of war.

of commerce and general industry; Prussian prisoners,, taken by the leaving what was farther to be com- French in the war with Prussia, municated on these heads to his 1806-7, is estimated at 5,179 offi. ministers. Mollien, the minister of cers, and 123,418 privates and the French treasury, or exchequer, subalterns : the number of killed in the printed budget, as we would at about 50,000. There is a very say, for 1807, congratulates his natural transition from this exulting emperor on this subject in the fol. report of the minister of war, to that lowing terms : 6 Your majesty, of Visconti, one of the directors of sire, has protected your people the Imperial Museum of Arts. It from both the scourge and burthen records, as the spoil collected in the

Your armies have added North by the Protector of the to their harvest of glory one of fo- Arts, 350 paintings; 242 rare and reign contributions, which has en precious MSS. many of them ori.

. sured their support, their clothing, ental; 50 statues; 80 busts; 192 and their pay.” This last compli. articles of bronze, armour, &c. ment, indeed, had nothing in it of At the same time that Buona. the exaggeration of flattery. During parte used every means for flatterthe whole of the campaign, or ra. ing French vanity, and feeding the ther campaigns, of 1807, in the hopes of a sanguine and volatile North, the treasury of Paris was people, he was anxious to destroy overflowing. A large sum, exclu- any remains they possessed of li. sive of the foreign or exterior ex. berty, and to render the form of actions for the maintenance of the government purely monarchical. troops, the splendid establishments By' a senatus-consultum of the of the generals, and the gratification 19th August, communicated to the of private cupidity, was thrown into legislative body on the 18th of Septhe list of ways and means, in or. tember, the tribunate was abolish, der to favour an idea that had been ed, and the members of this, still publicly insinuated, that foreign retaining their former salaries untribute would one day exonerate diminished, transferred into the the masters of the world from the legislative body: committees of burthens they now bore; just as in which were thenceforth to do the the history of the Romans, the mi. business of the tribupes. It was Jitary at all times, and at one pe- possible that a conjuncture might riod the whole states of Italy, were arise, which might strike out a exempted from taxation. In the spark of liberty, and even kindle budget of 1807, the whole of the a flame of patriotism among the receipts of the treasury for the tribunes, a kind of representatives, preceding year, was stated at or advocates of the people. But 986,992,539 livres; but this print. there was no danger of such an aced account is generally supposed to cident happening in the senate. be greatly short of what was actu. The princes of the blood, that is, ally collected: which has been esti. the blood of Buonaparte, are memmated by some at 50, and by others bers of the senate by their quality : at not less than 55 millions sterling. the great dignitaries of the state,

In the report of the minister of officially. And to this body, are war, of July 1807, the number of associated the generals of division

1

In every

detached from foreign service : so is, a government on the plan of that that all these classes taken together, of France, and the Freuch language possess almost a numerical prepon. established in its courts. derancy in the senate. The meet. thing, France gave the ton, and ings of the senate are always pri. was held to be a model of excelvate. Strangers may be admitted lence. In one of the numbers of to those of the legislative body; the Westphalian Moniteur, the but not to those of 'the senate. French are called 66 la noblesse This last, during the whole double du genre humain.”

Clerks were campaign in the North, was not once draughted from the post-offices of assembled.

Paris to conduct similar establishAccording to the constitution, ments in Hamburgh and Dantzig. the judges were chosen for life. The custom house officers of Bour. But by a senatus-consultum of the deaux and Nants regulated the 12th of October this year, it was en. whole southern coast of the Baltic. acted, that they should undergo a For the purpose of excluding the probation of five years, and then be English commerce, as was given continued, or dismissed. A com

A com. out, and probably still more for mission was also created for the that of retaining those parts in subpurpose of enquiring into the con. jection, French troops lined the duct of the judges in being, that whole coast of Holland. Lewis the emperor might remove such as Buonaparte, acceding, of course, should be pronounced unfit for their to the desire of his brother, in stations. In all political cases, and shutting the ports of Holland against all cases of alleged fraud and eva. the English, was nevertheless be. sion, the authority of the ordinary lieved to be too indulgent to the courts was superseded by special trading nation on whom he was im. tribunals: one of which, consisting posed. Napoleon therefore, after of three judges appointed by the a severe reprimand, ordered him emperor, was established in each not to let the fishing-boats, by department.

