within a month, he should be able to procure their liberty. Davison heard the letter read apparently without emotion, but Williams became so agitated, that he let it drop out of his hands, and burst into a flood of tears.

"From this time Adams experienced no particular ill treatment; but he was required to work as usual. About a month more elapsed, when the man who brought the letter, who was a servant of the British Consul, disguised as a trader, made known to Adams that he had succeeded in procuring his release; and the next day they set out together for Mogadore.

"On quitting Wadinoon, (where Adams is confident he stayed more than twelve months; the second year's crop of tobacco having been completely got in before his departure) they proceeded in a northerly direction, travelling on mules at the rate of thirty miles a day, and in fifteen days arrived at Mogadore. The first night they stopped at a village called Akkadia, situated at the foot of a high mountain. Here, for the first time, Adams saw olive trees, and palm trees from the nuts of which oil is extracted. The place consisted of about twenty houses; some of them two stories high. Having slept there, they set out the next morning at four o'clock, and the following day about sun-set reached another vil lage, the name of which he does not remember. Here were only a few houses, but a great many tents, and in the neighbourhood large fields of wheat, Indian-corn, and barley. Adams thinks this place was all the property of one man.

66

"The place at which they next stopped, having travelled that day in a north-east direction, was the residence of a great warrior named Cidi Heshem, who had with him upwards of six hundred black men and Moors, most of them armed with muskets, which they kept in excellent order. Adams was informed that he admitted into his service any runaway Negroes or Moors; to whom he gave liberty on condition of their entering into his service. He appeared to be very rich: having numerous camels, goats, sheep, and horned cattle, and abundance of piece goods of various kinds, as also shoes and other manufactures which were exposed for sale in shops kept by Jews. The place was called after its owner, Bied de Cidi Heshem, in the district of Suz, and to the best of Adams's recollection, contained from twenty to thirty houses. Here he saw a great quantity of silver money, principally dollars. Cidi Heshem was at war with the Emperor of Morocco,

"After staying one night and part of the next day, Adams and his companion proceeded on their journey; and the following night slept at a place where there were only two huts. The next day they arrived at a place of a similar description, and then set out, expecting to arrive at a large town, situate on a high hill by the sea side named in English Santa Cruz, (where he was told, for merly a British Consul resided,) but called by the Moors Agadeer. They did not, however, get so far; but reached a place called Cidi Malomeda Moussa, situate in a wide sandy plain, where the hate

yest

vest being just got in, the inhabitants were holding a market, at which there appeared to be assembled not less than four thousand persons from all quarters, who had goods of all descriptions for sale. This market, he was told, is held once a year, and lasts for five days. Here Adams's companion was met by several persons of his acquaintance, who seemed greatly delighted at his success in affecting his (Adams's) liberation; some of them spoke English." P. 74.

Our readers will doubtless rejoice in the deliverance of a poor man, who, for his constancy in maintaining the Christian faith, was subjected to such barbarity. To those of our readers who are acquainted with Xenophon, the joy of Adams on the first view of the sea, will appear not inferior to the transport of the Greeks in ancient times

"About twelve o'clock on the fifth day, ascending a hill, they discovered the town of Mogadore beneath them, and square rigged vessels lying in the harbour; the sight of which, says Adams, 'I can no otherwise describe than by saying, I felt as if a new life had been given to me.' In about half an hour afterwards they entered the town, and immediately went to the house of the Governor, who sent Adams to Mr. Dupuis, the British Consul; by whom he was received into his house, and treated with the utmost kindness. Never,' says Adams, shall I forget the kindness of this good gentleman, who seemed to study how to make me comfortable and happy.'' P. 78.

The most curious part of this narrative, of the fidelity of which we entertain not the slightest doubt, is the account of Tombuctoo. To many of our readers the description of this place by Leo, in the sixteenth century, may be familiar. But both by him and by many subsequent writers both the extent and the importance of this city appear to have been much overrated. Upon this point we were much pleased with some observations in the Editor's concluding remarks.

