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dress; justified all they had done to be "according to their native rights, and for the better "advancement of his majesty's service, which they had always before their eyes ;" and desired "to have those receive exemplary punishment, "who had done them ill offices, and misrepre"sented their carriage to the king; and that some noble lords might be appointed to treat upon all particulars." And upon no other submission than this a treaty was presently entered upon, and concluded.

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"the treaty, to vacate any of the proceedings "which had been in the late general assembly at Glasgow," (by which all the bishops stood excommunicated,) and renewed all their menaces against them by proclamation; and imposed grievous penalties upon all who should presume to harbour any of them in their houses: so that by the time the king came to London, it appeared plainly, that the army was disbanded without any peace made, and the Scots in more reputation, and equal inclination, to affront his majesty than ever. Upon which a paper published by them, and avowed to contain the matter of the treaty, was burned by the common hangman; everybody disavowing the contents of it, but nobody taking upon him to publish a copy that they owned to be true. The mischief that befell the king from this wonderful atonement cannot be expressed, nor was it bring it so wofully to pass: all men were ashamed who had contributed to it; nor had he dismissed his army with so obliging circumstances as was like to incline them to come so willingly together, if there were occasion to use their service. The earl of Essex, who had merited very well throughout the whole affair, and had never made a false step in action or in council, was discharged in the crowd, without ordinary ceremony; and an accident happening at the same time, or very soon after, by the death of the lord Aston, whereby the command of the forest of Needwood fell into the king's disposal, which lay at the very door of his estate, and would infinitely have gratified him, was denied to him, and bestowed upon another: all which wrought very much upon his rough proud nature, and made him susceptible of some impressions afterwards, which otherwise would not have found such easy admission.

Whosoever will take upon him to relate all that passed in that treaty, must be beholding to his own invention; the most material matters having passed in discourse, and very little committed to writing. Nor did any two who were present agree in the same relation of what was said and done; and which was worse, not in the same interpretation of the meaning of what was compre-ever discovered what prevailed over his majesty to hended in writing. An agreement was made, if that can be called an agreement, in which nobody meant what others believed he did: "The armies were to be disbanded; an act of oblivion passed; "the king's forts and castles to be restored; and an assembly and parliament to be called for a "full settlement; no persons reserved for justice, "because no fault had been committed." The king's army, by the very words of the agreement, was not to be disbanded until all should be executed on their part; and the king himself, at that time, resolved to be present in the assembly at least, if not in the parliament: but the impatience of all was such for peace, that the king's army was presently disbanded; his majesty making all possible haste himself to London, and sending the earl of Traquaire to Edinburgh, to prepare all things for the assembly; whilst the Scots made all the caresses to many of the English, and breathed out in mutual confidence their resentments to each other.

The marquis of Hamilton (whether upon the fame of the treaty, or sent for by the king, few knew) left his fleet before Leith in a very peaceable posture, and came to the Berkes some hours after the treaty was signed; which was very convenient to him, for thereby he was free from the reproach that attended it, and at liberty to find fault with it; which he did freely to the king, and to some others, whereby he preserved himself in credit to do more mischief. Many were then of opinion, and still are, that the marquis at that time was very odious to his countrymen; and it is certain that the chief managers at the treaty did persuade the English in whom they most confided, that their principal aim was to remove him from the court; which was a design willingly heard, and universally grateful. But whatever state of grace he stood in when he came thither, he did himself so good offices before he parted, that he was no more in their disfavour. The king's army was presently disbanded, and the Scots returned to Edinburgh with all they desired; having gotten many more friends in England than they had before; kept all their officers, and as many of their men as they thought fit, in pay; and prosecuted all those who had not shewed the same zeal in their covenant as themselves with great rigour, as men whose affections they doubted; and, instead of remitting any thing of their rage against their bishops, they entered a public protestation, "That they did not intend, by any thing contained in

