In the same year in which Cartwright invented his power-loom, Messrs. Boulton and Watt erected the first steam-engine in connection with the cotton manufacture. QUESTIONS.-Who invented the spin-out? When and in what state did Crompning-jenny? When? Who invented the water-frame? Why was it so called? Whose partnership did Arkwright secure? What fortune did he leave at his death? What is the mule? By whom was it invented? When? What kind of work did it turn

ton die? How many mules are now said to be in use in Great Britain alone? When was the power-loom weaving machine invented? By whom? What made a demand for the invention? When was steam first applied to the cotton manufacture?

THE RAILWAY AND THE LOCOMOTIVE.

1801.-An iron rail-way or tram-road, from the Thames at Wandsworth, a western suburb of London, to Croydon, ten miles southward, was made with the sanction of Parliament.

The name Tram-road is said to be a corruption of Outram-road, from Mr. Benjamin Outram (father of Sir James, the Indian General), who in 1800 made great improvements in the system of rail-roads in England. Clumsy wooden and imperfect iron railroads had been in use, chiefly in connection with mines, long before Outram's time. 1802. Mr. Trevithick, a Cornishman, patented a high-pressure locomotive; but he lost conceit of his invention, and abandoned his scheme.

1814.-George Stephenson constructed a locomotive which drew eight loaded trucks, weighing 30 tons, along a colliery tram-road at the rate of six miles an hour.

George Stephenson was the son of a colliery fireman. He began life as a cow-herd at 2d. a day. He was almost entirely self-educated; and his triumphs were the result of his indomitable perseverance, as much as of his skill as a mechanician. In establishing railways and locomotives, he had to fight against innumerable prejudices and violent hostility. His son Robert was very helpful in enabling him to gain the victory. George Stephenson died in 1848; Robert, in 1859. The latter is buried in Westminster Abbey.

1825.-The Stockton and Darlington Railway (in Durham) was completed by Messrs. Pease and Stephenson.

1829.-Stephenson's engine, the Rocket, gained the prize of £500 offered for the best locomotive by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company. The conditions were, that it should weigh not more than six tons, and run at the rate of ten miles an hour. The Rocket travelled at the rate of twentynine miles an hour.

1830.-The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, constructed by George Stephenson, was completed and opened. This line laid the foundation of the railway system of England, and led to similar enterprises all over the world.

QUESTIONS.-Where was the first iron rail-way made? When? What is said to be the origin of the word Tram-way? In what connection had rail-roads been used before Outram's time? Who was the first to patent a high-pressure locomotive? When did Stephenson construct his first locomotive? What was Stephenson's father? How did he begin life? To what were his

| triumphs due? Who was very helpful to him in his fight against prejudices? When did father and son respectively die? When was the Stockton and Darlington Railway completed? What was the Rocket? At what rate did it travel? What line laid the foundation of the railway system of England? When and by whom was it constructed?

THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH

1800.-The Voltaic battery was invented by Professor Volta, of Pavia in Italy. It was composed of discs of zinc and silver, and moistened card. 1819.—Ersted, a Danish physicist (died 1851), discovered the action of the electric current on a magnetic needle; which laid the foundation of electromagnetism and telegraphy.

1836.-An electro-magnetic apparatus was made by Professor Wheatstone, by which thirty signals were transmitted through nearly four miles of wire. Wheatstone was brought up as a maker of musical instruments. In 1834 he was appointed a professor in King's College, London.

1837.-The magnetic needle telegraph, patented by Wheatstone and W. F. Cooke, was tried between Euston Square in London, and Camden Town, one of its northern suburbs, with entire success.

Cooke, who was a retired Indian officer, excelled in practical skill, as much as Wheatstone did in scientific knowledge.

1838.-The first telegraph line (from Paddington in London to West Drayton, thirteen miles westward,) was set up by Cooke.

1844. The first telegraph line in America (from Washington to Balti more) was set up by Professor Morse, the inventor of a very simple selfrecording telegraph.

Morse began his experiments in 1832, and finished his first complete model (independently of other inventions) in 1837. He died in 1872.

1846.-The first English electric telegraph company was established. 1851.-The first submarine telegraph cable (between Dover and Calais) was successfully laid. The wire was enclosed in a covering of gutta-percha, which was suggested as an "insulator" by Faraday, in 1847.

1857.-The first attempt to lay an Atlantic cable was made, but when 300 miles had been paid out the cable snapped.

1858.-A cable was successfully laid between Ireland and Newfoundland; but in a few weeks a leak in the rope rendered it useless. In this year London and Constantinople were connected by telegraph.

1865. Another attempt was made to lay an Atlantic cable; but the rope snapped in mid-ocean. London and Bombay were connected by telegraph. 1866.-A new Atlantic cable was successfully laid, and the lost cable of 1865 was recovered, spliced, and completed.

1869.-The British telegraphs were transferred to the Government, to be managed in connection with the Post Office.

1869.-A cable connecting France and America was laid between Brest and St. Pierre, a small island south of Newfoundland.

QUESTIONS. When was the Voltaic, and where was the first telegraphic line battery invented? What discovery laid the set up? Who was the American inventor foundation of electro-magnetism and teleg- of the telegraph? When was the first raphy? By whom was the first electro- submarine telegraph laid? When was the magnetic apparatus made? When? By first attempt made to lay an Atlantic cable? whom was the first practical experiment in When was the cable successfully laid? telegraphy made? When? Where? When What submarine cable was laid in 1869!

