Lake, and is less than 500 miles from Prescott, to which place there are two or three wagon roads. From southern California there is a road by way of the Cajon pass, about twelve miles from San Bernardino, with stations for about 100 miles at frequent intervals, at which travellers are accommodated at reasonable rates. For the remainder of the distance through this Mojave desert to Hardyville, nearly 300 miles from San Bernardino, the only difficulty is want of water, which at one place appears to be absent for thirty-three miles. Approaching Arizona from the east, there are good roads with requisite facilities from the present terminus of the Denver and Rio Grande railroad, from Santa Fé, Albuquerque, Fort Wingate, etc., to Sunset Crossing, on the Colorado-Chiquito, and thence to Prescott; and on the south by Mesilla, New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, whence there is a stage route to Tucson, 350 miles distant.

With the subject of wagon routes is naturally connected that of freight. The routes of supply for Arizona, present and prospective, are more numerous than is generally supposed. The principal ones are four in number, viz: 1. That from San Francisco, or from New York and the east via San Francisco, by steamer and railroad, to Fort Yuma and Dos Palmas. At Dos Palmas, 631 miles from San Francisco, freight destined for the northern part of the Territory is sometimes transferred from the railroad to wagons, but is mainly shipped via Yuma, and thence by river steamers to Ehrenberg, Aubrey and Hardyville. 2. To Denver, via the Kansas Pacific, and thence by the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad to its southern terminus, near the line between New Mexico and Colorado; or by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, from Atchison to Pueblo,

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on the D. & R. G. R. R., and thence to the same terminus. 3. By steamboat and railroad, via Austin, Texas, thence by wagons. 4. By rail, via Salt Lake city, and the terminus of the Utah Southern Railroad. The first and second routes are in actual use; the third can be at any time made available; the fourth requires some expenditures on wagon roads, pending the slow but continuous advance of the railroad. According to Lieutenant Wheeler's reports, "it appears that the shortest possible distance in an air-line from Beaver to Prescott is 255 miles; that via the mouth of the Virgin river, Sacramento Valley, Beale's Springs, etc., (entirely a wagonroad) the distance is 429.98 miles. From the same point to Prescott, via the head of the Sevier, the mouth of Paria creek, Little Colorado river, etc., (wagon road, except for short distance in the immediate vicinity of the Little Colorado) the distance is 446.04 miles. By way of Saint George, Utah, the Grand Wash, Colorado crossing of the Expedition of 1871, (wagon road to the Colorado river and from Truxton Springs) the distance is 391.39 miles, which is shortened by a conjectural road via the edges of the Colorado plateau and Pahroach Springs by seventeen miles. By ascending the Little Colorado from a point at which it is reached by the Mormon wagonroad from the mouth of the Paria, to Sunset Crossing, where the regularly traveled road westward across the San Francisco plateau leaves that stream, it becomes practicable by well equipped parties, carrying forage, to be obtained while going from the north to the south from the lower Mormon settlements, and from Prescott outward to the north. Water is obtained at practicable, if not always convenient intervals. Grass is plentiful all along the plateau westward from the Little Colorado. The Moqui Indians, in their trading expeditions to Prescott, follow a trail from the Little Colorado at the above point, which leads via Crater lake, and it is stated that water exists somewhere on that trail between Crater lake and the Little Colorado. It is estimated that the distance from Salt Lake city to Prescott, via the Utah Southern Railroad, to such point as it is soon likely to reach in the valley of the Sevier, thence via Panquitch, mouth of the Paria, Little Colorado, Crater lake, etc., could be reduced to 648 miles, while via Beaver and mouth of the Virgin it would be 647.56 miles." This gives 548 miles of wagon transportation at this writing. No goods for Arizona are known to be freighted over that road at present, except perhaps small amounts for the settlements on the Colorado-Chiquito; but as the railroad