(84-86)

(87)

(88)

(Refutation.)

(94)

(96)

c. When Chester was granted liberty,
and her wrongs redressed, anarchy
became obedience.

d. Durham was rebellious without
free legislation, but peace was re-
stored through our concession of
the principle now at stake, "No
taxation without representation."
e. The analogy between these four
cases and America is sound, for

1. Americans are even better
fitted to receive our constitu-
tional rights.

2. Although it is objected that one legislature is perfect for them, yet it failed with the others, for

a. Virtual representation is not sufficient.

5. Although it may be urged that direct representation is impracticable, we may find a substitute, for

a. We may treat the colonies according to the spirit of the constitution, by letting them vote aid, instead of by taxing them.

RESOLUTIONS

I. The colonies have had no representation in
Parliament.

II. The colonies have been taxed, often to their
disadvantage.

(99-100) III. No means of representation has been de

vised.

(101-102) IV. The colonies have formed assemblies competent legally to assess and collect taxes. (103-110) V. The colonies have often made liberal grants to

the crown.

(111) VI. Experience shows that it has been wise to allow the colonies to make grants, instead of imposing them.

CONCLUSION

(113) I. You must abandon theory and abide by experience. II. You must grant the colonies full rights of legislation. III. Peace must be secured by conciliation.

IV.

(115) (116)

(117)

(119)

(120)

Corollaries:

A. The Boston Port Bill must be repealed.

B. The charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony must be restored.

C. The act for bringing Americans to England for trial must be repealed.

D. We must provide the colonies fair courts of law.

E. We should regulate the courts of admiralty. (Refutation.)

(123) I. The objection that these resolutions prove too much, in that the grievance regarding taxation extends to all legislation, does not hold, for

(124)

(125)

(126)

A. The words are those of Parliament (The
Chester Act).

B. The colonists have not in any cool hour gone
much beyond the demand for immunity
from taxation.

C. "The Americans will have no interest contrary to the grandeur and glory of England, when they are not oppressed by the weight of it."

(127) II. The objection that this concession to the colonies would dissolve the unity of the empire does not

hold, for

A. There is no such thing as this unity.

1. Ireland has ever had a separate but not

an independent government.

B. England cannot be head and body, too.

(128) III. Lord North's plan of ransom by auction is unsatisfactory, for

(129)

(180)

(131)

(132)

(133)

(134)

(135) (136)

(137)

A. It is a mere project, for

1. It is not justified by experience.

2. It has no root in the constitution. B. It will be fatal to the constitution, for

1. Lord North cannot settle fairly the quota to each colony.

2. Parliament can neither add nor alter these quota.

C. It does not satisfy the complaint of the colonies, for

1. It gives the same grievance for a remedy. D. It will plunge England into greater difficulties, for

1. Colony agents could not be given the power of taxing.

2. It would be impossible to secure settle

ments.

3. The obedient colonies will suffer; the refractory escape.

4. A fixed quota would yield no effectual
revenue, and changes would produce
new quarrels.

E. There is no efficient means of collection.
F. The proposal of Lord North aims to destroy
the union of the colonies, not to help our-
selves.

.G. The plan of concession has every advantage
over Lord North's proposal.

(138) IV. The objection that my plan of conciliation will give peace but no revenue, does not hold, for

(139)

(141)

A. The right of the colonies to grant or withhold aid is the greatest source of revenue to England, for

1. This encourages generosity.

2. Our experience proves it.

B. Political parties in the colonies will favor
grants to obtain favor of the government.
C. Our experience with India shows that America
will yield no revenue from taxation.

(142-144)

PERORATION

The love of the people is the life of the nation. Magnanimity in politics is the truest wisdom. (At the close of his speech, Burke moves the first of his six resolutions.)

APPENDIX VI

MATERIAL FOR BRIEFING

THE TARIFF SHOULD BE FOR REVENUE ONLY

(Speech of Frank H. Hurd, House of Representatives, February 18, 1881.)

MR. CHAIRMAN:

At the very threshold it is proper to define the terms I shall use, and state the exact propositions I purpose to maintain. A tariff is a tax upon imported goods. It is true that incidental protection to some industries will occur when the duty is placed upon articles which may enter into competition with those of domestic manufacture. I do not propose to discuss now how this incidental protection shall be distributed. This will be a subsequent consideration when the preliminary question has been settled as to what shall be the nature of the tariff itself. The present tariff imposes duties upon nearly four thousand articles, and was levied and is defended upon the ground that American industries should be protected. Thus protection has been made the object; revenue the incident. Whenever I use the phrase free trade or free trader, I mean either a tariff for revenue only or one who advocates it.

So far as a tariff for revenue is concerned, I do not oppose it, even though it may contain some objectionable incidental protection. The necessities of the government require large revenues, and it is not proposed to interfere with a tariff so long as it is levied to produce them; but, to a tariff levied for protection in itself and for its own sake, I do object. I therefore oppose the present tariff, and the whole doctrine by which it is attempted to be justified. I make war against all its protective features, and insist that the laws which contain them shall be amended, so that out of the importations upon which the duty is levied the greatest possible revenue for the government may be obtained.