that had two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power. And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand. Therefore the he-goat waxed very great. . . . The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia. And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.— DANIEL viii. 5–8, 21.

20,

Alexander was but twenty years old when his father was murdered, and succeeded to a kingdom beset on all sides with great dangers and rancorous enemies. For not only the barbarous nations that bordered on Macedonia were impatient of being governed by any but their own native princes, but Philip likewise, though he had been victorious over the Grecians, yet, as the time had not been sufficient for him to complete his conquest and accustom them to his sway, had simply left all things in a general disorder and confusion. — PLUTARCH.

Les conquêtes d'Alexandre opérèrent une révolution dans les sciences comme chez les peuples. — CHATEAUBRIAND.

Asia beheld with astonishment and awe the uninterrupted progress of a hero, the sweep of whose conquests was as wide and as rapid as that of her own barbaric kings; but, far unlike the transient whirlwinds of Asiatic warfare, the advance of the Macedonian leader was no less deliberate than rapid: at every step the Greek power took root, and the language and the civilization of Greece were planted from the shores of the Ægean to the banks of the Indus, from the Caspian and the great Hyrcanian plain to the cataracts of the Nile; to exist actually for nearly a thousand years, and in their effects to endure forever. ARNOLD.

The prodigious conquests of Alexander and the fortune which was always faithful to his arms have eclipsed the glory of Philip, and dazzled posterity has refused to assign to the father the considerable share which belongs to him in the success of the son. It was Philip who organized the Macedonian army, who disciplined and inured it.MÉRIMÉE.

Independently of the almost immeasurable extension opened to the sphere of development by the advance of the Macedonians, their campaigns acquired a character of profound moral greatness by the incessant efforts of the conqueror to amalgamate all races, and to establish, under the noble influence of Hellenism, a unity throughout the world.- - HUMBOLDT.

If it can be averred of any conqueror of the ancient world that he had the power and the will not merely to destroy, but also to build up and found anew, that he had original, bold, and great ideas, it may be averred of Alexander; and in these ideas he was passionately enthusiastic, not coolly calculating, like Cæsar.-SCHLEGEL.

The kingdom of Persia, which extended from Egypt, inclusive, unto Bactria, and the borders of the East India; and yet, nevertheless, was overrun and conquered, in the space of seven years, by a nation not much bigger than this isle of Britain, and newly grown into name, having been utterly obscure till the time of Philip, the son of Amyntas. Neither was this effected by any rare or heroical prowess in the conqueror, as is vulgarly conceived, for that Alexander the Great goeth now for one of the wonders of the world; for those that have made a judgment grounded upon reason of estate do find that conceit to be merely popular, for so Livy pronounceth of him, "Nihil aliud quam bene ausus vana contemnere." Wherein he judgeth of vastness of territory as a vanity that may astonish a weak mind, but no ways trouble a sound resolution. LORD BACON.

Alexander conquered a part of the world with a handful of men ; but was this a mere irruption on his part, a kind of deluge? No, everything is profoundly planned, boldly executed, wisely conducted. Alexander shows himself at once a great warrior, a great politician, a great legislator. Unhappily, when he reaches the zenith of glory and success, his head becomes turned, or his spirit becomes corrupt. He had begun with the spirit of Trajan; he ends with the heart of Nero, and the behavior of Heliogabalus. NAPOLEON.

I believe that there was in his time no nation of men, no city, nay, no single individual, with whom Alexander's name had not become a familiar word. I therefore hold that such a man, who was like no ordinary mortal, was not born into the world without some special providence. - ARRIAN.

The story of Alisaunder is so comune,
That every wight that hath discrecioun
Hath herd som-what or al of this fortune;
Thys wyde world as in conclusioun

He wan by strengthe, or for his heigh renoun,
Thay were glad for pees unto him sende.

Comparisoun yit mighte never be maked
Bitwen him and noon other conquerour;
For al this world for drede of him hath quaked.

CHAUCER.

