AFTER the close of the examinations of the year 1857, a public meeting of the Queen's University was held in St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle, on the 3rd of October, 1857, for the conferring of degrees and diplomas.

A large number of distinguished persons having taken their places in the Examination Hall, the Senate of the University, the Professors and Examiners, and the candidates, entered it in procession.

The VICE-CHANCELLOR, attended by the Secretary, then proceeded to the entrance of the hall, and conducted his Excellency the LORD LIEUTENANT to the chair set apart for him.

After all were seated, the VICE-CHANCELLOR rose and addressed the assembly in the following terms:

On this, the seventh occasion of the assembly of the Senate of the Queen's University to confer degrees and honors on the students of the Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway, I have the gratification of announcing an important increase in the number of the candidates for these distinctions above those of the classes of 1855 and 1856. Eleven students have passed the required examinations for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and an equal number have passed the first medical examination. preparatory to their proceeding in a future year to that for this degree. Nine have passed the examination for the degree of Master of Arts; twenty-seven have been considered qualified by the examiners for the degree of Bachelor in that Faculty, and three for that of Bachelor of Laws; one student is deemed worthy of our diploma of Elementary Law; one of that of Agriculture, and one of the diploma of Engineering; making altogether the number of sixty-five collegiate students, whose names are to be placed on the records of the University: a number considerably exceeding that of the highest former year, 1853, when forty-six were so presented, and more than double that of last year, which was only thirty-two. We have also on this occasion one candidate from Trinity College, for admission to the ad eundem degree of Doctor of Laws, and which the Senate has authorized me to confer upon him, pursuant to the powers of our University charter. As in former years, so in this, some candidates for degrees have not been successful. They are, however, few in number-two only of those who sought the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and three of the candidates for that of Bachelor of Arts; and, as has also occurred on previous occasions, several students (I believe twenty-eight in all), announced their intention of appearing as candidates for some of our degrees or diplomas, who have not finally taken their places before the examiners, but who, I hope, have only postponed their completing their academic career to the period of the next year's examinations. Of the students now before us, many have been successful in the separate examinations held for competition for honors in the various branches of classical and scientific learning specified in our ordinances. And I may, I think, looking to the general result, very fairly congratulate the University and the colleges on a marked improvement in their present condition, and future. prosperity. On the last occasion when I had the honour of discharging this function of my office, I was struck by the circumstance that, as has again occurred at this time, which I have already noticed, a large number of students had sent in their names as intended candidates for degrees who did not afterwards come forward; and having heard opinions of thoughtful men, who were

sincerely anxious for the prosperity of these institutions, that this, and generally the comparatively small number of the students of the colleges who became candidates for our degrees, arose from the too great pressure of the courses of study prescribed by our ordinances, at least in some parts of the collegiate period, and that changes were in that respect desirable, I felt it to be my duty on that occasion, when adverting to the small number of students-only eighteen-who then had passed for the first degree in Arts, to notice this opinion, and to state that the subject deserved consideration, with a view to the effecting suitable modifications in the ordinances, should it be found expedient to do so. The subject has, accordingly, undergone serious discussion and consideration among us; but it has appeared to the great majority of the Senate to be inexpedient at present to adopt any change. They are apprehensive that none could be made of sufficient importance which would not have the effect of excluding from our courses of University examination some branch of learning or science, the omission of which would seriously derogate from the high standard which it has been our object to establish for its degrees. Our ordinances, consequently, remain unaltered; and I am happy to find on the present occasion that, notwithstanding this decision, the number of our candidates has so much exceeded that of the classes of 1855 and 1856, as I have already had the gratification of announcing. In addition to this progress of the members of the University, I have great pleasure in noticing at this meeting the marked success of some of our students in the competitive examinations held for public departments. I allude more especially to three young gentlemen-Messrs. Beveridge, Bartley, and Smith, all students of the Queen's College of Belfast, who succeeded in obtaining appointments in the civil service of the East India Company, at examinations holden in last July, for those very important places. And I may fitly mention here that I believe it will be found that since the establishment of competitive examination for the public service, a larger proportion of the students of the Queen's Colleges, as compared with the actual number of the entire body of those students, has been successful in obtaining the appointments so competed for than in any other University. This success is of peculiar value in estimating the true quality of the education given to their students by the respective colleges. The degrees and honors of this University are sought and competed for by those students, as it were, among themselves, and might be said to give but a positive test of excellence resting on acquirements in courses of study which are almost uniform in the three colleges. In the competitive examinations for the public services, they encounter the students of other colleges and Universities; the test is comparative, and it is a trying one, and each college may justly feel honoured in the triumph of its successful student. Joining as I do in this feeling. of gratification in the success of our students, I am not content, however, to look upon the advantages of the great principle of competitive examination merely as it may give opportunities of victory in the contest of schools, or enable one college or another this University or that to boast for the time the comparative success of its classes. Such exultation is natural, and the emulation thus excited affords an additional motive for exertion and diligence, as well on the part of the teachers as of the taught-but it is more worthy of us all