means of which a smuggling trade The common objects of fiscal re. was carried on with the English, gulations, and the political dominion go to sea, without having in each of the conscription, and of espion, a soldier, who should make a reage, placed all offices of profit or port of their proceedings. trust, throughout the empire, that Buonaparte, for the establish, is, France, Italy, and the Low ment of his influence and dominion Countries, in the hands of French. in Germany, demanded in marriage men. In the countries, nominally for his brother Jerome, whom he allied to France, which were treated had torn from his American wife, with less lepity than the territories a daughter of the elector, or king annexed to the empire, public au- of Saxony. The princess firmly thority was everywhere exercised resisted this project, and rejected by Frenchmen. Not only were the the proposal with abhorrence. Af. government and civil employments ter this, Jerome was married to the in the kingdom of Westphalia ad- princess Catharine of Wirtemberg. ministered exclusively by French- In both Westphalia and Bavaria, men; but the Napoleon code, that the men proper for bearing arms,

were organized into national guards, England, from Otranto to the seven and drilled and trained with the isles in the Ionian sea, whose inde. greatest diligence and activity. Nor pendence had been recognized in a did Buonaparte hesitate to initiate treaty between the Sublime Porte the Bavarian generals in all the se- and Russia. All the seaport towns crets or principles of the French of Italy, those of the ecclesiastical tactics. Ile had great confidence states not excepted, were occupied in the king and court of Bavaria. by French troops, under the preHe considered them as the rivals tence of preventing their commerce and enemies of the Austrians, with England. On the same preagainst whom he designed in due tence of waging war with the comtime to employ them. For he could merce of England, and enforcing plainly perceive that Austria was the continental blockade, for the not to be brought under his sub. purpose of compelling the common jection without a struggle. She was enemy to make a maritime peace, then, and had ever since the peace large bodies of troops were marched of Presburg been very actively em- to Boulogne, to Toulon, to Bour. ployed in fostering a military spirit, deaux, and above all to Bayonne. and reviving public credit. The The treaty of Tilsit was hardly French troops were not withdrawn concluded, when Buonaparte turned from Silesia, or other parts of Prus. his eyes towards the west of Eu. sia. The Austrian fortress of Bran. rope, and resolved on the subjuga. nau, that had been retained con. tion of Portugal and Spain. Or, trary to the treaty of Presburg, was perhaps, it was at first his design, at last restored in October 1807; not directly or formally to subyert hut the Austrian territory on the ths thrones of these kingdoms; but right bank of the Ilonzo was not. under the veil of alliance and union, In exchange for this, by a treaty to reduce them to the same total concluded at Fontainbleau in that dependence on himself, as the con. month, the Austrians found it con. federation of the Rhine, Holland, venient to accept the town and dis. Switzerland, and Italy. Indeed, it trict of Montfalcone, on the left would appear that he had some eye bank of that river; though, as the 'to this extension of his conquests, Austrians affirm, * this was not when he called the flower of the equal in value to the tenth part of Spanish troops, as we have just the territory cened on the right of seen, to Germany. He fomented, the Ilonzo.

through Beauharnois, his ambassador Some of the secret articles of the at the court of Madrid, discord in treaty of Tilsit were disclosed so the royal family of Spain, that he early as the latter part of August. might assume to himself the arbi.. The mouths of the Cattaro were tration of their differences. The evacuated by the Russians, and put ambassador suggested to the prince into the hands of the French; and of Asturias, the idea of intermarryFrench troops were carried by ships ing with a princess related to the belonging to Russia, though yet emperor Napoleon. The anxiety professing peace and amity towards of the prince to avoid another con. * Austrian Manifesto, April 1809.

nection,

nection, into which an attempt was who now, being afraid, thought pro. made to force him, with a lady se- per to recede, and to mediate a re. lected for him by his greatest ene

conciliation between the royal pa. my, the favourite at once of the rents and their son.

