Addis Abeba, the capital of Abyssinia, and the town of Ankobar. Before the unification of Abyssinia under Menelek in 1889, Shoa was a separate kingdom. See ABYSSINIA. SHOALS, shōlz, ISLES OF. See ISLES OF SHOALS. SHOCK (MDutch schock, Dutch schok, OHG. scoc, shock, jolt; connected with AS. scacan, sceacan, Eng. shake). A sudden depression of the vital powers due to injury or profound mental emotions. Through this depression of the nerve centres a circulatory paresis is induced, which results in the accumulation of the blood in the large abdominal vessels, with a corresponding loss to the cerebral and peripheral circulation. This is shown by the lowering of the surface temperature, and disturbance of voluntary cerebration. Shock may be slight and transient or severe and prolonged, or it may be almost instantly fatal. Surgical shock results from accidental injuries such as extensive burns, gunshot wounds, crushing of the limbs, blows or penetrating wound of the abdomen, injuries to the base of the skull, with concussion of the brain. It is apt to follow extensive operations, especially those upon the abdominal viscera. Sudden and profuse hemorrhage, and occasionally anesthetics, cause shock. Mental shock is induced by sudden grief, fright, or other powerful mental impressions. The condition of shock is denoted by a subnormal temperature, a rapid and feeble pulse, pinched features, a skin cold, pallid, and clammy, or covered with profuse perspiration, shallow and irregular respiration, diminution or loss of sensibility to pain, and a tendency to urinary suppression. The patient is usually conscious, replying to questions, but has no volition either of movement or speech. Delirium is sometimes present, and, in children, convulsions. Shock is increased by cold, loss of blood, and age. Recovery is followed by a period of reaction, which often lasts for several hours. This may be preceded by vomiting. Beginning reaction is indicated by returning color, increased temperature, and improvement in the pulse, respiration, and inclination to voluntary movement. ferred shock is a curious condition in which the symptoms do not develop until some time after the occurrence of a violent mental impression. This variety may be more severe than that produced by bodily injury. De The treatment of collapse is as follows: The patient is placed in a horizontal position with the head slightly lower than the rest of the body, and the feet raised. Surface temperature is maintained by hot-water bottles and blankets. Hypodermic injections of brandy, ether, strych nine, atropine, or digitalis are given according to indications. Hot coffee or brandy may be given by the mouth, the stomach retaining these better than anything else. Mustard plasters may be placed over the heart, pit of the stomach, or spine, or a stimulating enema containing turpentine may be given. One of the most useful and frequently employed measures in shock is the injection either through the veins, rectum, or connective tissues of hot, normal saline solution. Enormous quantities of fluid may thus be taken into the circulation, with remarkably quick and certain results. In severe cases bandaging the limbs in order to increase the blood supply of the brain and vital centres is a resort. Opera tion should never be done during shock except when imperatively necessary to save life. SHODDY (probably a variant of dialectic shode, shedding, separation, from AS. scead, separation, from sceadan, Goth, skaidan, OHG. sceidan, Ger. scheiden, to separate; connected with Lith. skédzn, I separate, Lat. scindere, Gk. oxíjeɩv, schizein, Skt. chid, to split). A term formerly meaning only the waste arising from the manufacture of wool; it now has a wider and much more important signification, and is almost wholly understood to mean the wool of woven fabrics reduced to the state in which it was before being spun and woven, and thus rendered available for remanufacture. Woolen rags, no matter how old and worn, are now a valuable commodity to the manufacturer; they are sorted into two special kinds, the rags of worsted goods and the rags of woolen goods, the former being made of combing or long-staple wools, and the latter of carding or short-staple wools. The former are those properly known as shoddy-rags, and the latter are called mungo. Both are treated in the same way; they are put into a machine called a willy, in which a cylinder covered with sharp hooks is revolving, and the rags are so torn by the hooks that in a short time all traces of spinning and weaving are removed, and the material is again reduced to wool capable of being reworked. It is used as a means of adulteration and cheapening woolen cloths, and in making a class of light cloths adapted to mild climates and other purposes. SHOEBILL, or WHALEHEAD. A large remarkable, heron-like, grayish bird (Balaniceps rex) from the White Nile in Eastern Africa. It is made the type of a special family, the Balænicepitidæ, but is closely allied to the umbrette (q.v.). The most peculiar external feature is the huge blotched yellow bill, longer than the head and shaped like a great shoe. These birds feed on fish and snakes, but also eat the viscera of dead mammals, ripping open the carcass with the stout hook on the end of the upper mandible. Consult