APPENDIX I. to view this principle and its progressive development in a more generous light, as insuring to the serPublic Meet- vice of the public the aid of learning and science, the ing. cultivated intellect, and the enlightened genius. Casting aside, therefore, all jealousy of colleges or schools, let us rejoice in every accession thus obtained to the ranks of those engaged in the civil or military business of the State, in whatever university or college their studies may have been directed and pursued. Adverting for a little while to the numbers who have been candidates for degrees on this occasion, I may regard the amount as giving an answer to the apprehensions of those who have thought that our ordinances required modification in the direction I have alluded to, and a vindication of the decision of the Senate against any present change. We may, perhaps, find, on looking further into the matter, that other circumstances may account for the difference between the total numbers of the students of colleges and the average proportion of those who seek a University degree, as contrasted with the records of the older Universities. I may, I think, say generally, that to obtain a degree for its own sake is the main object of very many who enter those Universities, while to the students of the Queen's Colleges it is, comparatively speaking, of secondary importance. The degrees of this University are but rarely of value to candidates for holy orders in the Established Church, who form a very large proportion of the students of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin. Again, few of the students of our colleges are of the class who would seek admission to the legal profession, where degrees also are of some value; the great majority consisting, I believe, of young men to whom an early position in life in some scholastic or general pursuit is of much economical importance. Thus the classes of the colleges are very largely composed of students who enter them not so much for the sake of obtaining a degree by way of testimonial of their education, as in order to obtain that education itself, as a qualification for their being at as early a period as possible enabled thereby to seek and attain some present position and advancement in life. This is remarkably illustrated in the engineering classes of the colleges, which are, in general, numerously attended, and form most important schools. The number in the Cork College alone has exceeded forty in the present year, yet scarcely one of all those students becomes a candidate for the diploma of Engineering given by the University; the vast majority, I might almost say the whole, being taken away by obtaining active employment in the various appropriate services, for which the teaching of the college schools gives them a high standard of professional qualification. In acquiring, however, the full education given in the colleges, the diligent student in Arts who pursues his studies to the end becomes well fitted to attend the examination for a degree, and to attain it, and he comes forward accordingly. This class of candidates, therefore, may not unfitly, I believe, be considered as comprising the best of all the students of the respective colleges, and the degree becomes an honour to be attained by the highest and the few, rather than, as in other Universities, an easily acquired dignity, of essential utility to an enormous majority. I may further illustrate this view by a document which our Secretary has placed in my hands an extract from the preface to a volume of "Edinburgh Essays" for the year 1856, in which, alluding to the designation of "Members of the University" of that city, it is observed that its degrees in Arts, conferring no academical privileges, are strictly Honors, and as a natural consequence attract few candidates; and a table is given of the numbers of students in Arts and graduates there in the years from 1852 to 1856, which represents them thus:

