be taken that the original figure does not take up more than one-fifth of the disk; otherwise the adjoining figures, as seen in the anorthoscope, will overlap. Anorthoscopes can be made which will multiply the figure seen as many times as desired, shutting it together to a corresponding degree. The number of figures seen is always one greater than the number of revolutions the back disk makes while the front one is going around once, and the number of slits, always one less than the number of figures, must be disposed at equal distances around the disk. Thus, if it makes eight to the front disk's one, nine figures will be seen, each of which reaches only one-ninth as far around the circle as the original. In this case there must be eight slits. The anorthoscope may be made to work in many other ways besides the one described here. If the disks revolve in the same direction the number of revolutions can be so adjusted as to combine several figures into Plan for Drawing. one, instead of expanding one into several. By slightly varying these figures an effect is obtained like that of the ZOETROPE. The anorthoscope is not commonly sold at toy stores. The disks can easily be made as above described, but it is more difficult to make the disks revolve at exactly the proper rate. This can be effected by means of cog-wheels arranged as shown in the illustration. If the number of cogs on the larger of the two parallel wheels be four times that on the smaller, the latter will revolve four Wheels for Anorthoscope. times as fast. The number on the crank-wheel is immaterial. The arrangement can be made at any machine shop. The anorthoscope is the invention of Prof. Plateau, a Belgian scientist. The name is from the Greek anorthos, crooked, and skopein, to see. ARCHERY. The best bows are made of a single piece of Italian or Spanish yew, or of two pieces joined at the handle, but good bows are made also of lancewood or ash. A good bow is largest in the middle and tapers toward the ends, which are usually tipped with horn with notches to hold the cord. The force required to draw a 28-inch arrow to its head in any bow measures that bow's strength, which is expressed in pounds. The distance to the head of such an arrow is 27 inches, so if a 40-pound weight, tied to the middle of a bow string, will pull it just 27 inches below the bow (held horizontally), the latter is a 40-pound bow. The best arrows are made of red deal wood with a piece of harder wood fastened to them at the point or "pile." At the opposite end three strips of feather are glued, to make the arrow fly accurately. Sometimes sidered the best, though perhaps not the feathers are cut in triangular the easiest. The best arrows are shape and sometimes they are made in England, and their weight curved. The latter method, called is expressed in English shillings and balloon feathering, is generally con- pence. The regulation length is 28 Bracer and Glove. inches for six-foot bows, and 25 for women's bows, which are from four and a half to five feet long. Thimbles of leather (called “finger stalls"), open at the end, are usually worn on the forefinger, middle-finger, guard the fingers. Other forms of protection for the fingers may be substituted. Many archers wear also a "bracer,' or arm guard of hard leather, fastened by straps to the left arm near the wrist, to protect it from the bow-string. A leather or tin case called a quiver may be fastened to the archer's belt to hold his arrows, and a tassel of worsted is appended to wipe the dirt from them. The targets used in archery matches are made of a pad of straw covered on one side with cloth, and hung on a tripod so that its middle is about four feet from the ground. In the center is a gilt or yellow spot, called the gold (or sometimes the "bull's eye"), and around this in order are bands of red, blue, black, and white. The archer scores a larger or smaller number as he strikes one or another of the colors. Thus: "black " 5 44 3 I Target. and third finger of the right hand, so that the finger tips may not be blis- The score is sometimes kept by tered by the bow-string. They pricking the shots on a card shaped should fit closely and should be of like a target, as shown in the illusas thin material as will properly tration on page 17. The targets most used in England were formerly supported on Butts, walls of sodded earth serving as backing for discs of paper. Butts should be 6 feet high and 8 feet long. Instead of the backing of straw sold at toy stores, a box filled with earth may be used. Another simple kind of target is a "clout," or disc of pasteboard, stuck in the cleft end of a stick, the other end of which is pushed into the ground. An archer's equipments are often kept in a cupboard called an Ascham, after Roger Ascham, a writer on archery. It is shaped like a small wardrobe, about six feet high and three wide. About three feet from the bottom is a shelf with holes in it, in which are supported the bows and arrows, while hooks on the sides bear the bracer, gloves, and other necessary articles. Roving. Instead of firing from the same point, archers sometimes move about and shoot at improvised targets, which is called "roving." One of the party of archers selects a tree, or other object, to be shot at, and he who hits it is allowed to choose the next one. If no one hits it, he whose arrow falls nearest is allowed the choice. say Hunting.