LAND USE PLANNING It is critical at this time to re-evaluate the present trends in land use concepts to consider the factors of air pollution, water pollution, and refuse handling. The Technical capabilities are now available to handle most of the problems if addressed to early enough in the planning process. The foremost problem here is the residential space heating in northern latitudes and the disposal of solid waste by various forms of grinding, composting, and incineration. The problem of power generation using conventional fossil fuels offers little relief at this time. Unless better methods can be found for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases and for controlling suspended particulate, new locations or methods must be found for our larger power plants. New industrial parks that can accommodate most of the existing industry can be developed using present control technology. However, the emphasis should be placed on the existing marginal plants which have processes that cannot be controlled without completely re-designing and rebuilding the facility. Additional attention should be given to new combinations of educational facilities, research facilities, light manufacturing, and service industries that have high wage scales and relatively low pollution for central locations. TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM I feel that the most serious problem yet to be correlated with respect to Air Pollution Control is the planning and operating of the national expressway system through high density living and working areas. It appears from preliminary investigations that the concentration of automobiles within the central city using converging expressways and large municipal parking lots will create a serious concentration of Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide in areas of limited ventilation. Unless some type of new power unit is developed within a relatively short time the re-evaluation of rapid transit and public transportation in the central city and commercial areas must be re-considered. ZONING AND CODE ENFORCEMENT The Zoning and Code Enforcement now has two ugly sides to the problem ; 1. the expanding suburban community, and 2. the rebuilding of the central city. It is disappointing to see the suburban communities making familiar mistakes with regard to zoning and code enforcement and within a relatively short time many of these communities will have serious problems concerning conflicts of activities. The quantitative air pollution criteria must be added to existing zoning and land use plans. Careful zoning and strict code enforcement must be related to the pollution potential of each new project. FEDERAL POLICY This Department strongly supports the air pollution legislation to-date and is enthusiastically behind President Johnson's Air Quality Act of 1967 especially in the area of: Item 1. Emission standards for selected industries that contribute heavily to air pollution. Item 2. Regional Air Quality Commissions to enforce pollution control measures in "regional airsheds" that cut across state and local boundaries. . . . Item 7. Appropriate measures to encourage industry and local governments to abate pollution.. Implementing such a program as rapidly as possible would do much to catch up on the Air Pollution Problem. The re-developing of urban areas and increases in density, often times have neglected the problems of space heating, and solid refuse disposal. The planner and architect must work together with city officials to provide the best use of existing technology. Federal policy regarding community improvement has been negligent with regard to urban renewal and conservation programs. The glamorizing of the exterior of an area has taken precedence over the fundamental change in space heating, and solid refuse disposal methods. If a change in air quality is desired within the re-development areas steps must be taken now with regard to minimum standards for heating plants, loan policy designed to encourage the use of cleaner fuels, and better solid refuse handling methods must be encouraged. PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION One most important aspect of the cooperative air pollution control program outlined here is a vigorous Public Information and Education Program. Air Pollution is endured in a community because of apathy and lack of leadership to correct the situation. The problem continues because the public is not informed and the community leaders have not been given the incentive to take appropriate action. Through our Public Information and Education Program, we put forth special effort to keep the public informed, in laymen's language, of the progress of the program and specific information regarding the sources and effects of air pollution on Chicagoans. Special attention is given to community groups and their immediate problems. Volunteers are trained in the use of smoke-reading devices and procedures for reporting violations. Newsletters and special publications are mailed to a selected list of more than 3,000 persons and groups. Good relations with the local press are constantly maintained. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Chicago's Air Resource Management concept can provide a sound basis for coordinating emission limits with desired air quality; and modern technology can be applied to most processes, including the internal combustion engine. However, more money is needed now to meet the challenge of a growing population and expanding industry. Fifty or sixty cents per capita may well be a goal for each person to provide adequate programs to improve and maintain desired air quality, but the desire for a cleaner environment is rapidly becoming a national issue. As more information is obtained on health and economic damage of air pollution, the desire for clean air will surely increase. Another factor often neglected is the "opportunity cost" of a polluted atmosphere in our urban centers. Records show that many profitable industries are moving to suburbia, leaving behind low-paying, marginal industries that hinder redevelopment and discourage the establishment of new industries and commercial activities in the central city. We believe that only a strong prosperous central city can provide centralized transportation, communications, and financial centers necessary to provide job opportunities for the entire Metropolitan Area. Chicago is taking the initiative in setting the pace for re-development with clean air policy firmly designed in the program. The success of a program to operate within established Air Quality Standards and established Emission Standards will require an "Information Data Base" that will lend itself for Real-Time action within the limitation of making meteorological or demand predictions and provide enforcement procedures that will divert a disaster before we have a London, Donora, or Muse Valley incident. The success of our program in a great measure has been due to the foresight of our Mayor, Richard J. Daley and Mr. Vernon G. MacKenzie, Deputy Chief, Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control, whose leadership, encouragement and confidence allowed this Department to seriously address an Urban problem long before the days of popular concern and nation interest. Mr. STANLEY. First, I would like to say a little bit about my own background. I am an industrial and mechanical engineer with a background in business administration. I was asked by Mayor Daley to assist in this program in 1962. We made a tour throughout the country. We visited the programs that were going on in various areas and we got most of our help directly from the Los Angeles area. What you see here are some advancements in what they have done and some of the new technology. They have had other kinds of systems and we have applied new generation computers-third generation computers. Senator TYDINGS. Would you identify your associate. Mr. STANLEY. Mr. Samuel Booras, Assistant Director of our Technical Services Division. He helped design and implement most of what you will see here, and if there are any technical questions he will be able to reply to them. Senator TYDINGS. We are delighted to welcome you, Mr. Booras, to the subcommittee. Mr. STANLEY. Here is our organizational chart. (See chart A.) Essentially, we have 120 people. Thirty of these are supported by various Federal Grants which we have had. The other 90 are directly supported by the corporate budget. We have one man assigned to our office as part of the technical aid and assistance group from the Division of Air Pollution Control. This is essentially how our program began. It was originally $590,000 in 1963, and has gone up to $1,041,000 in 1967. This is what we actually expended. These are the matching grants. These are Federal matching grants. We obtained the largest single Federal grant given by the division which was $393,000 for three years. We also received another one for about $90,000 for testing fluid fed incinerator control devices. This is what it costs to operate our program. On the corporate level, you will see here, the expenditures for 1966, about $850,000. The revenues we received from various fees and services that we render is about $550,000, so that the burden of the cost to the taxpayer directly is about $300,000 for our program. (See chart B.) The largest single source of revenue is our annual inspection of fuel and refuse burning equipment. We have completely automated this. We got started a little bit late, so we had to move faster. We committed all the annual inspections we were doing to punched cards. We would go out and inspect with a mark-sense sheet similar to this (see charts N and O). It is printed out on a computer and the inspector goes out and marks it in code. He notes defects in garbage handling, which we will go into in a few minutes. We have a complete complaint history, and we have previous tickets and court suits, which are automatically handled on a computer. Along with some of the defects, we send a letter out, saying, we do an annual inspection, and so on. If there are a number of defects that add up to a fire hazard, the computer automatically prints out a fire listing, and we send the list over to the fire department and they act upon it. On the third occasion if the man continues to ignore our notices, we finally send out a summons and bring him into a court hearing, and he has to comply to our regulations. (See charts D and E.) The other areas from which we draw some of our resources for our engineering activity, are the revenues we get from the various engineering services-fuel burning, refuse burning, and process and |