out of 363 of the latter); but the same principle may be considered as acting, though with less effect, in narrowing our lists. The high standard of qualification generally possessed by the candidates for our degrees leads to another result very gratifying to the colleges and to the Senate, but which has been made in some hostile quarters the groundwork of unfavourable comments on our system of examinations. I allude to the number of honors and prizes which are distributed to those who, in addition to the ordinary examinations for degrees and diplomas, enter into competition for special rewards. To allot separate honors for competition in each important branch of learning and science pursued in the colleges is obviously just and inevitable, if any honors are to be awarded at all; and the attainment of those honors by so many of the graduates at each examination is but the result and the proof of the excellence of their collegiate studies and instruction. I feel bound to refer again to the success of our candidates in the competition for Indian appointments, and to do so in connexion with unhappy events too familiar to our ears. The topic calls before our minds the responsible duties, the high destinies perhaps which may be the lot of these youthful students, and of those with whom they will be associated in the future maintenance of British dominion in that distracted portion of the empire. We are now suddenly plunged for its preservation into the throes and agonies of the strangest and most awful conflict that ever in human memory has raged upon the wide surface of the globe. Every page of daily intelligence, every message that rushes on electric wings from the eastern world, is fraught with tidings of death and desolation, of horrors the most appalling. We tremble as we read, fearing that the next sentence may announce not only the loss of thousands of our countrymen and countrywomen, but the utter wreck of all the great fabric of dominion which we have been building up, in the vain hope of establishing peace and civilization in lands long torn by the cruelty and oppression of barbarian conquerors. While thousands of families are either pining in bitter affliction for the cruel destruction of near and dear ones, or listening with agonizing terror for some faint sound of assurance that those they love may yet be found among the living and the rescued: under this great pressure of public calamity and private misery, to do or think of aught save the arousing and display of all the energies of the realm, for the restoration of sovereignty and peace, or the practical direction of the means at our disposal to the relief of the dread mass of suffering in which such multitudes of the innocent and the helpless have been involved, seems almost to require an apology, and scarcely to admit of an excuse. There are, however, duties to be discharged amid all this absorbing weight of sympathy and sorrow, and in the success of which it is right we should rejoice. Such has been the duty of those by whom our students have been prepared for the service they have so honourably attained to; such is the duty we are to-day engaged in, and such is the duty of all who in university, academy, or school, are, or shall be engaged in training the youth of our country to the service and honour of the State, or the general business of active life, imbuing their minds with the severer learning, science, and knowledge of collegiate studies, or refining and adorning them by the more ornamental, but still honourable and useful teaching of the finer arts; and it is, I think, permitted to us more especially to rejoice in the prospect that from our colleges we are able to send forward to the duties of that Indian service, for which too much cannot now be done, men qualified to take their part in it with a sound preparation of requisite knowledge. I feel convinced, however, that this struggle must end in the triumph of British arms. But a great enterprise will remain to be undertaken, when the battle cry shall The re-construction of au empire is perhaps now to be before these youthful servants of the eastern realms; and whatever task in this mighty work may be their allotted portion, I believe I may with confidence anticipate that they will perform it with advantage to the State, and with credit to themselves and to the college from which they have proceeded. Since we last met

cease.

on a like occasion the Senate has sustained a serious loss in the death of their late secretary, the lamented Robert Ball. Connected with the University from its commencement, Dr. Ball devoted to its service with the most conscientious zeal all the energies of a strong and highly-cultivated mind. He gave most valuable assistance in the development and completion of the internal. arrangements of the University, and conducted the-at times laborious-details of our correspondence and examinations, with the most unwearied diligence and attention. Deeply sensible of its loss, the Senate has placed upon its records a resolution expressive of its high appreciation of his services, and of his exalted position in the world of science-conveying at the same time to his bereaved family its deep sympathy in their severe affliction. Occupying this place, and remembering but how short a time has elapsed since, in apparent health and vigour, he stood beside me in the Senate Hall, gladly assisting in the proceedings of the University, to which and to its interests he was so warmly attached, I may, I hope, be pardoned for introducing a momentary allusion to my own feelings of personal concern for the loss of a sincerely valued and lamented friend. I have still to regret that exigencies of important public duty in another part of the empire prevents our Chancellor, the Earl of Clarendon, from taking that part in the proceedings of the University on occasions like this, which I know it would be most gratifying to him to perform. His wishes are cordially and sincerely given to the success of these institutions, in the foundation of which he so zealously laboured while he resided among us, and he has very recently expressed to me his great concern that he cannot give so much time and attention as he would desire to do to the business of the University. In his absence I now proceed to confer upon the successful candidates their appropriate degrees and diplomas. The Lord Lieutenant, who has graciously honoured us with his presence, was pleased to take a part in the details of the proceedings of our last annual meeting, by distributing the medals and prizes awarded at the honor examinations. I have on this occasion also, on behalf of the Senate, solicited his Excellency to perform a similar office, and I have his permission accordingly to present to him the successful competitors, who, I have no doubt, will well appreciate the additional distinction thus attached to the distribution of their rewards.

