The personal characteristics of Augustus, 120. A brief résumé of the character

and influence of Augustus, 129.

CHAPTER XXXIII

THE IMMEDIATE SUCCESSORS OF AUGUSTUS: TIBERIUS, CALIGULA, AND CLAUDIUS

(14–54 A.D.)

. 133

Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero Cæsar), 133. Expeditions of Germanicus ;

victory of Idistavisus, 134. Early years of successful government by Tiberius, 134.

Death of Germanicus; external affairs, 136. Internal government, 142. Velleius

Paterculus eulogises Tiberius, 148. The fall of Sejanus, 151. Tacitus describes the

last days of Tiberius, 154. Suetonius characterises Tiberius, 156. Merivale's esti-

mate of Tiberius, 157. The character of the times, 159. Caligula (Caius Julius

Cæsar Caligula), 160. Suetonius describes Caligula, 163. Claudius (Tiberius

Claudius Drusus Cæsar), 168. The misdeeds of Messalina described by Tacitus, 171.

The intrigues of Agrippina, 176. Tacitus describes the murder of Claudius, 178.

The character of Claudius, 179. The living Claudius eulogised by Seneca, 180. The

dead Claudius satirised by Seneca, 181.

CHAPTER XXXIV

NERO LAST EMPEROR OF THE HOUSE OF CESAR (54-68 A.D.).

Nero (Claudius Cæsar Drusus Germanicus), 184. Corbulo and the East, 186.

The Roman province of Britain, 188. The war with Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni,

190. Britain again a peaceful province, 193. Burrus and Seneca, 194. Octavia put

to death, 196. The great fire at Rome; persecution of the Christians, 199. Con-

spiracy met by cruelty and persecution, 202. Personal characteristics of Nero, accord-

ing to Suetonius, 206. Merivale's estimate of Nero and his times, 208. Nero in

Greece, 215. Nero's return to Italy and triumphant entry into Rome, 218. Discon-

tent in the provinces, 219. Galba is saluted imperator by his soldiers, 220. The

death of Nero, 223.

CHAPTER XXXV

GALBA, OTHO, VITELLIUS, AND THE THREE FLAVIANS (68-96 A.D.)

. 225

Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba), 225. Otho (M. Salvius Otho), 226. Vitellius
(Aulus Vitellius), 228. Vespasian (T. Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), 231. Vespasian
performs miracles and sees a vision, according to Tacitus, 232. Vespasian returns
to Rome, 233. Titus continues the Jewish war, 234. Josephus describes the return
of Titus and the triumph, 236. The empire in peace, 240. Banishment and death

of Helvidius, 241. Sabinus and Epponina, 242. The character and end of Vespasian,

243. A classical estimate of Vespasian, 244. Personality of Vespasian, 246. Titus

(T. Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus II), 247. The destruction of Pompeii and Hercu-

laneum, 250. Pliny's account of the eruption, 253. Agricola in Britain, 255. The

death of Titus, 255. Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus), 257. Suetonius on the

death and character of Domitian, 261. A retrospective glance over the government

of the first century of Empire, 262.

CHAPTER XXXVI

PAGE

THE FIVE GOOD EMPERORS: NERVA TO MARCUS AURELIUS (96-180 A.D.) 267

Nerva (M. Cocceius Nerva), 267. Trajan (M. Ulpius Trajanus Crinitus), 268.

The first Dacian war, 269. Trajan dictates terms to Decebalus, 271. The second

Dacian war, 273. Oriental campaigns and death of Trajan, 274. The correspondence

of Pliny and Trajan, 276. Trajan's column, 277. Hadrian (P. Ælius Hadrianus),

280. The varied endowments of Hadrian, 281. Hadrian's tours, 282. Hadrian as

builder and administrative reformer, 284. Personal traits and last days of Hadrian,

286. Renan's estimate of Hadrian, 288. Hadrian as patron of the arts, 289. Anto-

ninus (Titus Aurelius Antoninus Pius), 290. Renan's characterisation of Antoninus,

292. Marcus Aurelius (M. Ælius Aurelius Antoninus), 294. The plague and the

death of Verus, 296. Border wars, 296. The revolt of Avidius, 299. An imperial

tour and a triumph, 300. Last campaigns and death of Aurelius, 303. Merivale

compares Aurelius and Alfred the Great, 305. Gibbon's estimate of Marcus Aurelius

and of the age of the Antonines, 305.

CHAPTER XXXVII

THE PAGAN CREEDS AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY.

. 307

Stoicism and the Empire, 308. Christians and the Empire, 313. The Christian

and the Jew, 315. Religious assemblies of the Christians, 317. Christianity and the

law, 318. The infancy of the Church, 320. Persecutions under Nero, 321. Perse-

cution under Trajan and the Antonines, 324.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

ASPECTS OF CIVILISATION OF THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES OF THE EMPIRE 329

The spirit of the times, 329. Manners and customs, 335. Suppers and banquets,

339. The circles, 342. Public readings, 345. Libraries and book-making, 346. The

ceremony of a Roman marriage, 349. The status of women, 352. Paternal authority

and adoption : The slavery of children, 356. The institution of slavery, 359. Games

and recreations, 367. The Roman theatre and amphitheatre, 370. Sheppard's esti-

mate of the gladiatorial contest, 375,

CHAPTER XXXIX

A HALF CENTURY OF DECLINE: COMMODUS TO ALEXANDER SEVERUS

PAGE

. 377

Commodus, 378. Cruelties and death of Commodus, 379. Pertinax (P. Helvius

Pertinax), 382. Julianus (M. Didius Severus Julianus), 383. Severus (L. Septimius

Severus), 385. Conquests of Severus, 387. Caracalla (M. Aurelius Antoninus Cara-

calla), 391. Macrinus (M. Opilius Macrinus), 393. Elagabalus (Narius Avibus Bas-

sianus), 395. Dion Cassius on the accession and reign of Elagabalus, 396. Alexander

Severus (M. Aurelius Alexander Severus), 400. Renan's characterisation of the

period, 403.

