dent Lincoln, on the battle-field of Gettysburg, on the occasion of the dedication of a cemetery for the soldiers that had fallen in that battle. The speech is given in full under Lincoln, Abraham.

Giddings' Resolutions.-On March 21, 1842, Joshua R. Giddings, of Ohio, offered a series of nine resolutions in the House of Representatives relating to the Creole Case (which see). They were in effect that the States had never delegated their jurisdiction of the subject of slavery to the United States; that slavery, an abridgement of a natural right, can exist only by positive law, and that a United States vessel on the high seas is under United States, and no longer under State, jurisdiction; and, finally, bringing the Creole into the above class of ships, they declared that no law was violated by the slaves in securing their freedom, and that attempts to reënslave the escaped slaves would be unconstitutional and unrepublican. The House at once put a stop to all discussion on these resolutions, and passed a resolution censuring Giddings. He resigned his seat, but was at once reëlected by an overwhelming majority, with instructions to present the resolutions again, a thing which he did not, however, succeed in doing.

Gilded Trap.-A nickname applied to the Constitution while it was before the people for ratification.

Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death.-Patrick Henry delivered a speech in the Virginia convention, in March, 1775, favoring a resolution "that the colony be immediately put in a state of defense," and concluded as follows: "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!"

Governors of the States and Territories.Below is given a table of the length of the terms and of the salaries of the Governors of the various States and Territories. The names of the present incumbents and the expiration of their terms is also given.

Governors of Ter

Democrats in Italics, Republicans in Roman.

ritories are appointed by the President upon the expiration of terms of office or upon removals for cause.

God Reigns, and the Government at Washington Still Lives.-These were the closing words of

a brief address made by James A. Garfield, then a representative in Congress, to a large assemblage in Wall Street, New York, on April 15, 1865, the morning after the assassination of Lincoln. The crowd were about to

move for an attack on the World newspaper office, which had violently opposed Lincoln. Suddenly Garfield's voice was heard to calm their passions. He spoke briefly as follows: "Fellow-citizens! Clouds and darkness are round about Him. His pavilion is dark_waters and thick clouds of the skies. Justice and judgment are the establishment of His throne. Mercy and truth shall go before His face. Fellow-citizens! God reigns, and the government at Washington still lives!"

Gold Bugs.-Those that oppose the compulsory coinage of standard silver dollars are so called by those that favor their compulsory coinage. (See Silver Question.)

Good Enough Morgan Till After Election.Thurlow Weed was one of the foremost of the antiMasonic agitators in New York State. The disappearance of Morgan and the discovery of what was supposed to be his dead body, created intense excitement. (See Anti-Masonic Party.) Weed took full advantage of this feeling, and when doubt was cast on the identity of the body thus found, he is said to have remarked in private that it was a "good enough Morgan till after election."

Gotham.-A name sometimes applied to New York

City.

Government of the People, by the People, and for the People, Shall Not Perish from the Earth. -The last sentence of President Lincoln's Gettysburg speech. (See Lincoln, Abraham.)

Grand Army of the Republic.-Soon after the close of the Civil War Dr. B. F. Stephenson, who had been surgeon in a volunteer regiment, suggested the organization of Union veterans into a national association for mutual assistance. In accordance with his suggestion and by his efforts the first post was founded at Decatur, Illinois, April 6, 1866. Other posts in that

and other States were rapidly formed. The "post" is the local organization. The "department" is the State or territorial organization. The whole is under a commander-in-chief and a national council of administration consisting of one member from each department. Once a year there takes place a national convention or encampment at which the commander-in-chief is elected. A belief that the organization was intended for political purposes led to a considerable decrease of membership in 1868; to remedy which a rule was adopted forbidding any political use to be made of it. The first commanderin-chief was Stephen A. Hurlburt, elected at the national encampment at Indianapolis in 1866; the present incumbent is John P. Rae, elected at the encampment at St. Louis in 1887. The membership is now 371,870.

Grangers. In 1867 a secret society known as the Patrons of Husbandry was formed in Washington. Its object was to aid the farmers by enabling them to cooperate and purchase their supplies at first hand, and by offering opportunities for social and educational improvement. Lodges called Granges were established in several Western States. The association received a setback through the financial reverses of many of its lodges, which had, without proper training, engaged in business enterprises. Nevertheless, they succeeded in 1873 and 1874 in carrying the legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin; these legislatures passed stringent laws directed against extortion and unjust discrimination in the rates charged for the transportation of passengers and freights. These acts were subsequently repealed but while they were in force had a very unfavorable effect on the railroads. In Congress their efforts led to considerable discussion regarding the regulation of interstate commerce, since consummated by the act of February 4, 1887. Similar societies-the Farmers' Alliance, in the South and Northwest, and the Agricultural Wheel, in the Middle South-are now becoming influential as social and agricultural powers. The Grangers have virtually passed out of politics.

Grant, Ulysses Simpson, or Hiram Ulysses Grant, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio,

April 27, 1822, and died at Mt. McGregor, near Saratoga, New York, July 23, 1885. His name was Hiram Ulysses, but an error on the part of the Congressman that named him for West Point caused his name to be entered there as Ulysses S., and by that name he has since gone; Simpson he adopted, it being a name in his mother's family. He graduated at West Point in 1843, and remained in the army until 1854, serving in the Mexican War. In 1854 he resigned his commission and engaged in business. At the outbreak of the Civil War he raised a company; he was rapidly promoted, and in 1862 had risen to the rank of major-general of volunteers. He was made major-general in the regular army July 4, 1863, lieutenant-general March 2, 1864, and finally general of the army July 25, 1866. He was for a short time Secretary of War, ad interum, under Johnson. The crowning event of his military career was the surrender of Lee to him at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. In 1868 he was nominated for the presidency by the Republican party and elected. In 1872 he was again elected. In 1880, one term having intervened, a strong effort to renominate him was made, but it failed. His second term was marked by various scandals like the Whisky Ring, but no one ever connected the President's name with them. Among the principal events of his administration are the completion of the Pacific Railways and the settlement of the Alabama claims. He was a plain man, possessed of much common sense; unskilled in public affairs and unfortunate in the choice of his civil subordinates; to these latter he clung even when their guilt was clear to other minds, and so made himself the target for much abuse. His world-wide reputation is due to his great military achievements.

Gray-Eyed Man of Destiny.-A phrase sometimes applied to Gen. William Walker, the filibuster.

Greasers.-A name applied to the Mexicans, especially during the Mexican War.

Great Beast with the Great Belly.-A name which the early Republicans (Democrats) applied to the navy on account of its expense.