The candidates were then called up in order, and the VICE-CHANCELLOR conferred upon each the degree or diploma which had been conferred by the Senate.

His Excellency the LORD LIEUTENANT was graciously pleased to distribute to those to whom prizes had been awarded the distinctions which they had won.

The business of the meeting having been brought to a close, the VICE-CHANCELLOR addressed his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant as follows:

It remains for me to perform the very grateful task of returning to your Excellency the thanks of the Senate for the honour you have conferred on the University, and on the proceedings of this occasion, by your presence to-day, and by the part you have just been pleased to take in the business of our meeting, conducted as it has been by your kind permission in this noble and re-decorated hall. Looking back to the lists of candidates of the two preceding periods, it is most gratifying to me to be able at this time to present to your Excellency's notice so considerable an accession to the numbers of our graduates and competitors for honors, and I very gladly exchange the doubts and apprehensions of former years for the congratulations of the present, and the hopeful expectations of the future. We have as a very encouraging basis for such expectations the confident assurance of your Excellency's abiding regard for the prosperity and advancement of our colleges, and the warm and zealous interest you have ever shown in the great cause of united education. We look with the like confidence to your gracious sanction and assistance in carrying out any arrangement which experience may suggest to us as necessary for the perfection of our University ordinances. And we feel that in your Excellency's discharge of the responsible function of recom

Public Meet

ing.

mending to her Majesty the appointment of new officers, APPENDIX I. as professors in any of the colleges, we may always look to the most impartial exercise of a sound judgment, animated by a desire to advance the best interests of learning and science, and to promote the general and enlightened education of the youth of Ireland.

His Excellency the LORD LIEUTENANT then rose and said:

Mr. Vice-Chancellor and Gentlemen, I am extremely glad not only to have again in this place the opportunity of meeting the authorities and professors of the Queen's University, and the youthful candidates for its degrees and honors, but also at the same time to be able to congratulate them all upon the circumstances which attend the present period of the annual examinations. It appears from the list before us, as well as from the interesting and lucid statement of your distinguished Vice-Chancellor, that the number of successful candidates has, on this occasion, culminated to a higher point than it has ever yet reached, and doubled that of last year. It appears, further, that out of seventy candidates there have been only five rejections, and I apprehend that any one who will take the trouble to make himself acquainted with the contents of the examination papers and the literary and intellectual tests that have been applied, will be amply satisfied that this increase in the number of successful candidates, and this paucity in the rejection of insufficient candidates, have been in no respect caused by any lowering of the standard of proficiency and success. proficiency and success. I am tempted, also, to observe, what might not be so obvious at first sight-that even the amount of success, as well as of the attendance at these annual examinations, did not, in themselves, afford an accurate measure of the success of the college education itself. I am informed that there are many instances in which the education afforded in the colleges enables students to obtain employments which force them to leave part of their academical career unfinished. One of them, for instance, from the Queen's College, Galway, would have been here this day, had he not just obtained at a competitive examination the post of master of an agricultural school, with an annual salary of £120. Another from the same college has just been appointed usher of the great school of Dungannon. Why have we not here to-day Mr. Devereux, Mr. Bartley, and Mr. Smith? Why, because at the recent examination for the civil service of the East India Company, they have respectively obtained the first, the fourth, and the tenth places on that very distinguished list. And when we remember that the prizes of this Indian examination are of so high a character as to draw in the foremost men from all the Universities of the empire, I think any one who feels interested in the character and credit of the Queen's Colleges in Ireland, will feel no slight satisfaction, that whereas in former years two of those appointments were carried off by Cork, and one by Galway, in the present year three of them have fallen to Belfast. I am tempted by the mention of that place to remind my young friends here who come from it, that we must look to them as called upon in some measure to redeem, as well as to adorn, that celebrated and thriving community. It is very painful to find in these modern days of enlightenment and progress, I must add, too, in these days of national emergencies and stern pressure,an advanced and polished city like Belfast disfigured by unseemly exhibitions of religious discord, and, if such a violent contradiction in terms might be allowed, of religious hatred. We have heard, indeed, of Belfast as occasionally termed the Northern Athens, and I hope the future career of some whom I now see before me will do much to justify and secure, and perpetuate that title; but if we were only to give attention to some of the statements we have been lately perusing, the outbursts of strife and contention among those who ought to live as brothers, would make us think we were reading not so much the annals of Athens as of Thebes. One further point was touched upon with great feeling by the Vice-Chancellor, and suggested by the mention of the special sphere of action to which some of your old associates are on the point of being called, and whither, I hope, some more among you will follow them—