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The factions and animosities at court were either greater, or more visible, than they had been before. The earl of Newcastle (who was governor to the prince, and one of the most valuable men in the kingdom, in his fortune, in his dependences, and in his qualifications) had, at his own charge, drawn together a goodly troop of horse of two hundred; which for the most part consisted of the best gentlemen of the north, who were either allied to the earl, or of immediate dependence upon him, and came together purely upon his account; and called this troop the prince of Wales's troop; whereof the earl himself was captain. When the earl of Holland marched with that party into Scotland, the earl of Newcastle accompanied him with that troop, and upon occasion of some orders, desired that troop, since it belonged to the prince of Wales, might have some precedence; which the general of the horse refused to grant him, but required him to march in the rank he had prescribed; and the other obeyed it accordingly, but with resentment, imputing it to the little kindness that was between them. But as soon as the army was disbanded, he sent a challenge to the earl of Holland, by a gentleman very punctual, and well acquainted with those errands; who took a proper season to mention it to him, without a possibility of suspicion. The earl of Holland was never suspected to want courage, yet in this occasion he shewed not that alacrity, but that the delay exposed it to notice; and so, by the king's authority, the matter was composed; though discoursed of with liberty enough to give the

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whole court occasion to express their affections to either party.

The king himself was very melancholic, and quickly discerned that he had lost reputation at home and abroad; and those counsellors who had been most faulty, either through want of courage, or wisdom, (for at that time few of them wanted fidelity,) never afterwards recovered spirit enough to do their duty, but gave themselves up to those who had so much overwitted them; every man shifting the fault from himself, and finding some friend to excuse him: and it being yet necessary, that so infamous a matter should not be covered with absolute oblivion, it fell to secretary Coke's turn, (for whom nobody cared,) who was then near fourscore years of age, to be made the sacrifice; and, upon pretence that he had omitted the writing what he ought to have done, and inserted somewhat he ought not to have done, he was put out of his office; and within a short time after, sir Henry Vane (who was treasurer of the house) by the dark contrivance of the marquis of Hamilton, and by the open and visible power of the queen, made secretary of State; which was the only thing that could make the removal of the other old man censured and murmured at: and this was attended again with a declared and unseasonable dislike and displeasure in the queen against the lieutenant of Ireland, newly made Earl of Strafford; who out of some kindness to the old man, who had been much trusted by him and of use to him, and out of contempt and detestation of Vane, but principally out of a desire to have had that miscarriage expiated by a greater sacrifice, opposed the removal of secretary Coke with all the interest he could, got it suspended for some time, and put the queen to the exercise of her full power to perfect her work; which afterwards produced many sad disasters. So that this unhappy pacification kindled many fires of contention in court and country, though the flame broke out first again in Scotland.

On the other side, the Scots got so much benefit and advantage by it, that they brought all their other mischievous devices to pass with ease, and a prosperous gale in all they went about. They had before no credit abroad in any foreign parts, and so could procure neither arms nor ammunition; and though they could lead the people at home, out of the hatred and jealousy of popery, into unruly tumults, yet they had not authority enough over them to engage them in a firm resolution of rebellion: the opinion of their unquestionable duty and loyalty to the king was that which had given them reputation to affront him: nor durst they yet attempt to lay any tax or imposition upon the people, or to put them to any charge. But, after this pacification, they appeared much more considerable abroad and at home; abroad, where they were without a name, and considered by nobody, now that they had brought an army into the field against the king, gained all they pretended to desire, without reproach or blemish; France, their old ally, looked upon them as good instruments to disturb their neighbours; and cardinal Richelieu (who had never looked upon the defeat and overthrow at the isle of Rhé as any reparation for the attempt and dishonour of the invasion) was very glad of the opportunity of disturbing a rest and quiet,

which had not been favourable to his designs; and sent an agent privately to Edinburgh, to cherish and foment their unpeaceable inclinations; and received another from thence, who solicited supplies, and communicated counsels: he sent them arms and ammunition, and promised them encouragement and assistance proportionable to any enterprize they should frankly engage themselves in. Holland entered into a closer correspondence with them; and they found credit there for a great stock of arms and ammunition, upon security of payment within a year; which security they easily found a way to give. And thus countenanced and supplied, they quickly got credit and power over the people at home; and as soon as they had formed some troops of those who had been listed by them under good officers, (whereof store resorted to them of that nation out of Germany and Sweden,) and assigned pay to them, they made no longer scruple to impose what money they thought fit upon the people, and to levy it with all rigour upon them who refused, or expressed any unwillingness to submit to the imposition; and made the residence of any amongst them very uneasy, and very insecure, who were but suspected by them not to wish well to their proceedings: and so they renewed all those forms for the administration of the government, which they had begun in the beginning of the disorders, and which they disclaimed upon making the pacification; and refused to suffer the king's governor of the castle of Edinburgh (which was put into his hands about the same time) either to repair some works which were newly fallen down, or so much as to buy provision in the town for the food of the garrison.

