the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare; binding themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.

several states.

ART. 4. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friend- Mutual privileges of the ship and intercourse among the people of the different states free inhabitin this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, pau- ants of the pers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice, excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any state to any other state, of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction, shall be laid by any state on the property of the United States or either of them.

of crimes to ba

If any person guilty of or charged with treason, felony, or Persons guilty other high misdemeanor, in any state, shall flee from justice, given up. and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or executive power of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offence.

Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to Faith to be given to the the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and ma- acts of each gistrates of every other state.

state.

Delegates to

ART. 5. For the more convenient management of the gene- be annually ral interests of the United States, delegates shall be an- appointed, &c. nually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state Each state to recall its delegates or any of them, at any time within the delegates, &c. year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.

may recall its

Number and

No state shall be represented in congress by less than two capacity of nor by more than seven members; and no person shall be ca- delegates. pable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emolument of any kind.

Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of Each state to the states, and while they act as members of the committee of maintain its the states.

own delegates.

In determining questions in the United States in congress Each state to assembled, each state shall have one vote.

have one vote. Privileges of

members of

Freedom of speech and debate in congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of congress; congress. and the members of congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their

No state to

foreign pow

ers.

Persons hold

going to and from and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.

ART. 6. No state, without the consent of the United States negotiate with in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty, with any king, prince, or state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state; nor shall the United States in congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.

ing offices not

to accept presents.

Congress not to grant titles of nobility.

Treaties be

more states

No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederatween two or tion, or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United States in congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.

prohibited.

ties.

No state to No state shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere lay interfering imposts or du- with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States in congress assembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congress to the courts of France and Spain.

Regulations respecting na

val and military establish ments, the militia, &c.

No state, except in certain cases, to en

gage in war;

nor grant commissions to

&c.

No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, except such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in congress assembled for the defence of such state or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state in time of peace, except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state; but every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and have constantly ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.

No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the United States in congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to armed vessels, invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States in congress assembled can be consulted; nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in congress assembled, unless such state be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in congress assembled shall determine otherwise.

Officers of the

ART. 7. When land forces are raised by any state for the land force, un- common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel,

respectively.

shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respectively, der the rank of colonel, to by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such be appointed state shall direct; and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state by the states which first made the appointment. ART. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall All charges of be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states in proportion to the value of all land within each state granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land The treasury to be supplied and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated, by contribu according to such mode as the United States in congress assem- tions of the bled shall from time to time direct and appoint.

war, &c. to be of a common

defrayed out

treasury.

states.

laid and levied

The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied Taxes to be by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several by the states states, within the time agreed upon by the United States in respectively. congress assembled.

congress.

ART. 9. The United States in congress assembled shall have Powers of the the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article-of sending and receiving ambassadors-entering into treaties and alliances; provided, that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever-of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated-of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace-appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high scas, and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures; provided, Members of that no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.

congress not

to

be judges of admiralty

courts.

Congress the

exercise its

The United States in congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now sub- last resort for deciding dissisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more states putes between concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause what- states. ever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following: whenever the legislative or executive authority Mode in which or lawful agent of any state in controversy with another shall congress shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in question, authority for and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by deciding dis order of congress to the legislative or executive authority of states. the other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties, by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the > list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one,

putes between

Judges to be

appointed by lot.

be final and

conclusive.

the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven nor more than nine names, as congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of congress, be drawn out by lot; and the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges, who shall Opinions of a hear the cause, shall agree in the determination: and if either majority of judges to pre- party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without vail, &c. showing reasons which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or reJudgment to fusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear, or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence, and other proceedings, being in either case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts of congress for the security of the parties concerned: provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state, where the cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward:" provided also, that no state shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States.

Sentence and proceedings to be lodged among the

acts of congress.

Oath to be

taken by the judges. Proviso.

Congress also to determine

Controversies concerning

private rights

of soil.

Further pow

ers of con

gress.

All controversies concerning the private right of soil, claimed under different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdiction as they may respect such lands and the states which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the congress of the United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different states.

The United States in congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states-fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States-regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians not members of any of the states; provided that the legislative right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or violated-establishing and regulating post offices from one state to another throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office-appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of the United States, excepting regimental

officers-appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United States-making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.

committee of

powers of con

The United States in congress assembled shall have autho- Congress to rity to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of congress, to appoint a be denominated "a committee of the states;" and to consist the states. of one delegate from each state, and to appoint such other Additional committees and civil officers as may be necessary for manag- gress enume ing the general affairs of the United States, under their direc- rated. tion to appoint one of their number to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses-to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half year to the respective states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted-to build and equip a navy-to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such state; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in congress assembled: but if the United States in congress assembled, shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should not raise men or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped, in the same manner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same; in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in congress assembled.

the powers

votes of nine

determine any

The United States in congress assembled shall never en- Congress not gage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time to exercise of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin enumerated money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums unless by the and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the states; nor to United States or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow mo- question, exney on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, cept for adjournment nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or from day to purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, day, without nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same; nor shall a question on any

the sanction