APPENDIX I. I mean the civil service of India. Other associations, alas! are now mingled with that name, besides those of Public Meet- peaceful duties quietly performed, and substantial foring. tunes comfortably amassed. All who are now sent to that stirring theatre, whatever may be the precise character of their mission, must be prepared for hardship, for danger, for much patient endurance, possibly for high-strung courage, at all events for sustained and strenuous exertions. In the great drama of Indian reconquest every one must play his allotted part to the top of his bent. And I fervently hope that among the

24th September, 1857.-Morning. LATIN.-Examiner, Bunnell Lewis, M.A.

Translate into English :

(A.)-HORACE-EPODES.

Altera iam teritur bellis civilibus aetas,
Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit:
Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi
Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus,

Aemula nec virtus Capuae, nec Spartacus acer
Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox,
Nec fera caerulea domuit Germania pube
Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal;
Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas,
Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum.
Barbarus heu cineres insistet victor et urbem
Eques sonante verberabit ungula,
Quaeque carent ventis et solibus ossa Quirini,
Nefas videre, dissipabit insolens.

Forte quid expediat communiter aut melior pars
Malis carere quaeritis laboribus:

Nulla sit hac potior sententia, Phocaeorum
Velut profugit exsecrata civitas
Agros atque Lares patrios habitandaque faua
Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis,

Ire, pedes quocunque ferent, quocunque per undas
Notus vocabit aut protervus Africus.

Sic placet? an melius quis habet suadere? secunda Ratem occupare quid moramur alite?

(B.)-OVID-FASTI. BOOK I.

Martis erat primus mensis, Venerisque secundus :
Haec generis princeps, ipsius ille pater:
Tertius a senibus, iuvenum de nomine quartus :
Quae sequitur, numero turba notata fuit.
At Numa nec Ianum nec avitas praeterit umbras,
Mensibus antiquis praeposuitque duos.
Ne tamen ignores variorum iura dierum,
Non habet officii lucifer omnis idem.
Ille nefastus erit, per quem tria verba silentur.
Fastus erit, per quem lege licebit agi.
Nec toto perstare die sua iura putaris:

Qui iam fastus erit, mane nefastus erat.
Nam simul exta deo data sunt, licet omnia fari,
Verbaque honoratus libera praetor habet.
Est quoque, quo populum ius est includere sacptis.
Est quoque, qui nono semper ab orbe redit.
Vindicat Ausonias Iunonis cura Kalendas.
Idibus alba Iovi grandior agna cadit.
Nonarum tutela deo caret. Omnibus istis ...
Ne fallare cave. . . proximus ater erit.
Omen ab eventu est. illis nam Roma diebus
Damna sub averso tristia Marte tulit.
Haec mihi dicta semel, totis haerentia fastis,
Ne seriem rerum scindere cogar, erunt.