But that which was the greatest benefit and advantage that accrued unto them. from the agreement, and which was worth all the rest, was the conversation they had with the English with so much reputation, that they had persuaded very many to believe, that they had all manner of fidelity to the king, and had too much cause to complain of the hard proceedings against them by the power of some of their own countrymen; and the acquaintance they made with some particular lords, to that degree, that they did upon the matter agree what was to be done for the future, and how to obstruct any opposition or proceedings by those who were looked upon as enemies by both sides: for none in Scotland more disliked all that was done in court, and the chief actors there, than those lords of England did; though they were not so well prepared for an expedient for the cure.

The people of Scotland being now reduced to a more implicit obedience, and nobody daring to oppose the most violent proceedings of the most violent persons in authority, they lost no time, as hath been said, to make all preparations for a war they meant to pursue. Most of the king's privy council and great ministers, who (though they had not vigorously performed their duty in support of the regal power) till now had been so reserved, that they seemed not to approve the disorderly proceedings, but now as frankly wedded that interest as any of the leaders, and quickly became the chief of the leaders.

[Of these was] the earl of Argyle: who had been preserved by the king's immediate kindness and full power, and rescued from the anger and fury of his incensed father; who, being provoked

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by the disobedience and insolence of his son, resolved so to have disposed of his fortune, that little should have accompanied the honour after his death. But by the king's interposition, and indeed imposition, the earl, in strictness of the law in Scotland, having need of the king's grace and protection, in regard of his being become Roman Catholic, and his majesty granting all to the son which he could exact from the father, the old man was in the end compelled to make over all his estate to his son; reserving only such a provision for himself, as supported him according to his quality during his life, which he spent in the parts beyond the seas. The king had too much occasion afterwards to remember, that in the close, after his majesty had determined what should be done on either part, the old man declared, "He would "submit to the king's pleasure, though he be"lieved he was hardly dealt with;" and then with some bitterness put his son in mind of his undutiful carriage towards him; and charged him " to carry in his mind how bountiful the king had "been to him;" which yet, he told him, he was sure he would forget: and thereupon said to his majesty, "Sir, I must know this young man better "than you can do: you have brought me low, "that you may raise him; which I doubt you will "live to repent; for he is a man of craft, subtilty, "and falsehood, and can love no man; and if ever "he finds it in his power to do you mischief, he "will be sure to do it." The king considered it only as the effect of his passion, and took no other care to prevent it, but by heaping every day new obligations upon him; making him a privy councillor, and giving him other offices and power to do hurt, thereby to restrain him from doing it; which would have wrought upon any generous nature the effect it ought to have done. This earl (for his father was now dead) came not to Edinburgh during the first troubles; and though he did not dissemble his displeasure against the bishops, because one of them had affronted him, in truth, very rudely, yet he renewed all imaginable professions of duty to the king, and a readiness to engage in his service, if those disorders should continue: but after the pacification and the disbanding of the king's army, and the covenanters declaring that they would adhere to the acts of the Assembly at Glasgow, he made haste to Edinburgh. with a great train of his family and followers; and immediately signed the covenant, engaged for the provision of arms, and raising forces; and in all things behaved himself like a man that might very safely be confided in.

