NINETEENTH CENTURY. (1800-1883.) FRANCE, at the beginning of this century under Napoleon I., is the chif power in Europe. At his overthrow she is left with about the sam territory as at the beginning of her foreign wars; but within the list quarter century she has been obliged to surrender the provinces bordering on the Rhine, which have been taken from her by Prussia ENGLAND rises to the front rank of European states, by her part in the Napoleonic wars. In the present century she has made some small acquisitions of territory in Europe, and has greatly extended her colonil empire. GERMANY, with PRUSSIA as its leading state, has become the first military pover in Europe. The old German Empire comes to an end in 1806. AUSTRIA i entirely separated from Germany, and is united into one state with Hungary. RUSSIA is now one of the greatest European powers. ITALY has become one kingdom, covering the whole peninsula. The UNITED STATES have greatly increased by the addition of new States and Territories. DENMARK has lost a considerable territory, taken from her by Prussia. The new kingdom of BELGIUM has been formed during this century. SPAIN in this century loses Mexico and the republics of Central America. GREECE has secured its independence, and has become a kingdom. TURKEY. The power of Turkey is steadily declining. HUNGARY. See above, under AUSTRIA. MEXICO, which had belonged to Spain, revolts in 1820, and has become an independent republic. 1800. Battle of Marengo. 1802. Peace of Amiens. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1802. Ohio admitted into the United States. 1804. Napoleon declared Emperor of the French. 1844. Electro-magnetic telegraph, Baltimore to 1845. Florida admitted into the United States. 1806, End of the German Empire. Saxony and 1846. Repeal of the Corn Laws. Wurtemberg kingdoms. 1807. Steamboat Clermont on the Hudson. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the United States. 1812. Russia invaded by the French. poleon. 1814. Treaty of Ghent. Peace concluded between the United States and England. 1815. Battle of Waterloo. Final defeat of Napoleon by Wellington and Blucher. 1815. Congress of Vienna. Holy Alliance" of European sovereigns at 1816. Indiana admitted into the United States. 1821. Missouri admitted into the United States. 1825. Independence of Mexico. 1825. Independence of Brazil. 1827. Battle of Navarino. 1829. Independence of Greece. 1830. French Revolution of July. 1830. Polish insurrection against Russia. 1830. Independence of Belgium. 1831. The Reform Bill passed. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the United States. 1837. Michigan admitted into the United States. 1848. Second republic in France. Louis Napolen Bonaparte chosen President. 1848. Wisconsin admitted into the United States. 1850. California admitted into the United States 1851. Submarine telegraph from Dover to Cala's. 1853. Minnesota admitted into the United States. 1854-1856. The Crimean War. 1855. Sebastopol taken by the British and Fench forces. 1857. Indian Mutiny. 1859. Oregon admitted into the United Stars. 1861. Kansas admitted into the United States. 1862. The French declare war against Mexico. 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation. 1863. West Virginia admitted into the United States. 1863. Battle of Gettysburg. 1864. Capture of Petersburg and Rchmond. 1864. Nevada admitted into the United States. 1865. Gen. Lee surrenders. End of the Rebellion. 1866. War between Prussia, Italy and Austria. 1866. Battle of Sadowa. 1866. Atlantic cable successfully laid. 1867. Nebraska admitted into the United States. 1867. Alaska purchased by the United States. 1870. The Franco-Prussian Wa. 1871. Establishment of the new German Empire. 1871. France a republic. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Madison, James Monroe, James Monroe, John Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, William H. Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester H. Arthur. Samuel Adams, Priestley, Paley, Kant, Hamilton, Schiller, Nelson, Pitt, Fox, Fisher Ames, Fulton, Haydn, Wieland, Mme. de Staël, Watt, Grattan, Shelley, Bérenger, Herschel, Eli Whitney, Canova, Erskine, Byron, Richter, Jefferson, Canning, Laplace, Beethoven, Davy, Hegel, Scott, Cuvier, Goethe Coleridge, Mill, Channing, Southey, Campbell, Cooper, Thorwaldsen, Stephenson, Mendelssohn, Weber, John Quincy Adams, Wordsworth, Turner, Calhoun, Clay, Webster, Wellington, Moore, Arago, Comte, Humboldt, Macaulay, De Quincey, Prescott, Irving, Cavour, Mrs. Browning, Thackeray, Meyerbeer, Hawthorne, Landor, Cobden, Thiers, Faraday, Rossini, Brougham, Dickens, Guizot, Bryant, Agassiz, Leverrier, Morse, Landseer, Kaulbach, George Eliot, Carlyle, Emerson, Tyndall, Garibaldi, Longfellow, Darwin, Huxley, Wagner, Victor Hugo, Ruskin, Gladstone, Beaconsfield, Grant, Browning, Tennyson, Whittier, Lowell, Holmes. ILLUSTRATIONS. "A NTIQUITAS sæculi juventus mundi." These times are the ancient times, when the world is ancient, and not those which we account ancient ordine retrogrado, by a computation backward from ourselves. - BACON. Those whom we call ancients were really new in all things, and formed, properly speaking, the infancy of the human race; and as we have added to their knowledge the experience of all succeeding centuries, it is in ourselves that may be found that antiquity which we reverence in them. - PASCAL. We are ancients of the earth, TENNYSON. Say not thou, What is the cause that the former days were better than these? for thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this. Ecclesiastes vii. 10. THE NAPOLEONIC WARS. THE first fifteen years of the nineteenth century was a period of great confusion in Europe, in consequence of the wars carried on by Napoleon Bonaparte, whose wonderful talents raised France to the highest pinnacle of military fame. One after another dynasty was overthrown or set up, and the political map underwent many changes. The territory of France was greatly increased, and a large part of Western Europe came under her control. The French supremacy may be said to have reached its height in the years 1810 and 1811. Lords, lawyers, statesmen, squires of low degree, Men known, and men unknown, sick, lame, and blind, WORDSWORTH. There were two distinct periods in the wars which began in 1792 and terminated in 1815. The first period includes the wars of the French Revolution, which were wars for existence, as well as wars for conquest. This period ended when Bonaparte returned from Egypt [1799]. The second period began with the victory of Marengo [1800], and continued to the rout of Waterloo. This was a period during which France fought, not for existence, but for conquest. The wars of the French Revolution ended, and the wars of Napoleon began. He moulded, organized, directed the elements of force let loose by the passions of the Revolution, and with this force, developed systematically, he resumed on a grander scale the policy of Louis XIV. HOOPER. Democratic France owes much to the Emperor Napoleon. He gave her two things of immense value: within, civil order strongly constituted; without, national independence firmly established. GUIZOT. Napoleon was convinced that France could only exist as a monarchy; but, the French people being more desirous of equality than of liberty, and the very principle of the Revolution being established in the equalization of all classes, there was of necessity a complete abolition of the aristocracy. The ideas of Napoleon were fixed, but the aid of time and events was necessary for their realization. The organization of the consulate [Napoleon was made First Consul in 1799] presented nothing in contradiction to them; it taught unanimity, and that was the first step.-NAPOLEON, Gourgaud's Memoirs. 1 Napoleon put on the Imperial crown, May 18, 1804. |