He forged queen and the king, and on that ac- penitential letters, November 5, to count alone the object of his aver- both the king and queen, and made sion, induced him to acquiesce in the prince of Asturias, while a prithe proposition of Beauharnois; soner, sign them.* There is nothing with the reservation that it was to in the confessions of the prince, of a meet with the approbation of his very heinous nature; andall that they royal parents; and he wrote a let. can be fairly supposed to allude to, ter, signifying his wishes, to the is the step he had taken, in writing French emperor. The clandestine to Napoleon, without the king's communication between the prince knowledge, on the subject of the of Asturias, and other circumstances projected marriage. But a decrea artfully prepared, gave colour to an that had been addressed, November accusation of the innocent prince, 3, to archbishops, bishops, prelates, A few days after he wrote that let. and all the clergy, both secular and ter, the prince of Asturias was ar. irregular, for a solemn thanksgiving rested and confined in the monas. to God for the king's deliverance, tery of St. Laurence. On the 31st was calculated to preserve the idea, of October, all the members of the that the prince hail formed or en. different councils of state being as. tered into a conspiracy against his sembled, a declaration by the king father's government, if not his life. was read, of a discovery that the On the same day that the prince's prince of Asturias had formed a letters were received by the king conspiracy for dethroning him. He and queen, November 5, a royal had been surprised, it was said, in edict was addressed to the governor his own apartments, with the cy. ad interim of the council of Casa phers of his correspondence; which tille, declaring that the voice of na. were laid before the council of Cas. ture having disarmed the hand of tille, with instructions to them to vengeance, the king had been moved investigate the whole matter. The by pity, and the intercession of the

, whole Spanish nation instantly sus. queen, to pardon his penitent son, pected that the pretended conspi- who had given information against racy was an infernal calumny fabric the authors of the horrible design in cated by the Prince of the Peace, contemplation.t

P , Don Emanuel Godoy, for the pur- Such was the state of affairs, pose of removing the only obstacle when a French courier arrived at that then opposed his audacious the royal palace of St. Laurence, ambition.

with a treaty concluded and signed The imprisonment of the prince at Fontainebleau, on the 27th of of Asturias, and the decree fulmi. October, by don Eugenio Isquiernated against his royal person, pro- do, as plenipotentiary of his catholic , duced an effect quite contrary to majesty, and marshal Duroc, in the the expectations of the favourite ; name of the emperor of the French.

Seo these letters, State Papers, page 753, + Vide State Papers, page 752.

By this treaty, it was agreed, among his majesty the emperor of the
other articles, that the province of French and king of Italy. By a
Entre Minho y Duero, with the city secret convension, it was agreed
of Oporto, should be made overin en- that French troops should be ad.
tire property and sovereignty to the mitted into Spain, where they were
hing Etruria, with the title of king to be joined by bodies of Spanish
of Northern Lusitania. The province troops, and march into Portugal.
of Alentejo, and the kingilom of The troops to be subsisted and
the Algarves, in entire property maintained by Spain, during their
and sovereignty, to the prince of march through that country, but to
Peace, to be by him enjoyed under be paid by France. The main body
the title of prince of the Algarves. of the army to be under the orders
The provinces of Beira, Tras los of the commander of the French
Montes, and Portuguese Estrema. troops: nevertheless, it was added,
dura, were to remain undisposed should the king of Spain, or the
of, until there should be a general prince of the Peace, think fit to
peace. The kingdom of Northern join the said body, the French
Lusitania, and the principality of troops, with the general command.
the Algarves, were to acknowledge ing them, were to be subject to
as their protector, his catholic ma. their order. It is probable that
jesty, the king of Spain, and in no Buonaparte was under no hesita.
case to make peace or war without tation is paying them this compli.
his consent. In case of the pro. ment.* Another body of French
vinces of Beira, Tras los Montes, troops, to the number of 40,000,
and Portuguese Estremaclura, held was to be assembled at Bayonne by
in sequestration, devolving at a ge. the 20th of November next, at the
neral peace to the huuse of Bra., latest, to be ready to enter Spain,
ganza, in exchange for Gibraltar, for the purpose of proceeding to
Trinidad, and other colonies, which Portugal, in case the English should
the English had conquered from send reinforcements there, or me.
Spain and her allies; the new sove. nace it with aggression.+
reign of these provinces was to While bodies of French troops
have, with respect to his catholic poured into Spain, or advanced to.
majesty, the same obligations as the wards it, Buonaparte set out on a
king of Northern Lusitania, and to journey to Italy from Fontainbleau,
hold them on the same conditions. November 15, and arrived at Milan,
His majesty the king of Etruria on the 21st. The intention of this
ceded the kingdom of Etruria, in journey had been announced in all his
full property and sovereignty, to gazettes. It was preceded by great

When Buonaparte learnt low popular the prince of Asturias was in Spain, and how the king had pardoned his supposed offence, this compliment was transa ferred to that prince. He took bim under bis protection, adorned him with the grand cross of the legion of honour, and appointed him generalissimo of the combined French and Spanish army, destined for the invasion of Portugal: thus, et once flattering and dishonouring him.

+ Exposition of the Practices and Machinations which led to the Usurpation of the Crown of Spain, &c. &c. By Don Pedro Cevallos, first Secretary of State and Dispatches to His Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII.

preparation