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There wanted not persons still who persuaded the king, "that all might yet be ended without "blood; that there were great divisions amongst "the chief leaders, through emulation and ambi"tion of command; and that the access of the "earl of Argyle to that party would drive others as considerable from it, who never did, nor ever I would, unite with him in any design;" and therefore advised, "that his majesty would require "them to send some persons intrusted by their body to attend him, and give an account of the reasons of their proceedings.' They demanded a safe conduct for the security of the persons they should employ; which was sent accordingly: and thereupon some persons, of the nobility, and others, were commissioned to wait on the king; amongst which the lord Lowden was principally

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relied on for his parts and abilities; a man who was better known afterwards, and whom there will hereafter be so often occasion to mention, as it will not be necessary in this place further to enlarge upon him. They behaved themselves, in all respects, with the confidence of men employed by a foreign state; refused to give any account but to the king himself; and even to himself gave no other reason for what was done, but the authority of the doers, and the necessity that required it; that is, that they thought it necessary: but then they polished this sturdy behaviour with all the professions of submission and duty, which their language could comprehend.

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At this time the king happened to intercept a letter, which had been signed by the chief of the covenanters, and particularly by the lord Lowden, written to the French king, in which they complained "of the hardness and injustice of the government that was exercised over them; put "him in mind of the dependence this kingdom formerly had upon that crown; and desired him now to take them into his protection, and give "them assistance; and that his majesty would I give entire credit to one Colvil, who was the "bearer of that letter, and well instructed in all particulars:" and the letter itself was sealed and directed Au Roy a style only used from subjects to their natural king. This letter being seen and perused by the lords of the council, and the lord Lowden being examined, and refusing to give any other answer, than "That it was writ before the agreement, and thereupon reserved and never sent; that, if he had committed any offence, he ought to be questioned for it in Scotland, and "not in England; and insisting upon his safe "conduct, demanded liberty to return." All men were of opinion, that so foul a conspiracy and treason ought not to be so slightly excused; and that both the lord Lowden and Colvil (who was likewise found in London, and apprehended) should be committed to the Tower: which was done accordingly; all men expecting that they would be brought to a speedy trial.

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This discovery made a very deep impression upon the king; and persuaded him, that such a foul application could never have been thought of, if there had not been more poison in the heart, than could be expelled by easy antidotes; and that the strongest remedies must be provided to root out this mischief: thereupon he first advised with that committee of the council, which used to be consulted in secret affairs, what was to be done. That summer's action had wasted all the money that had been carefully laid up; and, to carry on that vast expense, the revenue of the crown had been anticipated; so that, though the raising an army was visibly necessary, there appeared no means how to raise that army. No expedient occurred to them so proper as a parliament, and which had been now intermitted near twelve years. And though those meetings had of late been attended by some disorders, the effects of mutinous spirits; and the last had been dissolved (as hath been said before) with some circumstances of passion and undutifulness, which so far incensed the king, that he was less inclined to those assemblies; yet this long intermission, and the general composure of men's minds in a happy peace, and universal plenty over the whole nation, (superior sure to what any other nation ever enjoyed,) made

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it reasonably believed, notwithstanding the murmurs of the people against some exorbitancies of the court, that sober men, and such as loved the peace and plenty they were possessed of, would be made choice of to serve in the house of commons; and then the temper of the house of peers was not to be apprehended: but especially the opinion of the prejudice and general aversion over the whole kingdom to the Scots, and the indignation they had at their presumption in their thought of invading England, made it believed, that a parliament would express a very sharp sense of their insolence and carriage towards the king, and provide remedies proportionable.