PART II.

JERUSALEM FROM THE MOUNT OF OLIVES.

MORNING dawned; and I ascended to the terraced roof of a little tower on the western side of Olivet,1 rented by a friend to whom every spot in Jerusalem was familiar. Behind Olivet, in the east, the sky was all aglow with red light, which shot slanting across the hill-tops and projecting cliffs, and upon the walls and prominent buildings of the city, throwing them up in bold relief from the deeply-shaded glens. No time could have been more 'opportune, no spot better fitted for seeing and studying the general topography of the Holy City. The whole site was before us, distinct and full, like a vast and beautiful embossed picture.

At our feet, along the base of Olivet, was the Kidron,2 a deep and narrow glen, coming down from an undulating plateau3 on the right, and disappearing round the shoulder of the hill on the left; its banks terraced, and dotted here and there with little groves and single olive trees. Directly opposite us was Mount Moriah, its bare sides rising 'precipitously from the bottom of the Kidron to a height of some two hundred feet.

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On its summit is a rectangular platform, about thirty acres in extent, and taking up fully one-half of the eastern side of the city. It is encompassed and supported by a massive wall, in some places nearly eighty feet high, and looking even higher where it impends over the ravine. This platform constitutes by far the most striking feature of the city. It is unique. There is nothing like it in the world. Its history, too, is wonderful. It has been a "holy place" for more than thirty centuries.

Its Cyclope'an walls were founded by Solomon. Upon it stood the Temple, in whose shrine the Glory of the Lord so often appeared, and in whose courts Christ so often taught. It is still to the Moslem "the Noble Sanctuary," and, next to Mecca, the most venerated sanctuary in the world.

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The platform itself-simple, massive, and grand-is a striking object; but the buildings it contains greatly contribute to its beauty. In its centre, on a raised area of white marble, stands the Mosque of Omar, one of the most splendid mosques in the world, 'octagonal in form, encrusted with encaustic tiles of gorgeous colours, and surmounted by a graceful dome. From its area the ground slopes away to the encircling ramparts in gentle undulations of green turf, diversified with marble arcades, gilded cupolas, fountains, and prayer-niches; all interspersed with venerable cypresses, olives, and palms.

The

At the southern end is a large group of stately buildings, including the Mosque el-Aksa, once the Church of the Virgin; and round the sides of the platform are cloisters, here and there covered with domes, and surmounted by tall minarets. quiet seclusion of this sanctuary, the rich green of its grass and foliage, the dazzling whiteness of its pavements and fountains, the brilliant tints of the central mosque, and, above all, its sacred associations, make it one of the most charming and interesting spots on Earth.

Just behind Moriah the Tyrope'an Valley was distinctly marked by a deeply-shaded belt, running from north to south through the city. Beyond it rose Zion, higher and longer than Moriah; in front, a confused mass of terraced roofs, tier above tier; farther back were seen the white buildings. of the Armenian Convent,10 like an immense factory; more to the right

the new English Church; and in the back-ground, crowning the hill, the massive square keep of the Castle of David.11

The southern section of Zion is now outside the city wall; and there a high minaret and cupola mark the Tomb of David. From it the hill sinks into the Valley of Hin'nom in steep terraced slopes, covered with vineyards, olives, and corn-fields. As I looked, a moving object in one of the fields 'riveted my attention. "Haste! give me the glass," I said. I turned it towards the spot. Yes, I was right;;—a plough and yoke of oxen were there at work. Jeremiah's prophecy was being fulfilled before my eyes: "Zion shall be ploughed like a field." 12

Along the farther side of Zion runs the deep glen of Hinnom, which, turning eastward, sweeps round the southern end of the hill and joins the Kidron at En-rogel. These two ravines form the great physical boundaries and barriers of Jerusalem; they completely cut it off from the surrounding tableland; and they isolate the hills on which it stands, and those other hills, too, or hill-tops, which, as the Psalmist tells us, are round about Jerusalem." 13 These natural barriers also serve to confine the city within regular and definite limits-to prevent it from sending forth 'straggling suburbs and offshoots, as most other cities do; hence it was said, "Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact together." 14

A high battlemented wall encompasses the modern city. It runs for half a mile along the brow of the Kidron valley, facing Olivet, then turns at right angles and zigzags across Moriah, the Tyropean, and Zion, to the brow of Hinnom. The whole circuit is two miles and a half. The city was always fortified, and the walls and towers formed its most prominent features. Hence the language of the 'exulting Psalmist: "Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the towers thereof, mark ye well her bulwarks." 15

Jerusalem has no suburbs. There is no shading off of the city into the country-no long streets 'radiating from a centre, then straggling houses, and villas, and gardens, such as we are 'accustomed to see in English towns. The moment you pass the gates of Jerusalem you are in the country, a country open, bare, without a single house, and almost desolate. Not a green spot is visible, and not a tree, save here and there a little clump of gnarled, dusky olives. Rounded hill-tops, and long reaches of plain, strown with heaps of gray limestone, extend from the walls far away to the north and to the south. There is no grandeur, beauty, or richness in the scenery. It is bleak and featureless.