CHAPTER XL

CONFUSION WORSE CONFOUNDED: THE SECOND HALF OF THE THIRD CENTURY

OF EMPIRE (235–285 A.D.).

406

Maximin (C. Julius Verus Maximinus), 408. Rival emperors and the death of

Maximin, 409. Pupienus (M. Clodius Pupienus Maximus), Balbinus (D. Cælius Bal-

binus), and Gordian (M. Antonius Gordianus), 411. Philip (M. Julius Philippus), 412.

Decius (C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius), 413. Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus

Gallus), 414. Æmilianus (C. Julius Æmilianus), 414. Valerian (P. Licinius Vale-

rianus) and Gallienus (P. Licinius Gallienus), 415. Gallienus (P. Licinius Gal-

lienus), 417. The thirty tyrants, 418. Claudius (M. Aurelius Claudius), 420. Aure-

lian (L. Domitius Aurelianus), 421. Aurelian walls Rome and invades the East,

422. Zosimus describes the defeat of Zenobia, 423. The fall of Palmyra, 424.

Aurelian quells revolts; attempts reforms; is murdered, 426. Tacitus (M. Claudius

Tacitus), 427. Probus (M. Aurelius Probus), 428. The Isaurian robbers, 430. Carus,

Numerianus and Carinus, 431.

CHAPTER XLI

NEW HOPE FOR THE EMPIRE: THE AGE OF DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTINE

(286-337 A.D.)

433

Diocletian appoints Maximian Co-Regent, 433. The fourfold division of power,

434. Diocletian persecutes the Christians, 436. Abdication of Diocletian and Max-

imian; the two new Cæsars, 437. Strife among the rulers, 438. Constantine wars

with Maxentius, 439. Struggle between Constantine and Licinius, 442. The long

truce between the emperors: Reforms of Constantine, 445. Constantine and Li-

cinius again at war, 447. Constantine besieges Byzantium, 448. Constantine, sole

ruler, founds Constantinople, 450. The old metropolis and the new: Rome and Con-

stantinople, 453. Character of Constantine the Great, 454. Constantine and

Crispus, 457. The heirs of Constantine, 460. The aged Constantine and the Samari-

tans, 462. Last days of Constantine, 465.

CHAPTER XLII

THE SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINE TO THE DEATH OF JULIAN (337-363 A.D.) . 466

War of the Brother Emperors, 469. Constantius and Magnentius, 470. Con-

stantius sole emperor, 472. The fate of Gallus, 476. Constantius and Julian, 477.

The Quadian and Sarmatian wars, 478.

Sapor's invasion of Mesopotamia, 479.

Julian in Gaul, 481. Julian repulses the Alamanni and the Franks, 483. Expedi-

tion beyond the Rhine, 485. Julian as civic ruler, 486. The jealousy of Constan-

tius, 488. Julian acclaimed Augustus, 491. Constantius versus Julian, 493. The

death of Constantius; Julian sole emperor, 497. The religion of Julian, 498. Julian

invades the East, 499. A battle by the Tigris, 503. The pursuit of Sapor, 505.

Julian's death, 508.

CHAPTER XLIII

JOVIAN TO THEODOSIUS (363-395 A.D.)

PAGE

. 510

511.

Election of Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), 510. Sapor assails the Romans,

The humiliation of the Romans, 512. Valentinian and Valens, 516. Invasion

of the Goths in the East; battle of Hadrianopolis and death of Valens, 520. Valens

marches against the Goths, 523. Theodosius named Augustus, 525. Virtues of

Theodosius, 528. Tumult in Antioch, 529. The sedition of Thessalonica, 531.

Theodosius and Ambrose, 532. Last days of Theodosius, 534.

CHAPTER XLIV

THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE (395-408 A.D.)

Arcadius and Honorius succeed Theodosius, 535. Alaric invades Greece, 543.

535

CHAPTER XLV

THE GOTHS IN ITALY (408-423 A.D.)

550

Alaric invades Italy, 550. Honorius retires to Ravenna; Attalus named Em-

peror, 556. Attalus deposed; Rome sacked by Alaric, 559. Death of Alaric ; suc-

cession of Atawulf, 564. Constantine and Gerontius; Constantius, 566.

CHAPTER XLVI

THE HUNS AND THE VANDALS (423-455 A.D.).

. 572

The Gothic historian Jordanes on the battle of Châlons, 587. The invasion of

Italy; the foundation of Venice, 591. The retreat of Attila, 592.

CHAPTER XLVII

THE FALL OF ROME (430-476 a.d.)

. . 598

The Barbarian Emperor-makers, 610. A review of the Barbarian advance, 618.

A fulfilled augury, 623. Breysig's observations on the fall of the Roman Empire

in the West, 623.

APPENDIX A

PAGE

HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF SOME LESSER NATIONS OF ASIA MINOR (283 B.C.-17 A.D.) 626

APPENDIX B

THE ROMAN STATE AND THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH, BY DR. ADOLF HARNACK 629

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAHY OF ROMAN HISTORY

643

645