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The parliament met according to summons upon the 13th of April in the year 1640, with the usual ceremony and formality; and after the king had shortly mentioned his desire to be again acquainted with parliaments, after so long an intermission; and to receive the advice and assist"ance of his subjects there;" he referred the cause of the present convention to be enlarged upon by the lord keeper: who related the whole proceedings of Scotland; "his majesty's condescensions the " year before, in disbanding his army upon their promises and professions; their insolencies "since; and their address to the king of France, by the letter mentioned before;" which the king Upon these motives and reasons, with the unani- had touched upon, and having forgot to make the mous consent and advice of the whole committee, observation upon the superscription himself, he the king resolved to call a parliament; which he required the keeper to do it; who told them, after communicated the same day, or rather took the the whole relation, "That his majesty did not resolution that day, in his full council of state, expect advice from them, much less that they which expressed great joy upon it; and directed" should interpose in any office of mediation, the lord keeper to issue out writs for the meeting "which would not be grateful to him; but that of a parliament upon the 13th day of April then they should, as soon as might be, give his next ensuing; it being now in the month of majesty such a supply, as he might provide for December; and all expedition was accordingly "the vindication of his honour, by raising an used in sending out the said writs, the notice of " army, which the season of the year, and the proit being most welcome to the whole kingdom. gress the rebels had already made, called upon That it might appear that the court was not at "without delay; and his majesty assured them, if all apprehensive of what the parliament would or "they would gratify him with this expedition, that could do; and that it was convened by his majesty's "he would give them time enough afterwards to grace and inclination, not by any motive of neces- represent any grievances to him, and a favoursity; it proceeded in all respects in the same un- "able answer to them;" and so dismissed the popular ways it had done: ship-money was levied commons to choose their speaker; to which with the same severity; and the same rigour used sergeant Glanvile was designed, and chosen the in ecclesiastical courts, without the least compli- same day: a man very equal to the work, very ance with the humour of any man; which was well acquainted with the proceedings in parliagreat steadiness; and, if it were then well pursued, ment; of a quick conception, and of a ready and it degenerated too soon afterwards. voluble expression, dexterous in disposing the house, and very acceptable to them. The earl of Arundel, earl marshal of England, was made lord steward of the king's house; an office necessary in the beginning of a parliament; being to swear all the members of the house of commons before they could sit there. Two days after, the commons presented their speaker to the king, who, in the accustomed manner, approved their choice; upon which they returned to their house, being now formed and qualified to enter upon any debates.

In this interval, between the sealing the writs and the convention of the parliament, the lord keeper Coventry died; to the king's great detriment, rather than to his own. So much hath been said already of this great man, that there shall be no further enlargement in this place, than to say, that he was a very wise and excellent person, and had a rare felicity, in being looked upon generally throughout the kingdom with great affection, and a singular esteem, when very few other men in any high trust were so; and it is very probable, if he had lived to the sitting of that parliament, when, whatever lurked in the hearts of any, there was not the least approach of any irreverence to the crown, that he might have had great authority in the forming those counsels, which might have preserved it from so unhappy a dissolution. His loss was the more manifest and visible in his successor; the seal being within a day or two given to sir John Finch, chief justice of the court of common pleas; a man exceedingly obnoxious to the people upon the business of ship-money; and not of reputation and authority enough to countenance and advance the king's service.

These digressions have taken up too much time, and may seem foreign to the proper subject of this discourse; yet they may have given some light to the obscure and dark passages of that time, which were understood by very few. But for the future, very short mention shall be made of any thing but what immediately relates to the person, whose life is to be herein contained, or what is necessary to explain and illustrate those actions or counsels, in which he was interested or concerned.

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The house met always at eight of the clock, and rose at twelve; which were the old parliament hours; that the committees, upon whom the greatest burden of business lay, might have the afternoons for their preparation and despatch. It was not the custom to enter upon any important business in the first fortnight; both because many members used to be absent so long; and that time was usually thought necessary for the appointment and nomination of committees, and for other ceremonies and preparations that were usual: but there was no regard now to that custom; and the appearance of the members was very great, there having been a large time between the issuing out of the writs and the meeting of the parliament, so that all elections were made and returned, and every body was willing to fall to the work.

Whilst men gazed upon each other, looking who should begin, (much the greatest part having never before sat in parliament,) Mr. Pym, a man of good reputation, but much better known afterwards, who had been as long in those assemblies as any man then living, brake the ice, and in a set discourse of

