same entry, which are brought into the same view, should be of uniform height. The smaller doors which are found on sale are 2 ft. 4 in. x 6 feet; for water closets, or very small pantries, they are sometimes made as narrow as 20 inches, but any less height than 6 feet will not afford requisite head room. 2 ft. 9 in. × 7 ft., 3 ft. x 7 ft. 6 in., or 3 ft. 6 in. × 8 ft., are well proportioned 6 panelled doors. But the apparent proportions of a door may be varied by the omission of the parting rail, making the door 4 panelled, or narrowed still more by the omission of the lock rail, making a 2 panelled door. Sometimes the muntin is omitted, making but one panel; but this of course will not add to the appearance of width, but the reverse. Wide panels are objectionable, as they are apt to shrink from the mouldings and crack.

When the width of the door exceeds 5 feet, it is generally made in two parts, each part being hung to its side of the frame, or one part hung to the other, so as to fold back like a shutter; or the parts may be made to slide back into pockets or grooves in the partition, as shown in plan and horizontal section, figs. 11 and 12. One of the doors in the drawing is shown as a sash door, the other close panels, so as to give two illustrations in the same diagram; the same may be said of the architrave. It may be unnecessary to say that in construction both sides and doors should be uniform. The upper panels of the close door may be made of glass; the finish around this half of the door is with an architrave, as in fig. 9, but with different mouldings. The finish over the other half of the door is an entablature, supported by pilasters A, commonly called by carpenters antæ, though not correctly so, the antæ being pilasters at the end of a projecting wall.

Figs. 1 and 2, Plate VII., are the elevation and horizontal section of an antæ finished outside door, with side lights C C, and a top, fan, or transom light B. The bar A is called a transom, and this term is applied generally to horizontal bars extending across openings, or even across

rooms.

This is the present

Fig. 3 is the elevation of an outside folding door. The plan (fig. 4), shows a vestibule V, and an interior door. The outer doors, when open, fold back into the pockets or recesses, pp, in the wall. usual form of doors for first-class houses in this city. made semicircular, and also the head of the upper panels of the door; these panels in the interior or vestibule door are of glass.

The fan lights are

Windows are apertures for the admission of light to the building, for ventilation, and for looking out. When used for the admission of light only, the sashes may be stationary, as they sometimes are in churches, but

for most positions they are intended for all these purposes, and therefore the sashes are made to open, either by sliding vertically, or laterally, or like doors.

The first is the common form of window, the sashes are generally balanced by weights; the second, except in a cheap form in mechanics' shops, are seldom used; the third are called casements, or French windows.

Figs. 5 and 6 represent the parts of the common sash window and its shutters, broken, so as to show the details on a large scale. The general outside appearance of this window is familiar, and represented simply in the elevations, Plate IV. Fig. 5, Plate VII., is the elevation of the window and shutter, in which S designates the sill of the sash frame, W the stone sill, with a wash to discharge the water, B is the bottom rail of the sash, M the meeting rails, and T the top rail, H is the head of the sash frame, A the architrave similar to that around doors. In the sectional plan, CC are the window stiles, F the pulley stile, w w the sash weights, p the parting strip, and DD double fold shutters. Sash windows for dwellings are almost always made with twelve lights, six in each sash. The height of the window must of course depend on the height of the room, Unless the windows begin from, or nearly from, the floor, the point a (fig. 5), may be fixed at a height of about 30 inches above the floor, and the top of the window sufficiently below the ceiling to allow space for the architrave or other finish above the window, and for the cornice of the room, if there be any; a little space between these adds to the effect. For common windows, the width of the sash is 4 inches more than that of the glass, and the height 6 inches more; thus the sash of a window 3 lights wide and 4 lights high, of 12 x 16 glass, is 3 feet 4 inches wide, and 5 feet 10 inches high. In plate glass windows more width is taken for the stiles and rails. The most usual sizes of glass are 7 x 9, 8 x 10, 9 x 12, 10 x 12, 10 × 14, 11 x 15, 12 × 16, 12 x 18, 12 x 20, 14 x 20, but glass may be had of intermediate or of much larger sizes. Plate glass, either polished or rough, may be had of size as large as 14 x 7 feet.

Fig. 7 represents the elevation of half of a French window, the same letters designate similar parts as in fig. 5. A transom bar is often framed between the meeting rails, and in this case the upper sash may be movable; in the fig. it is fixed. An upright, called a mullion, is often introduced in the centre, against which the sash shuts. Fig. 8 is a section of the elevation, fig. 9 of the plan.

For convenience of egress and ingress, the lower sashes should not be less than 5 feet 6 inches high, that is, when the window opens on a stoop or balcony. It will be seen that in both forms of sash the bottom rail is the

widest, and that for the same aperture the French window admits the least light. The chief objection to this window lies in the difficulty of keeping out the rain at the bottom in a driving storm. To obviate this, the small moulding d, with a drip or undercut, is nailed to the bottom rail; but the more effectual means is the patent weather strip, the same as used on outside doors.

The most simple exterior finish for windows in brick or stone houses, is a plain stone cap and sill, the height of the cap for common apertures being from four to five courses of brick, and the sill three courses, the latter always to project from one to two inches beyond the line of brickwork. Usually in wooden structures, and often in stone and brick, an architrave is formed around the window (figs. 54, and 55). For brick houses the facings are made of stone. The architrave should not project so much as to interfere with the shutting back of the blinds. Blinds are commonly three-eighths of an inch narrower, and one inch longer than the sash.

Fig. 56 represents a section of the finish around the bottom of the wall of a room. A, is the base, consisting of a plain strip or skirting, with a moulding above it. B, is the surbase or chain rail; between these, it is not unusual to have a panelled or plain board, called the dado. The rough plastering is usually continued to the floor, the skirting and surbase are then nailed on, the hard finish is next put on, and lastly the base moulding. The panels of the dado are imitated in oil or distemper; the surbase is seldom used but in dining rooms or offices.