Newton, Dictionary of Birds (London, 1893-96), and authorities there cited. SHOE BLACKING. See BLACKING. SHOES (AS. sceo, Goth. skōhs, OHG. scuoh, Ger. Schuh, shoe) AND SHOE MANUFACTURE. The shoe in its simplest form was undoubtedly a sandal or sole with straps attached to it by means of which it might be fastened on to the foot. Such a shoe was designed simply to protect the bottom of the foot from the rough surface of the ground and from the extremes of temperature. Another primitive form of shoe is the Indian moccasin. It differs from the sandal in that it extends over the top of the foot, but, unlike the shoe, the sole and main part of the upper are in one piece. The moccasin is made of buckskin, is soft, flexible, and durable; in fact, one of the best coverings that could be made for the foot. The peasants of several European nations wear a wooden shoe called a sabot, which is shaped out of a single piece of wood. The primitive footgear of Great Britain and Ireland resembled the brogue still worn by the Irish peasants. The brogue is made of a heavy leather, very simply put together, and much larger than the foot, the space between foot and shoe being filled with hay. The clog or patten is a shoe with a wooden sole and leather upper, which is fastened to the sole with nails. In the United States the art of shoemaking was one of the first to be established, for we are told that Thomas Beard, with hides, both upper and bottom, came in the Mayflower, on its third voyage. Massachusetts has continued to lead in the industry thus early established within her borders. For two centuries the shoemaker was often an itinerant workman, who, journeying from one farmer's family to another, tarried in each of the households long enough to convert the farmer's supply of home-tanned leather into a stock of shoes sufficient to meet the needs of the family till his next annual visit. His last was roughly whittled out of a piece of wood to suit the largest boot in the family, and then pared down for successive sizes. The American shoemaker sat on a low bench, one end of which was divided up into compartments where his knives, awls, hammers, and rasps were kept and there was also room for his pots of paste and of blacking, his 'shouldersticks' for 'setting the edges' of heel and sole, and 'rub sticks' for finishing the bottom; his tacks, pegs, nails, thread, and wax, buttons, and linings. Close by he kept a dish called a higgin' in which was placed the water to wet the soles; a pair of clamps to hold the uppers supported between his knees,, while he seamed or bound them, and also the strap which, passing under his foot, held the sole upon the last and both on his knee while he stitched on the welt or sewed the upper to it. Until the beginning of the nineteenth century all shoes were made by sewing them together by hand, but they were cut and put together in much the same manner as now, except that the operations have been shortened and also multiplied by the introduction of machinery. In order, therefore, that the uses of the various machines may better be understood, the general process of making a shoe will be explained. A shoe consists of two parts: the sole, which is made of very heavy leather, and the upper, which is made of lighter leather, or of cloth. The upper, in turn, consists of various parts, according to the pattern by which it is cut, but in general the upper front part is the vamp, while the back is called the quarters. The upper may be sewed on to the sole on the wrong side and turned, or on the right side, usually by means of a welt. The first method was formerly employed for all the lighter, finer grades of shoes, but is now chiefly confined to slippers. Shoes made in this way are called turns. A welt is a narrow strip of leather, sewed on to the lower edge of the upper, with the seam inside, and then turned and sewed flat on to the outer edge of the sole. It is now the almost universal method for sewing shoes together. The last is a wooden form, modeled after the general shape of the human foot, on which the parts are placed in putting together the upper and sole, and finishing the shoe. Last-making was at one time a part of the shoemaker's trade, but is now a separate industry. In making a shoe, whether by hand or machine, the leather must be solidified by hammering or rolling; it must be skived, that is trimmed down to a uniform thickness, and all imperfections cut away; the parts must be cut out and the differ SHOES. ent portions composing the upper sewed together. The sole consists of two portions: the insole of soft and the outer sole of heavier leather. The insole, rendered pliant by soaking in water, is first tacked to the last. Next its outer edge a channel, called a feather, is dug about 1 inch deep, along which holes for the stitches are pierced obliquely through the leather into the channel. The top is next lasted, an operation requiring great skill. The welt is then placed around the sole as far as the heel, and then the upper welt and insole are sewed together in one seam. The bottom is then leveled up by filling in the depressed portion formed by the welt with tarred paper or other material. The outer sole, which has first been soaked and then thoroughly hammered on the lapstone, is now temporarily tacked to the insole. A