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The object of each is now to seize his opponent under the latter's arms which is called getting the "underhold," and is an advantage. In Fig. 3 the boy whose back is toward the spectator has the underhold. The opponent tries to prevent this by pushing aside his hands. Neither may succeed in getting the underhold, in which case the wrestling is similar to that just described. If either get the underhold, he may throw his opponent by lifting him up bodily or by drawing him forward by the waist and pushing backward against his breast, as well

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as in the other ways described. Sometimes tripping is not allowed in this kind of wrestling, and sometimes several other holds are allowed, such as seizing the head with one or both hands or with the arm taking the shoulders or arms with one or both hands; seizing the legs; or a combination of any two of these holds.

In the shoulder grip, shown in Fig. 4, the wrestler seizes his opponent by the shoulders with both hands, pulls him outwards, to right or left, and throws him with a sudden jerk, using any trip that is available.

One of the arm grips is shown in Fig. 5, where the wrestler seizes his opponent with both hands by the left fore-arm, pulls him quickly forward, and, putting the arm over his shoulder, throws him, as shown in

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"Catch as Catch Can." The rules of the kinds of wrestling most generally used in public contests in this country are given below.

COLLAR AND ELBOW.

9. The ring shall be twenty-four 1. The men shall wear short coats feet square, and nobody shall be alor jackets made of canvas, not ex-lowed inside except the referee and tending below the hips, with strong two umpires.

Wrestling-Fig. 7.

collar and elbow, suitable for the grasp of an opponent. They shall wear rubber sandals on the feet.

2. Each man shall take hold of the collar of his opponent with his right hand, while with the left hand he must take hold of the right elbow.

3. Both men shall stand up breast and breast, with limber arms, and show fair and equal play with the feet.

4. Either man breaking his hold with one or both hands, to save himself from a fall, shall forfeit said fall.

5. All falls must be square back falls; either two hips and one shoulder or two shoulders and one hip to be on the carpet simultaneously, to constitute a fall.

6. Striking upon the face, side or knees is no fall, and nothing shall be allowed for forcing a man from such positions to his back. Going down on one or both knees is fair, as long as no holds are broken.

7. A rest of at least ten and not more than twenty minutes shall be allowed between each fall.

8. The first fall, best two in three or three in five, shall win, according to mutual agreement.

CATCH AS CATCH CAN.

1. The contestants can take any hold, trip or lock they please.

2. To constitute a fall, two shoulders must strike the floor simultaneously.

3. Long or short drawers must be worn, and nothing heavier for the feet will be allowed than socks and thin slippers.

4. A rest of at least ten and not more than twenty minutes shall be allowed between each fall.

5. The umpires shall take their positions at a proper distance from the contestants, and there remain, and will not be allowed to talk to or advise the principals during the contest. They shall however have the right to call the attention of the referee to any point which, in their judgment, may require his decision.

6. Doing anything to injure an opponent shall be considered foul. For each violation of this rule the offender shall be deemed to have lost a fall, and the referee shall have the power to award the match to the injured party.

Wrestling-Fig. 8.

GRECO-ROMAN.

1. Wrestlers are allowed to take hold anywhere between the head and the belt or waist. Grasping the legs is strictly forbidden.

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but finally their use was forbidden | were held on feast days before the and the wrestlers contended naked, Lord Mayor and aldermen of Lontheir bodies being made slippery with oil. In the middle ages wrestling was a sport only among the lower classes, though knights and nobles often looked on at wrestling bouts. They were very rough, and the wrestlers were frequently maimed or even killed. A mediæval wrestling match is shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 8, from an old nanuscript, shows an early English wrestling match in which the contestants mounted on the shoulders of other

men. In early times (14th and 15th centuries), in England, such matches

don, dressed in their robes of office. After the Reformation the sport was not in favor, yet it was kept up in the west and north of England and by students at the Universities. Advocates of athletic sports tried hard to bring it into favor again, but physicians thought it caused rheumatism and ague, and it was not until about 1826 that it began to be revived. Since that time it has been popular.

The Japanese are famous wrestlers. Fig. 9 shows one of their contests.

Y

YACHTING. Much information | smallest ; and in the latter, from

nothing for a boat 116 feet long up to 5 minutes 29 seconds for one only 12 feet long. The yachts in a club are usually divided into classes, according to their rig and measurement for time-allowance.

length varies from thirty to forty feet, the beam from seven to nine, and the draft from two and a half to three feet.