(C.)-VIRGIL-ECLOGUES.

Tum canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam;
Tum Phaethontiadas musco circumdat amarae
Corticis, atque solo proceras erigit alnos.

Tum canit, errantem Permessi ad flumina Gallum
Aonas in montes ut duxerit una sororum,
Utque viro Phoebi chorus adsurrexerit omnis;
Ut Linus haec illi divino carmine pastor,
Floribus atque apio crines ornatus amaro,

Dixerit "Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae,
"Ascraeo quos ante seni, quibus ille solebat
"Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornos.
"His tibi Grynei nemoris dicatur origo,
"Ne quis sit lucus, quo se plus iactet Apollo."
Quid loquar aut Scyllam Nisi, quam fama secuta est-
Candida succinctam latrantibus inguina monstris
Dulichias vexasse rates, et gurgite in alto

Ah, timidos nautas canibus lacerasse marinis;
Aut ut mutatos Terei narraverit artus :
Quas illi Philomela dapes, quae dona pararit,
Quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus ante
Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alis?
Omnia quae, Phoebo quondam meditante, beatus
Audiit Eurotas iussitque ediscere lauros,
Ille canit; pulsae referunt ad sidera valles,
Cogere donec oves stabulis numerumque referre
Iussit, et invito processit Vesper Olympo.

(D.)-PLAUTUS-TRINUMMUS.

ST. Stasime, fac te propere celerem, recipe te ad dominum domum,

Ne subito metus exoriatur scapulis stultitia tua.
Adde gradum, adpropera: iam dudum factumst quom
abisti domo.

Caue sis tibi ne bubuli in te cottabi crebri crepent,
Si aberis ab eri quaestione: ne destiteris currere.
Ecce hominem te, Stasime, nihili: satin' in thermopolio
Condalium es oblitus, postquam thermopotasti gutturem?
Recipe te et recurre petere re recenti. CH. Huic,
quisquis est,

Gurguliost exercitor, is hominem hunc cursuram docet.
ST. Quid, homo nihili, non pudet te ? tribusne te poteriis
Memoriae esse oblitum? an uero, quia tu cum frugi

hominibus

Ibi bibisti, qui ab alieno facile cohiberent manus,
Inter eosne homines condalium te redipisci postulas?
Chiruchus fuit, Cerconicus, Crimnus, Cricolabus, Col-
labus,

Collicrepidae, cruricrepidae, ferriteri, mastigiae:
Quorum hercle unus surpuerit currenti cursori solum.
CH. Ita me di ament, graphicum furem. ST. Quid ego
quod periit petam?

Nisi etiam laborem ad damnum adponam epithecam insuper.

Quin tu quod periit perisse ducis? cape uorsoriam: Recipe te ad erum. CH. Non fugitiuost hic homo: conmeminit domi.

ST. Vtinam ueteres hominum mores, ueteres parsimoniae Potius in maiore honore hic essent quam mores mali. CH. Di inmortales, basilica bic quidem facinora inceptat loqui:

Vetera quaerit, uetera amare hunc more maiorum scias. ST. Nam nunc mores nihili faciunt quod licet nisi quod lubet.

Ambitio iam more sanctast, liberast a legibus:
Scuta iacere fugereque hostis more habent licentiam:

CH. Morem

Petere honorem pro flagitio more fit. inprobum. ST. Strenuos nunc praeterire more fit. CH. Nequam quidem.

1. Explain the historical allusions in the extract (A). 2. Give the chief rules for the order of words in a Latin sentence.

3. What reasons are there for believing that the Latin language is as old as the Greek?

4. Show that philological researches have thrown. much light on the early history of Italy.

5. Write a chronological list of the Roman authors who flourished in the Golden Age, and designate each of them.

6. Describe the metres used by Horace in his Odes; give examples, with the feet divided, and the quantities marked.

7. Derive the following words :-palam, nudiustertius, dextans, lapillus, plus, benignus, pomarium.

24th September, 1857.-Afternoon. LATIN. Examiner, Bunnell Lewis, M.A. Translate into English:

(A.)-SUETONIUS-AUGUSTUS.