narrow channel is then cut around the edge, through which the sole is securely stitched to the welt. The heel, built of several layers, or lifts, is now nailed to the sole, and the shoe is ready for the final processes of trimming, polishing, etc. Three other methods are employed for fastening the soles to the uppers: pegging, nailing or riveting, and screwing. Probably the first piece of machinery that was applied to shoemaking was a combined lasting and sole-nailing machine, invented in England by M. J. Brunel, in 1810. In America the first invention which materially changed the methods of the shoemaker was the use of wooden pegs for fastening the soles and uppers together. With their adoption the development of the modern shoe factory began. At first only a small portion of the work was done in the general factory, the rest being performed in private homes, or in shops, as before, but with this great difference, that the shoes were to be sold at wholesale, 'ready-made,' and not according to the orders of individual customers. Shoemaking was divided into three parts: 'cutting,' 'binding,' and 'bottoming.' The cutting was done at the central factory; then the uppers were sent out to one set of workmen, often women and children, to be sewed in their homes; last of all the bottoms and uppers were sent out to local shoemakers, who, in their little 8X10 shops, formed what was known as a team' of workmen, who put the parts together, one man doing the lasting, another the pegging, and a third the trimming, About 1850 the rolling machine was introduced, by which the sole leather is thoroughly compressed in a minute, a process which had required an hour's time of laborious pounding with hammer and lap-stone. A little later the Howe sewing machine was adapted to the sewing of the leather uppers. About the same time horsepower, and soon after steam-power, was applied to the running of shoe-making machinery, and with the adoption of the latter the various branches of shoe-making were gathered together under one roof. In 1860 the McKay sewing machine, for sewing the uppers and soles together, was introduced, and at once revolutionized the business. See SEWING MACHINE. An improvement upon this was the Goodyear welt machine, introduced about 1877, by means of which the uppers and soles are secured by means of a welt, as previously described. In 1881 the invention of the Reese button-hole machine still further narrowed the sphere of hand-sewing in shoes, including alligator, lizard, snake, and monthe manufacture of shoes. Of the other earlier inventions the more important are: The cable screw-wire machine for fastening uppers and soles together (1869); Bigelow's and McKay's heeling machines (1870); and the edge-trimming machines (1876). During the last two decades of the nineteenth century many other important machines were invented, including polishers and trimmers. From a hundred to two hundred different pieces of machinery are now commonly employed in a single factory. The transformation of the raw material into a finished shoe involves over a hundred different manipulations. Boots and shoes are made in twenty-six different lengths, numbered in two series from 1 to 13. Between most of the numbers half-sizes are made and often five different widths for each half size. The modern factory usually consists of five departments or rooms. In the first room the sole leather is first run through a skiving machine, which pares off the leather to a uniform thickness, rejecting thin and ragged portions. It is then solidified in a rolling machine, after which the soles may be cut out. This is accomplished either by means of dies operated by a steamhammer or by machine-driven knives, which follow rapidly around a pattern laid on the leather. The heels are also cut by means of dies and various forms of machinery in use for building them up. The cutting of the uppers, as well as of the soles and linings, is often done by dies or other cutting machinery. But the best work is still done with a knife, by hand, in order to make sure that the parts are cut the right way of the grain and out of a portion of the skin of uniform texture. The tips are cut by punching machines with many different dies, according to shape and patterning. In the stitching room the sewing machines are driven by power and often there is a In separate girl and machine for each seam. the bottoming room the uppers are lasted and soled and then heeled. Different methods of heeling are in practice. By one the lifts are nailed together by a nailing machine, which both cuts the wire off the reel and drives it through the heel. By another, the heel, instead of being built up separately and then secured to the boot, is built up on the boot, and when the top piece is on, the heel is pared and the front curve or breast formed. The final shaping of the heel usually involves several manipulations. In the fifth room the final operations of trimming and polishing are conducted. The trimming is ef fected by specially adjusted, rapidly revolving wheels. The final polishing is done by machine driven burnishers, sandpaperers, and other polishing devices. Last of all, if a shiny surface is desired, the shoe is given a coat of liquid pol ish and rubbed with a hot iron. If a dull finish is desired, as in