every move, without his adversary being able to parry the move so as to prevent its repetition. In that case, the game is drawn.

The following diagram affords an example of perpetual check:

Here White can check with his Queen, either at Q Kt 8th or K R 8th. If he adopt the latter play, Black must interpose his Queen, when White returns to K 5th, checking. Black must either cover with his Queen again, or play his King to Queen's square. If to Queen's square, White checks at Q Kt 8th square. Black must then move his King to his 2nd square, when the Queen returns to her original square, checking.

DOUBLED PAWN.

two Pawns on the same file, the front one is called a

Pawn."

ISOLATED PAWN.

"doubled

A Pawn entirely separated from other Pawns is said to be isolated.

And is so called to mark the almost total ignorance of the game on the part of the player so easily mated.

SCHOLAR'S MATE.

This is a mate to which beginners are frequently liable.

When neither party can checkmate the other, the game is drawn. There are various sorts of drawn games:-1st. When, as in perpetual check, one particular mode of attack is continued, which compels the repetition of the same line of defence. 2nd. When neither player possesses sufficient forces to mate. 3rd. When stalemate is given. 4th. When neither party will venture to attack, but both persist in acting on the defensive. 5th. When, towards the conclusion of the game, a player possessing sufficient mating force cannot win in fifty moves after the weaker party shall have given notice to his adversary that he shall count the moves.

CASTLING.

The King, once in the game, has the privilege, under certain restrictions, of playing two squares at one move, the move being made in combination either with his own or his consort's Rook. Generally speaking, the object of castling is to place the King on a position of greater security. In castling with the King's

C

Rook, the King must be played to his Knight's square, and the Book to King's Bishop's square. In castling with the Queen's Rook, the King must play to Queen's Bishop's square, and the Rook to Queen's square. In either case, therefore, the King moves two squares. The legal obstacles to castling are:-1st. When the King or the Rook with which it is proposed to castle has been moved. 2nd. When the King is in check. 3rd. When a piece stands between the King and the Rook. 4th. When the King would pass over or on to a square commanded by an adverse piece.

WHITE.

In the above position, White's best move is to castle; for were it Black's turn to play, he would play Knight to his King's 5th square, discovering check from the Bishop on Queen's Knight's 5th square. The King would thus be compelled

No. 11.

BLACK.

to move, when Black would capture the Queen with his Knight. It is to be observed that in this position the King cannot castle on the Queen's side, as the Queen's square, over which the King would have to pass, is attacked by the adverse Knight.

EN PRISE.

en

A piece, when attacked by another piece, is said to be " prise" of the attacking piece. In the preceding diagram (No. 11) the Knights on Black's K 4th and White's K B 3rd are en prise of each other. The Black Rook on Queen's Rook's square, and the Black Pawn on King's Bishop's 2nd square, are en prise of the White Bishop, which stands on white Queen's 5th square. The Pawn on Queen's Bishop's 4th square is en prise of the Black Knight. White's Bishop and Queen's Rook's Pawn are en prise of the Black Knight; and Black's K Kt Pawn is en prise of the White Queen.

WINNING THE EXCHANGE.

The Knight or Bishop being, in average positions, inferior to the Rook in value, you are said to win the exchange, if you take a Rook for either of those pieces.

J'ADOUBE.

or

A French phrase, signifying "I adjust," " arrange," "replace," which must be used when you touch a piece or Pawn, without the intention of playing it.

MINOR PIECES.

The Knight and Bishop, in contradistinction to the Rook and Queen, are termed minor pieces.

PROTECTING A MAN,

In Diagram 3, White's K Kt Pawn is said to protect the Knight on K R 3rd, because, should the Black Queen take the Knight, the White Pawn would take the Queen in return. It follows that whenever a piece or Pawn is in such a position with regard to another man of the same colour, that it would be "en prise" of it if it were of the adverse colour, the piece or Pawn so circumstanced is protected by that man. When you wish, therefore, to protect one of your own men, you move a piece or Pawn to such a position that it would attack it if it belonged to your adversary.

CHAPTER VI.

THE LAWS OF THE GAME.

THE following code of laws were adopted by the London Chess Club, and have been recognised by all the leading players in this country for many years past. They were revised a short time since by a committee of the same society.

I.

The Chess-board must be so placed that each player has a white corner square nearest his right hand. If the board have been improperly placed, it must be adjusted, provided four moves on each side have not been played, but not afterwards.

II.

If a piece or Pawn be misplaced at the beginning of the game, either player may insist upon the mistake being rectified, if he discover it before playing his fourth move, but not afterwards.

III.

Should a player, at the commencement of the game, omit to place all his men on the board, he may correct the omission before playing his fourth move, but not afterwards.

IV.

If a player, undertaking to give the odds of a piece or Pawn, neglect to remove it from the board, his adversary, after four moves have been played on each side, has the choice of proceeding with, or recommencing, the game.

When no odds are given the players must take the first move of each game alternately, drawing lots to determine who shall begin the first game. If a game be drawn, the player who began it has the first move of the following one.

VI.

The player who gives odds has the right of moving first in each game, unless otherwise agreed. Whenever a Pawn is given it is understood always to be the King's Bishop's Pawn.