-Expert archers that hunting with a bow and arrow is a more fascinating sport than hunting with a gun. The shooting | When unstrung the bow is nearly makes no noise, and so does not straight. The bow-string has a loop frighten the game. Shooting at at each end like that in the illustrawild game requires more skill than shooting at an ordinary target. Good practice for shooting at birds may be obtained by using a black rubber ball, about four inches in diameter, suspended by a string from the limb of a tree. The rules governing archery matches or "meetings" are given below. The first thing for the beginner in archery is to learn to "string" his bow properly; that is, to fit the bow-string to it so that it will be ready for use. tion. Slipping the larger loop over one end of the bow held uppermost, and sliding it down below the "nock" or groove for the string, the archer fits the smaller one into the lower nock, and then taking the middle of the bow in his right hand presses the lower end of the bow on the ground in the hollow of his right foot, the back of the bow next to the foot, as shown in the illustration. By then pulling with the right hand and pushing with the left, near the upper end of the bow, it will be bent, and at the same time the left hand can push the upper loop into its nock. Bow-string Loop. The bow-string should be two or three inches shorter than the bow. In a strung bow the string should be about six inches from the wood at the middle in a six-foot bow, and correspondingly nearer in a smaller one. When the bow has been strung the archer holds it upright by its middle in his left hand, and taking an arrow in his right, fits its notch to the middle of the bowstring, the shaft being on the left side of the bow and resting on the left hand. He then hooks the first three fingers of his right hand around the string, so that it rests on the finger-balls, the end of the arrow being between the first and second; and extending the left arm, pulls the string with the right, at the same time drawing the arrow with it till its head nearly touches the bow. Then both string and arrow are released, by unhooking the fingers gently, and the shot is made. The the target, the body nearly erect, and the feet about six inches apart. The best archers hold the bow upright while shooting, but lean the top a little to the right, which keeps the arrow in place and enables the string to be drawn more easily. Accuracy in shooting depends chiefly on three things: the draw, the aim, and the release. It requires long practice to draw the arrow and string back steadily, and if this is not done, a good shot cannot be made. The arrow should be drawn back to a point just under the chin, and not to the eye, which the beginner may think is necessary for a correct aim. It is of no use to "sight" along the arrow, for it does not fly straight to the mark, but describes a curve in the air. If the arrow is pointed directly at the target, except at very short distances, it will strike the ground in front of the mark. This is equally true of a firearm; the bullet moves in a curve, not a straight line, but it moves very fast, and so, except for very long distances, the best posture for the archer, while curve is very flat, and the gun or shooting, is with the left side toward pistol can be aimed at the mark. to the eye to cover different points. The "American Round," consisting of The best plan is to draw the arrow back three-fourths of its length, then pause an instant to take aim, and then draw it the rest of the way and loose 30 arrows at 60 yards. 66 66 30 50 66 30 66 40 90 arrows. The "Columbia Round" (for women), consisting of 24 arrows at 50 yards. 66 24 Shooting. it. The release, or loosing the arrow, requires great care, as it is easy, in letting go, to move the arrow to one side, thereby destroying the aim. The fingers should slip easily from the string, and should not follow it. One who hopes to become a good archer should practice the draw, the aim, and the release, till he has perfect command of them, and should always perform them in the same way, never changing to try experi ments. At archery club meetings, the con 72 arrows. Where a large number are to shoot, several targets are used, and the contestants are divided into parties, each of which uses the same target throughout the match. RULES FOR ARCHERY MEETINGS. 1. A Field Captain shall be appointed who shall have entire control of the ranges, targets and order of shooting, and he shall appoint a Target Captain for each target, who shall direct the order of shooting at his target. 2. Each Target Captain shall appoint a Scorer and a Herald to act at his target. The Scorer shall keep a record of each arrow shot, upon blanks provided for the purpose by the association. The Herald shall announce the result of each shot. 3. An arrow must remain in the target until the value of the "hit" is recorded, otherwise the "hit" shall not be counted. 4. The targets shall be four feet in diameter, and placed on easels, the center of the "gold" being four feet from the ground. 5. The "gold" shall be 91% in diameter, and each ring shall be 41% inches in width. 6. The value of colors shall be: |