calfskin, the shoe is rubbed with grease and then with an ebony stick. When the shoes are screwed or riveted, the process is, of course, somewhat changed. In riveted work no welt is used. In screwing, a reel of stout wire is provided with a screw thread, which is driven by the machine through the outer sole, inner sole, and upper and then cut off evenly. This makes a strong, durable shoe. A great variety of different leathers are used in making key skins, as well as the more common kinds. RUBBER SHOES. An important branch of shoe manufacture is the making of rubber overshoes and boots, as a protection to the feet from the wet. The best quality of raw rubber is used, which, received at the factory in crude lumps, is ground and washed, and rolled into sheets. The sulphur necessary for vulcanization, lampblack for coloring, and sometimes other ingredients, are added; after which the sheets are passed through heated rollers, which reduce them to a thickness of less than one-third of an inch. A cloth backing is then applied by simply laying the rubber on the cloth and then subjecting it to great pressure under a cloth-calendering machine. Out of this cloth the rubbers are cut, a different thickness of fabric for sole, heel, and upper, and the parts are skillfully joined over wooden lasts. This is not done by sewing, but by using some solvent, as turpentine, which covered with a coat of rubber varnish and vulcauses the edges to adhere. The shoes are now canized (see RUBBER), after which they are ready for the market. and Shoe Manufacture of the United States CenSTATISTICS. According to the section on Boot sus for 1900, the capital invested in this industry amounted to $101,795,233, and the annual product was $261.028,580. This was distributed among 1,600 establishments, employing 142,922 laborers, of whom about one-third were women. The number of factories or shops was about 350 less than it was in 1880, but that this is simply the result of consolidation is shown by the fact that in 1880 the capital invested was only $42,994.028, and the value of the product, $166,050,354. In the manufacture of rubber boots and shoes 22 establishments were engaged in 1900, an increase of 13 since 1880. The capital invested was $33.667,533, as against $2,425,000 in 1880. The value of the annual product was $41,089,819, as against $9,705,724 in 1880. The centre of the industry, like that of the manufacture of leather boots and shoes, is in New England. BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is very little recent literature on shoe manufacture. In 1889 John Bedford Leno published in London a book on the Art of Boot and Shoe Making, containing a description of most of the modern shoemaking machinery. A history of the development of the industry in America is given in Depew, One Hundred Years of American Commerce (New York, 1895), and also in Shaler, United States of America (ib., 1894). The United States Census for 1900, vol. ix., part 3, "Manufactures," gives the history of the development of the industry in the and statistical information. There is also a secUnited States, together with much descriptive tion on rubber boots and shoes.. SHOGUN, sho'goon (Sinico-Jap., generalissimo). The title adopted in Japan for the general commanding each of the four divisions of the Empire in early times. In 1192 Yoritomo Minamoto (q.v.) was given the title Sei-I-Tai-Shogun (Barbarian-quelling great General). By degrees the Shogun became independent of the Emperor, so that in the hands of the Tokugawa family (1603-1868) the shogunate became the de facto ruling power in the country. After having been held successively by four great military clans for SHOGUN. nearly 700 years, the office was abolished in 1868. For some years after 1853 the Shogun was known to foreigners as the Tycoon. 113 SHOLAPUR, shō'là-poor'. The capital of the District of Sholapur, in the Province of Bombay, India, 60 miles north by east of Bijapur (Map: India, C 5). The ruins of the old fort, dating from 1345, a high school, two parks, and a large bazaar are noteworthy. The Ekrukh reservoir and irrigation plant is three miles to the north of the city. The city is an important distributing point for the agricultural products of the region, and manufactures cotton goods, blankets, silks, etc. Population, in 1901, 75,288. In 1818 Sholapur was the scene of the decisive victory of the British forces under Munro over the forces of Baji Rao. SHOOTING (from shoot, AS. sceotan, OHG. sciozan, Ger. schiessen, to shoot; ultimately connected with Skt. skand, to leap, Lat. scandere, to climb). Proficiency and accuracy in shooting is the object of many associations and competitions with the military rifle, the shotgun, revolvers, and pistols. MILITARY RIFLE CONTESTS. In 1868 Captain Wingate, of the Twenty-second Regiment, New York National Guard, issued a manual, based on the English Hythe' system. It was adopted in many States, and led to the formation of 'The National Rifle Association of America.' The Legislature of the State of New York authorized the purchase of a site for a rifle range at Creedmoor, and in June, 1873, the first annual competition was held. In the following year the Irish team which had won the Echo Shield' in the great English rifle contests at Wimbledon challenged all America