"And here, we may remark, that the relative rank of Tombuc too amongst the cities of central Africa, and its present importance with reference to Europeau objects, appear to us, to be considerably over-rated, The descriptions of Leo in the sixteenth century, may indeed lend a colour to the brilliant anticipations in which some sanguine minds have indulged on the same subjects in the nineteenth; but with reference to the commercial pursuits of Europeans, it seems to have been forgotten, that the very circumstance which has been the foundation of the importance of Tombuctoo to the traders of Barbary, and consequently, of much of its fame amongst us, its frontier situation on the verge of the Desert, at the extreme northern limits of the Negro population,--will of necessity have a contrary operation now, since a shorter and securer

channel

channel for European enterprise into the central regions of Africa, has been opened by the intrepidity and perseverance of Park, from the south-western shores of the Atlantic.

"Independently of this consideration, there is great reason to believe that Tombuctoo has in reality declined of late, from the wealth and consequence which it appears formerly to have enjoyed. The existence of such a state of things as we have described in the preceding pages, the oppressions of the Moors, the resistance of the Negroes, the frequent change of masters, and the insecurity of property consequent upon these intestine struggles, would all lead directly and inevitably to this result. That they have led to it, may be collected from other sources than Adams. Even Park, to whom so brilliant a description of the city was given by some of his informants, was told by others, that it was surpassed in opulence and size, by Haoussa, Walet, and probably by Jinnie. Several instances also occur in both his Missions, which prove that a considerable trade from Barbary is carried on direct from the Desert, to Sego and the neighbouring countries, without ever touching at Tombuctoo; and this most powerful of the states of Africa in the sixteenth century, according to Leo, is now, in the nineteenth, to all appearance, a mere tributary dependency of a kingdom which does not appear to have been known to Leo, even by name.

"Such a decline of the power and commercial importance of Tombuctoo, would naturally be accompanied by a corresponding decay of the city itself: and we cannot suppose that Adams's description of its external appearance will be rejected on account of its improbability, by those who recollect that Leo describes the habitations of the natives in his time, almost in the very words of the Narrative now; and that the flourishing cities of Sego and Sansanding appear, from Park's accounts, to be built of mud, precisely in the same manner as Adams describes the houses of Tombuctoo." P. 180.

We are much gratified by the learned researches of the Editor, which form a proper contrast to the simplicity of the narrative. An excellent map accompanies the work, and every information is both abundantly and unaffectedly supplied, which can illustrate and confirm the narrative itself. The whole publication is well worthy the attention of the nation.

It may be gratifying to our readers to be informed that the poor man has returned home with a handsome gratuity from the Lords of the Treasury to bear his expences, and that this publication is dedicated to his future benefit,

ART. VII. Sermon, preached in the Chapel of Lambeth Palace, on Sunday, the 24th of March, 1816, at the Consecration of the Land Right Rev. Edward Legge,

L.L. D.

LL.D. Lord Bishop of Oxford. By the Reo. Charles Parr Burney, M.A. F.R.S. Chaplain to the Right Hon. the Lord Crewe. Published by Command of his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. 4to. 32 pp. Payne and Foss.

1816.

AS to Visitation Sermons we are much indebted for the most sound and able exhortations to the performance of the clerical duty, so to Consecration Sermons we are obliged for a perpetual recurrence to the first principles of the order, the discipline, and the polity of the Church. It is well that in these times such important subjects should be discussed with ability, and insisted upon with power; it is well that the people of this nation should be perpetually reminded, that the Church to which they belong, is founded on the Apostles and Martyrs, Christ himself being the chief corner stone.

Mr.