Haeredes

Testamentum, L. Planco, C. Silio consulibus, tertio Nonas Aprilis, ante annum et quatuor menses, quam decederet, factum ab eo, ac duobus codicibus, partim ipsius, partim libertorum Polybii et Hilarionis manu scriptum, depositumque apud se, virgines Vestales, cum tribus signatis aeque voluminibus, protulerunt: quae omnia in senatu aperta atque recitata sunt. instituit primos, Tiberium ex parte dimidiâ et sextante, Liviam ex parte tertiâ, quos et ferre nomen suum jussit; secundos, Drusum, Tiberii filium, ex triente; ex partibus reliquis Germanicum liberosque ejus tres sexûs virilis; tertio gradu, propinquos amicosque complures. Legavit populo Romano quadringenties, tribubus tricies quinquies sestertium: praetorianis militibus singula millia nummorum, cohortibus urbanis quingenos, legionariis trecenos nummos: quam summam repraesentari jussit; nam et confiscatam semper repositamque habuerat. Reliqua legata varie dedit: produxitque quae. dam ad vicies sestertium, quibus solvendis annuum diem finiit, excusatâ rei familiaris mediocritate; nec plus perventurum ad haeredes suos, quam millies et quingenties, professus; quamvis, viginti proximis annis, quaterdecies millies ex testamentis amicorum percepisset; quod paene omne, cum duobus paternis patrimoniis, caeterisque haereditatibus, in rempublicam absumsisset. Julias, filiam neptemque, si quid his accidisset, vetuit sepulcro suo inferri. De tribus voluminibus uno mandata de funere suo complexus est; altero indicem rerum a se gestarum, quem vellet incidi in aeneis tabulis, quae ante Mausoleum statuerentur; tertio breviarium totius imperii; quantum militum sub signis ubique essent, quantum pecuniae in aerario et fiscis et vectigaliorum residuis. Adjecit et libertorum servorumque nomina, a quibus ratio exigi posset.

(B.)-CICERO-LETTERS TO ATTICUS.

De republica quid ego tibi subtiliter? Tota periit atque hoc est miserior, quam reliquisti, quod tum videbatur eius modi dominatio civitatem oppressisse, quae iucunda esset multitudini, bonis autem ita molesta, ut tamen sine pernicie: nunc repente tanto in odio est omnibus, ut quorsus eruptura sit horreamus. Nam iracundiam atque intemperantiam illorum sumus experti, qui Catoni irati omnia perdiderunt. Sed ita lenibus uti videbantur venenis, ut posse videremur sine dolore interire. Nunc vero sibilis vulgi, sermonibus honestorum, fremitu Italiae vereor ne exarserint. Equidem sperabam, ut saepe etiam loqui tecum solebam, sic orbem rei publicae esse conversum, ut vix sonitum audire, vix impressam orbitam videre possemus, et fuisset ita, si homines transitum tempestatis exspectare potuissent, sed quum diu occulte suspirassent, postea jam gemere, ad extremum vero loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt. Itaque ille amicus noster, insolens infamiae,

Group I.