to a competition. This was accepted by the Amateur Rifle Club.' The Irish team was beaten on the last shot by a bull's-eye. The distances were 800, 900, and 1,000 yards. The following year the American team went to Ireland, but were beaten by 967 to 929. In 1876 an American team successfully defended the 'Palma trophy' against teams from Ireland, Scotland, Australia, and Canada. In 1877 another British team was beaten at Creedmoor by 3334 to 3242. In 1880 an American team went to Ireland and won by 1292 to 1280. After that there were no further international contests until the year 1901, when a Canadian team won by 1522 to 1491. In 1902 a British team won it at Ottawa, by 1447 to 1373, and took it to England. In the competition of 1903 held at Bisley, England, the American team was the victor, defeating the English team by 15 points, the score being: America, 1570; Great Britain, 1555. SHORE. ter of continental shores are modified chiefly in two ways: (1) By the erosive and transporting action of the sea, whose waves, currents, and tides are constantly at work removing the rock materials in one place and depositing them in another. In this way the seaward edges of strata are cut back to form cliffs, sometimes producing an irregular shore line, with headlands and deep reëntrants; the land waste brought down by rivers is distributed over the ocean floor, (2) and beaches and sand reefs are built up. By secular movements of the earth's crust through which the level of the land, with reCoastal lands, spect to the sea, is changed. which have thus been upraised from the sea floor, are generally formed of soft strata, but, owing to their low position, they resist erosion to a marked degree. Moreover, as the waters deepen very gradually off-shore, the waves beat up the sands from the bottom, forming long reefs and the sediments transported by rivers accumulate as deltas, so that such shores have additional protection from the wasting action of the sea. The coastal plain of Texas affords an example of a shore line of this character. Throughout most of its length it is low, monotonously level, and fringed by sand reefs, which are so little interrupted that to give access to deep-sea vessels Galveston has been built on an outer reef. The peculiar shore line of North Carolina, which is indented by shallow sounds and bordered by reefs, has been formed by the gradual depression of an uplifted and dissected sea bottom. Coastal lands that have been subjected to marked depression are usually characterized by an irregular shore line with rocky headlands, numerous harbors, and outlying islands, thus contrasting strongly with the shores of uplifted regions. This follows from the fact that the surface of such lands is diversified through the constantly active process of erosion, while the ocean floor is comparatively smooth and unbroken. The western coast of Norway owes its irregular outline to the depression of a mountainous land surface by which the valleys have been submerged by the sea forming long, deep reëntrants, called fiords (q.v.). The coasts of Great Britain, Maine, and Southern Chile also exhibit these characteristics. See DELTA; BEACHES, etc. SHORE, JANE (1445-1527). Mistress of Edward IV. of England. She was born in London and was married to a goldsmith named William Shore. She met King Edward about 1470. After Edward's death she was accused of witchcraft by the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards King Richard III., and, suspected of favoring the cause of the young princes, was committed to the Tower. Her property was confiscated, and she was sentenced by the Bishop of London to do penance for her crimes. She lived until the accession of Henry VIII., and died in penury and obscurity. Her life was the subject of many contemporary and subsequent poems and a tragedy by Rowe. Competitions of skill in pistol and revolver shooting are more common in America than elsewhere. There is a United States National Revolver Association and an annual championship tournament at Sea Girt. It comprises the military revolver, twenty-five shots at 25, 50, and 75 yards ordinary pistol, fifty shots at 50 yards; revolver team shooting, five men to a team, each to shoot ten shots at 25, 50, and 75 yards. SHORE, LOUISA CATHERINE (1824-95). An SHOOTING STARS. See AEROLITE; ME- English poetess. An elder sister, Margaret Emily TEORS. SHORE (probably connected with AS. sceran, sciran, sceoran, to cut off, Eng. shear, shire). The margin between the land area of the earth and the water area. The outline and general charac (1819-39), early cut off by consumption, showed much literary talent. With a second sister, Arabella, Louisa published several volumes of poems: War Lyrics (1855); Gemma of the Isles, a Lyrical Poem (1859); Fra Dolcino and Other Poems (1871); and Elegies and Memorials (1890). The last collection contains from Louisa beautiful elegies on Margaret Emily and on a brother lost at sea. Louisa published independently Hannibal, a poem in two parts (1861). She warmly championed the cause of women. Consult Posthumous Poems, with an introduction by Frederic Harrison (London, 1896), and the delightful Journal of Emily Shore (ib., 1891). SHORE-BIRDS, or BEACH-BIRDS. A sportsmen's term for those birds which run along the beaches of the sea