Among the excellent discourses which we have seen upon these points, the Sermon before us is entitled to a considerable rank; it is an impressive and energetic composition. Burney takes as his text, 2 Cor. iii. 5. Our insufficiency is of God. He first investigates the nature and the purposes of that sufficiency which the Apostles claimed; he shews how, in a modified degree, it was imparted to others; and he proves the necessity and the appointment of a settled succession of ministers. As the latter of these points is extremely well treated by our Author, we shall extract the passage at length.

"The Glorification of God, and the Salvation of Mankind, were the Purposes, for which this marvellous interposition of Heaven had been manifested :-Purposes, at once the grandest, which could occupy the human mind, and, in their majesty and mercy, pre-eminently worthy of their divine original. The Establishment of a Christian Church, so exultingly foretold by the long line of Prophets, who successively enlightened God's ancient people, was equally subordinate to both those momentous objects. The agency of secondary causes has constantly been the channel, by which the Creator has dealed with his Creatures: this instrumentality is a prime engine in His moral government; and, unsupported by the Sacerdotal Office, brief, it may well be feared, would be the existence of any Religion. A fixed Succession in the Priesthood, therefore, is not merely necessary to the very intention, as well as durability, of a Church; but conformable moreover to the practice and directions, which we discover in the Inspired Writings.

"The Israelites are there styled a "Kingdom of Priests," and their History is the History of the True Religion. Their Scriptures particularize the means, which were devised, in conjunction with a Standing Ministry, to keep the Nation from idolatry, and their Service from corruption. Christians also, now "the people of

God,”

God," are likewise denominated "a chosen generation," and an holy Priesthood" and the Scriptures, which they acknowledge as their proper rule, bear decisive evidence to the appointment of a Stated Ministry among them, for the preservation of their Faith, and the maintenance of their Worship.

"The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, for he hath anointed me to preach the Gospel," are the prophetic words of Isaiah, so pointedly applied by our Saviour to himself in the Synagogue at Nazareth. Here then, God, the Father, sends the Son,-sends Him, who is described to be the " Apostle and High Priest of our Profession," and, in the same manner, and on the same errand, as we know from his own declaration, He sent his Apostles. "As my Father sent me, even so send I you,-receive ye the Holy Ghost. In no other way Paul and Barnabas were afterwards fitted for their Ministry, and, by virtue of the same Spirit, and for the same great end, their Disciples, and other Holy Men, were commissioned to send Ministers in regular continuation. Titus, for example, was "appointed" to " ordain Elders in every City" within his own immediate Charge; and Timothy likewise, intimately acquainted with the life and doctrine of that eminent Apostle, whose "own Son" he was "in the Faith," is even yet more explicitly exhorted to "commit" this knowledge "to faithful men, who should be able

to teach others also."

Tradition, doubtless, was the principal, if not the sole, method, by which, throughout antiquity, Knowledge and Religion were either imparted, or preserved. With respect to the Apostles, we may believe, that many sayings and actions of their Master, which have not been recorded for our use, assisted them in the work of Conversion, and descended to the Children of those, whom they had first turned to the Faith. Instruction, however, was not their only duty; their Commission implied authority, and, as has been justly remarked, "authority and obedience are reciprocal terms." This authority, consequently, they exerted in its fullest plenitude, and their summary mode of punishment banishes all uncertainty regarding the tent of their powers. Besides, this Commission was not to be confined to themselves,-for how, otherwise, during the life of Man, could its extensive province have been filled?-Neither was it designed to perish with their persons, for how, then, could its ultimate advantages have ever been secured?-The first Ministers would gradually quit the world, but the Office, which they held, was not to expire with its original possessours:-the Commission was not void, at least until it had been so pronounced, and Scripture contains no record of any such abolition. Just too, as in secular Government, the "lordship," which Sovereigns "exercise," or the deference, which they exact, does not so much attach to the Person, as to the Rank and Station, which he occupies,-so the efficacy of the Spiritual Administration, vested in the Apostles, did not depend on their individual excellencies or attainments: however valuable there qualities might have been in themselves,-how