Here the vain youth who made the world his prize,
That prosperous robber, Alexander, lies.
When pitying death, at length, had freed mankind,
To sacred rest his bones were here consigned:
His bones, that better had been tossed and hurled,
With just contempt, around the injured world.
To Macedon, a corner of the earth,

The vast ambitious spoiler owed his birth:
There, soon, he scorned his father's humbler reign,
And viewed his vanquished Athens with disdain.
Driven headlong on, by fate's resistless force,
Through Asia's realms he took his dreadful course:
His ruthless sword laid human nature waste,
And desolation followed where he passed.
Red Ganges blushed, and famed Euphrates' flood,
With Persian this, and that with Indian blood.

Nor flame, nor flood, his restless rage withstand,
Nor Syrts unfaithful, nor the Libyan sand:
O'er waves unknown he meditates his way,
And seeks the boundless empire of the sea.
E'en to the utmost west he would have gone,
Where Tethys' lap receives the setting sun;
Around each pole his circuit would have made,
And drunk from secret Nile's remotest head,
When Nature's hand his wild ambition stayed;
With him, that power his pride had loved so well,
His monstrous, universal empire, fell:

No heir, no just successor left behind,

Eternal wars he to his friends assigned,

To tear the world and scramble for mankind.

LUCAN. Tr. Rowe.

Macedonian Alexander's tomb, if called on to disclose,

Say that the world's two continents his monument compose.

ADDEUS.

He which, 'twixt a lion and a pard,

Through all the world with nimble pinions fared,

And to his greedy whelps his conquered kingdoms shared.

He wept for worlds to conquer; half the earth
Knows not his name, or but his death and birth.

PHINEAS FLETCHER.

BYRON.

Therefore the he-goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven. DANIEL Viii. 8, 22.

ROME.

So completely had Greece arrived at the season of autumn, while at Rome it was yet the early spring. — ARNOLD.

THE history of Rome now begins to be more trustworthy. About the middle of the century she began a career of conquest.

The long period of her infancy was employed in a laborious struggle against the tribes of Italy, the neighbors and enemies of the rising city.-AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS.

When we see this noble republic devoting three or four centuries to the solid establishment of its power in a radius of under a hundred miles, about the same time that Alexander was spreading out his marvellous empire in the course of a few years, it is not difficult to foresee the fate of the two empires, though the one usefully prepared the East for the succession of the other. - COMTE.

The main source of wealth among the Romans, and their most honorable occupation, was agriculture. The greatest generals and statesmen, after holding for a time the helm of the republic, and gaining victories and triumphs, did not scruple to return to the plough and live in rural retirement. - SCHMITZ.

Invasion

About the year 390 B. C. the Gauls, under Brennus, pressed down into Central Italy, and took and destroyed Rome. Although but a passing inroad with tranof the sient results, this invasion is noteworthy as marking the first appearance of the barbaric hordes, who in later times were to change the civilization of the world.

Gauls.

Hark! the Gaul is at her gates!

COWPER.

The fourth century before the Christian era brought the Gauls for the first time within the observation of the civilized world. They then crossed the Apennines, and overran Central and Southern Italy; they then also broke in upon the Illyrian tribes, established themselves between the Danube and Greece, and became known to the kings of Macedon. - ARNOLD.

The victorious attack of Brennus, in the fourth century of her [Rome's] career, marks the era at which the tide of Gaulish conquest was at its full. About that period the name of Gauls was more terrible, throughout Europe and Western Asia, than that of any other conquerors. MERIVALE.

Then Rome was poor; and there you might behold

The palace, thatched with straw, now roofed with gold.

The silver goose before the shining gate

There flew, and by her cackle saved the state;

She told the Gauls' approach: the approaching Gauls,
Obscure in night, ascend, and seize the walls.

VIRGIL. Tr. Dryden.

The Gaulish invasion and conquest of Rome was but the instrument of her greater and surer advance to the dominion of Italy. — ARNOLD.

Patricians

It was at this period that the Plebeians succeeded in enforcing their claim to hold a share in the high offices of the state. In the year 366 B. C. Lucius Sextius and Ple- was chosen consul, the first Plebeian who held that dignity. This event led to a gradual reconcilement of the two orders and to a great increase of military vigor and activity.

beians.