or inland bodies of water, and pick up their food from the edge of the waves. All are of the order Limicolæ (q.v.), and (so far as they interest sportsmen) consist mainly of sandpipers, curlews, stilts, plovers, and their nearer allies. They are shot mainly by hiding in 'blinds' at favorable places, and setting out decoys to attract the migrating flocks. Consult, in addition to general ornithologies, any of many special works by both ornithologists and sportsmen, as Elliot, North American Shore-Birds (New York, 1898); and Seebohm, Geographical Distribution of the Family Charadriida (London, 1887), in which are described and largely figured all the shore-birds of the world. SHORE DITCH. A borough of London, England, immediately north of the city nucleus. Within its limits is the immense freight depot of the Great Eastern Railway. The two theatres in London during Shakespeare's time were in Shoreditch. The name is probably derived from Sir John Soersditch, who had his residence here in the reign of Edward III.; the tradition is baseless that the name is derived from Jane Shore, mistress of Edward IV., who is said to have died here in a ditch. Studies at Athens. Professor Shorey's studies are chiefly in the field of ancient philosophy, particularly Platonism. His published works include: De Platonis Idearum Doctrina (1884); The Idea of God in Plato's Republic (1895); and an edition of the Odes of Horace (1898). SHORT. A term used to denote brokers, dealers, and speculators in stocks, certificates of indebtedness, or any commodity, who agree to sell or contract to deliver shares, etc., which at the time they do not own, and who to do so are forced to borrow the same for a consideration, and eventually to 'cover' by actual purchase or by an equitable settlement with the buyer. If the market value of the stock or commodity falls the short profits by purchasing the same at a lower price, thus making the difference, whereas on a rising market he will lose, as he is forced to pay more for the stock or commodity than he received in the original sale. See STOCK EXCHANGE; CORNER; MARGIN; DEALS. SHORT, WILLIAM (1759-1849). An American diplomatist, born at Spring Garden, Surry Coun- SHORE-LARK, or HORNED LARK. The only ity combined to make him extremely unpopular at home. In 1808 Jefferson nominated him as the first United States Minister at Saint Petersburg, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination, and in August, 1810, he returned to the United States. Thereafter he lived at Philadelphia. A SHORT'ER, CLEMENT KING (1858-). London journalist and critic, editor of the Illustrated London News (1891-99), the Sketch (189399), and the English Illustrated Magazine (189499). In 1900 he started the Sphere, an illustrated literary weekly. Beyond his profession he is best known for his Brontë studies, comprising Charlotte Brontë and Her Circle (1896) and a new edition of Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell's Charlotte Brontë (1900). Other books are: Sixty Years of Victorian Literature (1897); The Sanity of Couper and Other Essays (1900); and selections from Wordsworth (1894) and the entire Waverley Novels (1898). true lark (Otocoris alpestris), that is, a lark of the family Alaudidæ, indigenous to North America. It ranges in its migrations over the entire continent, breeding in Canada, Alaska, and the elevated plateau regions of the West, and appearing along the coasts, about the Great Lakes, and southward in open districts in winter. It is a small, handsome, and highly variable bird, the characteristic feature of which is an erectile, narrow, horn-like tuft of lengthened black feathers on each side of the crown. The plumage of the adult consists of mingled brown and vinaceous tints above, with the lower parts mainly white, and bold black markings on the head and chest. (See Plate of LARKS AND STARLINGS.) Those living on the Western plains, where they are numerous and sociable, are far paler than the Northern and Eastern residents. All make their nests on the ground, and lay brown-speckled eggs. These larks have a brilliant song, which is often heard while they flutter high in the air like skylarks. Consult American ornithologies, especially: Coues, Birds of the Northwest (Washington, 1874); Keyser, applied to the ancient hieroglyphies, though these Birds of the Rockies (Chicago, 1902). SHO'REY, PAUL (1857—). An American classicist, born at Davenport, Iowa. He was educated at Harvard and at the University of Munich. From 1885 to 1892 he was professor at Bryn Mawr College, and in the latter year became the head of the department of Greek in the University of Chicago. In 1901-02 he was professor in the American School of Classical SHORTHAND. A common English word used for all kinds of abbreviated writing other than abbreviated longhand. It is not generally are a kind of short writing, in which a single character is often made to represent a whole idea. The name 'stenography' is also given to shorthand, and this is commonly used as synonymous with it. It was so used by John Willis in his treatise entitled The Art of Stenography, published in 1602. The word 'phonography' should be applied only to those systems of shorthand that are based strictly upon the phonetic principle, such as the Pitmanic system. Various other |