Steam yachts are larger than. launches, with decks and cabins, and some of them are fitted up with great magnificence. The largest steam yacht in this country is the Alva, owned by W. K. Vanderbilt, which is 285 feet long and has 32.3 feet beam. Steam yachts generally have also masts and sails. to be used in case of accident to the machinery.

about different kinds of boats and rigging will be found in the article SAILING. There are now in this country about 75 yacht clubs, 20 of which are in New York and 10 in Boston. Only a few of the boats are large racers, the great majority of Steam launches and yachts. the 2000 boats on the official lists Steam launches are usually long being comparatively small. Besides and narrow, and have no decks. these, there are many thousand The boiler, which is upright, is others whose owners belong to no placed in the centre of the boat, club. The yacht clubs all hold the engine aft, and the boat is races once or twice a year, and of-driven by a screw propeller. The fer prizes for the fastest yacht. As the boats are of many different sizes, what is called a system of time-allowances is adopted, that small boats may race on even terms with larger ones. The object is to give a greater time-allowance the smaller the boat, and then credit it with the difference between this calculated time and the real time. Thus the time-allowance of a small boat may be 2 minutes per mile. If the course is 20 miles long, and she makes it in 80 minutes, her corrected time would be 80-40, or 40; while a Some steam yachts have what is larger boat, with a time-allowance called a safety-coil boiler, in which of half a minute, whose actual time a coil of pipe contains the water, was but 56 minutes, would be and. there is no danger of explocredited with 56-10 or 46, and sion. Small launches have what would therefore be beaten. There are called naphtha engines, in which has been much discussion over the the expansion of a small quantity proper method of calculating time- of naphtha vapor drives the piston. allowances, and each club general- These engines occupy little room, ly adopts its own rules. The Eng- and can be run by any one. To lish rule is based on the length run a steam-engine a license from and beam, which is one reason the United States Government is why English yachts are so nar- required. The only steam yacht row, the time-allowance being thus club in this country is the Amerilarger. The New York clubs use can Yacht Club, formed in New now a measurement based on sail- York in 1883. There are several area and length, and the New systems of time-allowance for steam England Racing Association one yacht racing, most of which are based on length alone. In the based simply on the length of the former system the allowance varies yacht. In the system devised by from nothing for the largest yacht Dr. C. E. Emery, a yacht 50 feet up to 136 seconds per mile for the long is allowed a speed of 9.947

adopted a longer, deeper and narrower boat. The English followed, and have gone on in the same di

knots an hour, and one of 300 feet 18.074 knots; so that if the former should make 12 knots in a race while the latter made 19, the small-rection until the English "cutter" er yacht would be considered the winner. The best recorded time made by a steam yacht was from Larchmont, N. Y., to New London, Conn. (about 90 miles), in 4 hours, 34 minutes, 57 seconds, by the Atlanta, July 15, 1886.

History. Sailing for pleasure is a very old form of amusement. In the 17th century Englishmen were accustomed to buy their pleasureboats from the Dutch, and called them yachts, from the Dutch jagt, a swift form of sailing vessel. The first yacht race on record was in 1661, between Charles II., King| of England, and his brother the Duke of York, afterward James II. The first organized yacht club was the Cork Harbor Water Club, of Cork, Ireland, formed in 1720, which was soon followed by the Royal Yacht Club and others in England. The yachts of this period were broad, had blunt or "bluff" bows, and drew but little water. The fourteen sail-boats owned by Charles II. varied in length from 31 to 66 feet, in beam from 12 to 21.6 feet,and in draught water from 6 to 7.6 feet. Before the present century Americans

has become the narrowest and deepest of yachts. In this country, on the other hand, the tendency has been to return to boats of the old type, called by some people, in derision, "skimming dishes," because they are broad and shallow. One reason why the English favor such deep boats is because of the rough seas and deep water near England, and deep vessels sail better in very rough water. In this country the first yacht club, the New York Club, was formed in 1844.

In 1851, during the World's Fair in London, a keel schooneryacht, called the America, built for the purpose, was sent to England from New York to compete with English yachts. She raced, Aug. 22, 1851, fifteen English yachts, for a silver cup, and won it. This victory created great interest in yachting in both countries. In 1857 the cup won by the America was given by her owners to the New York Yacht Club, to be held till won by some foreign yacht. A list of the races for it, all of which have been held near New York, over a forty mile course, is given in the appendix.

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