Lawyers, mills, horses, books, education, birds, mind.

A verb may consist of two, three, or even four words; as, is learning, may be learned, could have been learned.

Direction. -Unite the words in columns 2 and 3, and append the verbs thus formed to all the nouns in column 1 with which they will make good sense:

Remark,-Notice that is, was, and has been are used with nouns naming one thing; and that are, were, and have been are used with nouns naming more than one thing.

The examples you have written are sentences; the nouns are subjects, and the verbs are predicates.

As verbs are the only words that assert, every predicate must be a verb, or must contain a verb.

Naming the class to which a word belongs is the first step in parsing.

Direction.-Analyze and parse five of the sentences you have written.

Model.-Poland was dismembered. Diagram and analyze as in Lesson 4.

Parsing.-Poland is a noun, because

asserts action.

; was dismembered is a verb, because it

Direction. Find and write the verbs in the sentences given in Lessons 20 and 28, and tell why they are verbs.

LESSON 12.

MODIFIED SUBJECT.

ADJECTIVES.

Introductory Hints.-The noun which is the subject and the verb which is the predicate are not always or often the whole of the structure which we call the sentence, though they are the underlying timbers which support the rest of the verbal bridge. Other words may be built upon them.

We learned in Lesson 8 that things resemble one another and differ from one another. They resemble and they differ in what we call their qualities. Things are alike whose qualities are the same; as, two oranges having the same color, taste, and odor. Things are unlike, as an orange and an apple, whose qualities are different.

It is by their qualities, then, that we know things, and are able to separate them or to group them.

Ripe apples are healthful. Unripe apples are hurtful. In these two sentences we have the same word apples to name the same general class of things; but the prefixed words ripe and unripe, marking opposite qualities in the apples, separate them into two kinds, the ripe ones and the unripe ones. These added words ripe and unripe, then, limit the word apples in its scope; ripe apples or unripe apples applies to fewer things than apples alone.

If we say the, this, that apple, or an, no apple, or some, many, eight apples, we do not mark any quality of the fruit: but the, this, or that points out a particular apple, and limits the word apple to that one; and an, no, some, many, or eight limits the word in respect to the number of apples which it denotes.

These and all such words as, by marking quality, pointing out, or specifying number or quantity, limit the scope or meaning of the noun, modify it, and are called Modifiers.

In the sentence above, apples is the Simple Subject and ripe apples is the Modified Subject. These and all such words modifying nouns and pronouns are called Adjectives (Lat. ad, to, and jacere, to throw), and form the fourtb part of speech.

DEFINITION.-A Modifier is a word or group of words joined to some part of the sentence to qualify or limit the meaning.

The Subject with its Modifiers is called the Modified

Subject. By some it is called the Logical Subject.

DEFINITION.-An Adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

Analysis and Parsing.

1. The cold November rain is falling.

rain is falling

The

November

cold

Explanation.-The two lines shaded alike and placed uppermost stand for the subject and the predicate, and show that these are of the same rank, and are the principal parts of the sentence. The lighter lines, placed under and joined to the subject line, stand for the less important parts, the modifiers, and show what is modified.*

Oral Analysis.-(Here and hereafter we shall omit from the oral analysis and parsing whatever has been provided for in previous Lessons.) The, cold, and Novem ber are modifiers of the subject. The cold November rain is the modified subject.

Parsing.-The, cold, and November are adjectives modifying rain,-cold, and November expressing quality, and The pointing out.

2. The great Spanish Armada was destroyed.

3. A free people should be educated.

4. The old Liberty bell was rung.

5. The famous Alexandrian library was burned.

6. The odious Stamp Act was repealed.

7. Every intelligent American citizen should vote.

8. The long Hoosick Tunnel is completed.

9. I alone should suffer.

*To the Teacher.-When several adjectives are joined to one noun, each adjec tive does not always modify the noun alone. That old wooden house was burned, Here wooden modifies house, old modifies wooden house, and that modifies old wooden house. This may be illustrated in the diagram by numbering

the modifiers in the order of their rank, thus:

Adverbs, and both phrase and clause modifiers often differ

1

in rank in the same way, and in the diagram this difference may be indicated as above. If the pupils are able to see these distinctions, it would be well to have them mado in the analysis, as they often determine the punctuation and the arrangement. Seo Lessons 13 and 21.

10. They all remained.

11. Five large, ripe, luscious, mellow apples were picked. 12. The melancholy autumn days have come.

13. A poor black fugitive escaped.

14. The oppressed Russian serfs have been freed. 15. Immense suspension bridges have been built.

LESSON 43.

COMPOSITION—ADJECTIVES.

Caution. When two or more adjectives are used with a noun, care must be taken in their arrangement. If they differ in rank, place nearest the noun the one most closely modifying it. If of the same rank, place them where they will sound best-generally in the order of length, the longest nearest the noun.

Explanation.-Two honest young men were chosen. A tall, straight, dignified person entered. Young tells the kind of men, honest tells the kind of young men, and two tells the number of honest young men; hence these adjectives are not of the same rank. Tall, straight, and dignified modify person independently-the person is tall and straight and dignified; hence these adjectives are of the same rank. Notice the comma after tall and straight; and may be supplied; in the first sentence and cannot be supplied. See Lesson 21.

Direction.—Arrange the adjectives below, and give your reasons :—

1. A Newfoundland pet handsome large dog. 2. Level low five th› fields. 3. A wooden rickety large building. 4. Blind white beautifu three mice. 5. An energetic restless brave people. 6. An enlightened civilized nation.

Direction.-Form sentences by prefixing modified subjects to these predicates :

Direction.-Construct ten sentences, each of which shall contain a subject modified by three adjectives-one from each of these columns:

Let the adjectives be appropriate. For punctuation, see Lesson 21.

Direction.-Prefix to each of these nouns as many appropriate adjectives as you can think of:

River, frost, grain, ships, air, men.

Direction.-Couple those adjectives and nouns, below, which most appropriately go together :

Modest, lovely, flaunting, meek, patient, faithful, saucy, spirited, violet, dahlia, sheep, pansy, ox, dog, horse, rose, gentle, duck, sly, waddling, cooing, chattering, homely, chirping, puss, robin, dɔve, sparrow, blackbird, cow, hen, cackling.

Introductory Hints.-You have learned that the subject may be modified; let us see whether the predicate may be.

If we say The leaves fall, we express a fact in a general way. But, if we wish to speak of the time of their falling, we can add a word and say The leaves fall early; of the place of their falling, The leaves fall here; of the munner, The leaves fall quietly; of the cause, Why do the leaves fall?