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above two hours, after mention of the king with | sobriety, the court was impatient that no advance the most profound reverence, and commendation was yet made towards a supply; which was foreof his wisdom and justice, he observed, "That by seen would take up much time, whensoever they "the long intermission of parliaments many un- went about it, though never so cordially; and "warrantable things had been practised, notwith- therefore they prevailed with the house of peers, standing the great virtue of his majesty:" and which was more entirely at the king's disposal, then enumerated all the projects which had been that it would demand a conference with the house set on foot; all the illegal proclamations which of commons, and then propose to them, by way of had been published, and the proceedings which advice, "That they would begin with giving the had been upon those proclamations; the judgment king a supply, in regard of the urgency and even upon ship-money; and many grievances which necessity of his affairs, and afterwards proceed related to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction; summing" upon their grievances, or any thing else as they up shortly, and sharply, all that most reflected "thought fit:" and the house of peers accordingly upon the prudence and the justice of the govern- did give their advice to this purpose at a conferment; concluding, "That he had only laid that ence. This conference was no sooner reported in "scheme before them, that they might see how the house of commons, than their whole temper "much work they had to do to satisfy their seemed to be shaken. It was the undoubted fun66 country; the method and manner of the doing damental privilege of the commons in parliament, "whereof he left to their wisdoms." Mr.Grimston that all supplies should have their rise and begininsisted only on the. business of ship-money; ning from them; this had never been infringed, or the irregular and preposterous engaging the violated, or so much as questioned in the worst judges to deliver their opinion to the king, and times; and that now after so long intermission of their being afterwards divided in their judgment; parliaments, that all privileges might be forgotten, and said, "He was persuaded, that they, who the house of peers should begin with an action gave their opinions for the legality of it, did it their ancestors never attempted, administered too against the dictamen of their own conscience." much cause of jealousy of somewhat else that was Peard, a bold lawyer, of little note, inveighed more intended; and so with an unanimous consent they passionately against it, calling it an abomination: declared it to be " so high a breach of privilege, upon which, Herbert, the king's solicitor, with all "that they could not proceed upon any other imaginable address, in which he then excelled, put "matter until they first received satisfaction and them in mind" with what candour his majesty had "reparation from the house of peers ;" and which proceeded in that, and all other things which the next day they demanded at a conference. "related to the administration of justice to all his lords were sensible of their error; which had been "people; that, how persuaded soever he was within foreseen, and dissuaded by many of them; they "himself of the justice as well as necessity of acknowledged the privilege of the commons as levying ship-money, he would not send out a fully as they demanded it, and hoped they had "writ for the doing thereof, till he received the "not broken it by offering their advice to them "affirmative advice of all the judges of England; " without mentioning the nature of the supply, the "and when the payment was opposed by a gentle- proportion, or manner of raising it, which they 'man," (and then he took occasion to stroke "confessed belonged entirely to them :" in fine, and commend Mr. Hambden, who sat under they desired them, "that this might be no occahim, for his great temper and modesty in the pro- "sion of wasting their time, but that they would secution of that suit,)" the king was very well" proceed their own way, and in their own method, "contented that all the judges of England should "determine the right; that never any cause had "been debated and argued more solemnly before "the judges; who, after long deliberation between "themselves, and being attended with the records, "which had been cited on both sides, delivered "each man his opinion and judgment publicly in "the court, and so largely, that but two judges argued in a day; and after all this, and a judg"ment with that solemnity pronounced for the king, by which the king was as legally possessed "of that right, as of any thing else he had; that any particular man should presume to speak "against it with that bitterness, and to call it an abomination, was very offensive, and unwarrant"able; and desired that that gentleman, who had "used that expression, might explain himself, and "then withdraw." Very many called him to the bar; and the solicitor's discourse was thought to have so much weight in it, that Mr. Peard very hardly escaped a severe reprehension; which is mentioned only that the temper and sobriety of that house may be taken notice of, and their dissolution, which shortly after fell out, the more lamented.

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Though the parliament had not sat above six or seven days, and had managed all their debates, and their whole behaviour, with wonderful order and

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upon the affairs of the kingdom." This gave no satisfaction; was no reparation; and served their turn who had no mind to give any supply without discovering any such dissatisfaction, which would have got them no credit, the house being generally exceedingly disposed to please the king, and to do him service. But this breach of privilege, which was craftily enlarged upon, as if it swallowed up all their other privileges, and made them wholly subservient to the peers, was universally resented. A committee was appointed to examine precedents of former times, in case of violation of their privileges by the lords, though not of that magnitude, and thereupon to prepare a protestation to be sent up to the house of peers, and to be entered in their own Journal; and in the mean time no proceedings to be in the house upon any public [business,] except upon some report from a committee.

After some days had been passed in this manner, and it not being in view when this debate would be at an end, the king thought of another expedient, and sent a message in writing to the commons by sir Henry Vane, who was now both secretary of state and treasurer of the household, and at that time of good credit there; wherein his majesty took notice, "that there was some difference be"tween the two houses, which retarded the trans

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