semper in laude versatus, circumfluens gloria, deforma- APPENDIX II. tus corpore, fractus animo, quo se conferat nescit: Examination progressum praecipitem, inconstantem videt: bonos for the Degree inimicos habet, improbos ipsos non amicos. Ac vide of A.M. mollitiem animi. Nou tenui lacrimas, quum illum a.d. VIII. Kal. Sext. vidi de edictis Bibuli contionantem. Qui antea solitus esset iactare se magnificentissime illo in loco, summo cum amore populi, cunctis faventibus, ut ille tum humilis, ut demissus erat, ut ipse etiam sibi, non iis solum, qui aderant, displicebat! O spectaculum uni Crasso iucundum, caeteris non item! nam, quia deciderat ex astris, lapsus quam progressus potius videbatur et, ut Apelles si Venerem aut si Protogenes Ialysum illum suum coeno oblitum videret, magnum, credo, acciperet dolorem, sic ego hunc omnibus a me pictum et politum artis coloribus subito deformatum non sine magno dolore vidi. Quamquam nemo putabat propter Clodianum negocium me illi amicum esse debere, tamen tantus fuit amor, ut exhauriri nulla posset iniuria. Itaque Archilochia in illum edicta Bibuli populo ita sunt iucunda, ut eum locum, ubi proponuntur, prae multitudine eorum, qui legunt, transire nequeam, ipsi ita acerba, ut tabescat dolore, mihi meher. cule molesta, quod et eum, quem semper dilexi, nimis excruciant et timeo tam vehemens vir tamque acer in ferro et tam insuetus contumeliae ne omni animi impetu dolori et iracundiae pareat. Bibuli qui sit exitus futurus nescio. Ut nunc res se habet, admirabili gloria est. Quin quum comitia in mensem Octobrem distulisset, quod solet ea res populi voluntatem offendere, putarat Caesar oratione sua posse impelli contionem, ut iret ad Bibulum multa quum seditiosissime diceret, vocem exprimere non potuit. Quid quaeris? Sentiunt se nullam ullius partis voluntatem tenere: eo magis vis nobis est timenda. Clodius inimicus est nobis. Pompeius confirmat eum nihil esse facturum contra me. Mihi periculosum est credere: ad resistendum me paro. Studia spero me summa habiturum omnium ordinum. Te quum ego desidero, tum vero res ad tempus illud vocat. Plurimum consilii, animi, praesidii denique mihi, si te ad tempus videro, accesserit. Varro mihi satis facit: Pompeius loquitur divinitus. Spero nos aut cum summa gloria etiam aut certe sine molestia discessuros. Tu quid agas, quem ad modum te oblectes, quid cum Sicyoniis egeris ut sciam cura.

(C.)-LIVY-BOOK XXXIV.

"Si in sua quisque nostrum matre familiae, Quirites, ius et maiestatem viri retinere instituisset, minus cum universis feminis negotii haberemus: nunc domi victa libertas nostra impotentia muliebri hic quoque in foro obteritur et calcatur, et quia singulas sustinere non potuimus, universas horremus. Equidem fabulam et fictam rem ducebam esse virorum omne genus in aliqua insula coniuratione muliebri ab stirpe sublatum esse. Ab nullo genere non summum periculum est, si coetus et concilia et secretas consultationes esse sinas. Atque ego vix statuere apud animum meum possum, utrum peior ipsa res an peiore exemplo agatur. Quorum alterum ad nos consules reliquosque magistratus, alterum ad vos, Quirites, magis pertinet. Nam utrum e re pubsit necne id quod ad vos fertur, vestra existimatio est, qui in suffragium ituri estis. Haec consternatio muliebris, sive sua sponte sive auctoribus vobis, M. Fundani et L. Valeri, facta est, haud dubie ad culpam magistratuum pertinens nescio vobis, tribuni, an consulibus magis sit deformis. Vobis, si ad feminas concitandas tribunicias seditiones iam adduxistis; nobis, si ut plebis quondam, sic nunc mulierum secessione leges accipiendae sunt. Equidem non sine rubore quodam paulo ante per medium agmen mulierum in forum perveni. Quod nisi me verecundia singularum magis maiestatis et pudoris quam universarum tenuisset, ne compellatae a consule viderentur, dixissem" "qui hic mos est in publicum procurrendi, et obsidendi vias, et viros alienos appellandi? istud ipsum suos quaeque domi rogare non potuistis? an blandiores in publico quam in privato, et alicnis quam vestris estis? quamquam ne domi quidem vos, si sui iuris finibus matronas contineret pudor, quae leges hic rogarentur abrogarenturve curare decuit." "Maiores nostri nullam, ne privatam quidem rem agere

B