method has not yet entirely ceased, but the growth of the industrial spirit among nations, whereby the property subject to destruction in war has been vastly augmented and peaceful habits have been cultivated, and the growth of a spirit of equity in dealing with other nations has caused the settlement of many disputes in modern times by arbitration instead of by war. The contesting nations select some arbitrator, or arbitrators, to whom the disputed point is referred and whose decision is to be final, or subject to the approval of each, according to the terms of the submission. The submission is sometimes the result of a treaty, and sometimes it merely grows out of state correspondence, and is intended to clear the atmosphere in international discussions by the aid of an impartial opinion. The situation of the United States, remote from most foreign. nations, her lack of a large navy and standing army, the peaceful habits of her people and the conciliatory policy of her government from the outset, have inclined her frequently in the history of her foreign relations to submit disputes to arbitration. The Treaty of Washington was from this point of view a remarkable one, both because of the importance of its subjects and the success attending the reference of them to arbitration, and its example has not been without its effect in increasing respect both for the United States and the method of arbitration among other nations.

Arbuthnot and Ambrister. (See Indian Wars.) Arizona is a Territory of the United States. It originally formed parts of the Mexican cession and the Gadsden purchase. (See Annexations IV and V.) It was separated from New Mexico and organized by Act of February 24, 1863. Prescott is the capital. The population in 1880 was 40,440 and in 1888 is estimated at 90,000. (See Governors; Legislatures.)

Area of the United States.-The area of the various territories which have been acquired by the United States from time to time is given under Annexations. The areas of the various States and Territories and of the United States are given in the following

table, the figures including the gross land and water areas as given in the census of 1880, except as to Alaska, the extent of which is given as estimated by the special agent for that census:

Arkansas.-The State of Arkansas was originally a portion of the Louisiana purchase. (See Annexations I.) It was separated as Arkansaw Territory from Missouri in 1819, and was admitted to the Union on June 15, 1836. On May 6, 1861, a convention passed an ordinance of secession, and the State was readmitted to the Union June 22, 1868. The capital is Little Rock. The population in 1880 was 802,525, and is estimated at 1,200,000 in 1888. Arkansas sends five members to the House of Representatives and has seven electoral votes; it is a Democratic State. In 1881 the Legislature declared the pronunciation of its name to be Ar-kan-saw. The name is of Indian origin and has no known meaning. Arkansas is popularly known as the Bear State, in allusion to the figures on the coat of arms of Missouri, of which it was once a part. (See Governors; Legislatures.)

Army of the United States.-On December 1, 1887, the army contained:

The last division includes tne engineer service, recruiting parties, ordnance department, hospital service, Indian scouts, West Point, signal detachments and general service.

The army is commanded by a lieutenant-general, three major-generals and six brigadier-generals. The pay of the officers is as follows:

The pay is graded, acccording to years of active service, being increased at the rate of ten per cent. for every five years of service until after twenty years' service the maximum is reached; in the case of colonels and lieutenantcolonels the maximum is fixed somewhat lower. Officers are allowed mileage at the rate of eight cents a mile for every mile traveled under orders. The pay of the men is graded from $13 a month and rations, for the first two years, to $21 a month and rations after twenty years' service. The retired list of the army is limited to 400 officers. Any commissioned officer that has served thirty years may be retired on his own request at the discretion of the President, or having served forty years on his own request absolutely; or having served forty-five years, or having attained the age of sixty-two years, at the discretion of the President, without any act of his own. The pay is seventy-five per cent. of the pay allotted to officers of his rank in active service at the time of retirement. There are at present thirty-one general officers on the list, being one general, four major-generals and twenty-six brigader-generals. The general officers of the army are at present (1888) as follows:

The commanders of the army have been as follows:

Major-General George Washington, June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783. Major-General Henry Knox. December 23, 1783, to June 20, 1784. Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmar, General-in-Chief by brevet, September, 1788, to March, 1791.

Major-General Arthur St. Clair, March 4, 1791, to March, 1792.

Major-General Anthony Wayne, April 11, 1792, to December 15, 1796. Major-General James Wilkinson, December 15, 1796, to July, 1798. Lieutenant-General George Washington, July 3, 1798, to his death, December 14, 1799.

Major-General James Wilkinson, June, 1800, to January, 1812.

Major-General Henry Dearborn, January 27, 1812, to June, 1815.
Major-General Jacob Brown, June, 1815, to February 21, 1828.

Major-General Alexander Macomb, May 24, 1828, to June, 1841. Major-General Winfield Scott (brevet Lieutenant-General), June, 1841, to November 1, 1861.

Major-General George B. McClellan, November 1, 1861, to March 11, 1862. Major-General H. W. Halleck, July 11, 1862, to March 12, 1864.

Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant, March 12, 1864, to July 25, 1866, and as
General to March 4, 1869.

General W. T. Sherman, March 4, 1869, to November 1, 1883.
Lieutenant-General P. H. Sheridan, November 1, 1883, to

The maximum strength of the army, including officers and men, as authorized by Congress at various times, was as follows:

1789

1792

1794

1801

1807

1810

1812

1815

....1 regiment of Infantry, 1 battery of Artillery.. 840 Indian War.

.Peace organization.
Peace organization.
.Peace organization..
Peace organization.
War of 1812

War of 1812

1817-21.... Peace organization..

1822-32....Peace organization.

5,120

1833-37.

.Peace organization.

7,198

1838-42.

Florida War

12,539

The President of the United States is commander-inchief of the army (Constitution, Article 2, section 2), and under him is the Secretary of War. (See War Department.)

Arm-in-Arm Convention.-A name given to a convention of Republicans that supported President Johnson's policy on reconstruction; it met in Philadelphia in August, 1866. Its name arose from the fact that the members from Massachusetts and from South Carolina entered the convention together at the head of the delegates.

Aroostook Disturbance. (See Northeast Boundary.)

Arthur, Chester A.-Was born at Fairfield, Franklin County, Vermont, October 5, 1830. During his