tioned behind the Riesengebirge; so that when Von Bittenfeld and Prince Frederick Charles crossed the Erzgebirge (June 24th), they found themselves opposed by only the outlying brigades of Clam-Gallas, which they forced to retire toward Turnau and Münchengrätz, after defeating them in some insignificant combats and in a severe struggle at Podol. The First Prussian Army and the Elbe Army, now united, advanced leisurely, driving the enemy before them toward Münchengrätz, where Clam-Gallas was attacked on June 28th, and, after a brief but severe contest forced to retreat in haste. By several routes, the combined armies continued their onward march, routing the detached corps of Austrians and Saxons which attempted to bar their progress; and after a severe contest (June 29th) took possession of Gitschin and established communications with the Crown Prince. Clam-Gallas retired to join the main body under Benedek.

The army of the Crown Prince advanced in two divisions, the right wing by Landshut, toward Trautenau; the left by Glatz, toward Nachod and Skalitz; while the centre entered Bohemia by Braunau, all crossing the frontier on June 26th and 27th. The passes were traversed without opposition, but the Austrian forces under Gablenz opposed a determined resistance when the invaders emerged from them. Both sides were strongly reinforced, but victory remained with the Prussians in the encounters at Nachod, Skalitz, and Schweinschädel. The three Prussian columns, having effected a firm lodgment in Bohemia, moved steadily forward in lines converging to a point north of the Austrian army, which was concentrated between Josephstadt and Königgrätz; and King William I. of Prussia, who had arrived (July 2d) at the headquarters of the First and Third armies, hearing of Benedek's intention of attacking before the Crown Prince's army could come up, resolved to anticipate him, and ordered an attack on the Austrian position at 8 A. M. on July 3d, at the same time sending an urgent appeal to hasten the arrival of the Crown Prince. (See SADOWA, BATTLE OF.) The Austrians and their Saxon allies were utterly routed and only saved from annihilation by their admirable cavalry. All hope, however, of staying the advance of the Prussians with the army of Benedek was at an end; a truce was asked for, but refused; and the victorious Prussians pushed , forward toward Vienna, whither Benedek had drawn his beaten forces. At the same time the southern Austrian army, which had been employed against the Italians, was summoned to the defense of Vienna, when, through the agency of the Emperor of the French, a truce was agreed to (July 26th), at Nikolsburg, which afterwards led to a treaty of peace.

A few days before this campaign began, the Italians, who had entered into an alliance with Prussia in order to secure the liberation of Venetia, assembled an army of 200.000 men, onehalf of which, under General La Marmora (q.v.) was to cross the Mincio between Peschiera and Mantua, while the other half was stationed round Bologna to operate on the lower Po. To oppose this force, the Archduke Albert, the commander-in-chief of the Austrian forces in Italy, had about 90.000 men near Verona, besides the garrisons of the Quadrilateral and Venice, which were not available for field service. On June 23d

La Marmora's army crossed the Mincio, unopposed by the Austrians. The Archduke, however, succeeded in drawing his opponent into an unfavorable position and attacked him (June 24th) at Custozza with his whole force. The Austrians achieved a decisive victory. The Italians fell back, in fair order, toward the Mincio, unpursued by their exhausted opponents.

While the Italian generals were deliberating on the renewal of the campaign, news came of the great defeat which the Austrians had sustained in the north, and of the cession of Venetia, by the Emperor of Austria, to the Emperor Napoleon. On July 20th the Italian fleet, under Persano, suffered a great defeat at Lissa at the hands of Admiral Tegetthoff, the Austrian commander.

In spite of her disasters, Italy was very loath to agree to the armistice signed by the two belligerent German Powers at Nikolsburg, on July 26th, and attempted to insist upon the surrender by Austria to her of the Trentino. Prussia, however, would not support this demand, and Victor Emmanuel gave way reluctantly, and agreed to the armistice, August 12th. The Peace of Prague was signed August 23d.

A third contest was, about the same time, in progress between Prussia and those States of Germany which had engaged in the struggle on the side of Austria. The Hanoverian army was compelled to surrender at Langensalza, June 28th. The operations against the forces of the SouthGerman States (Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse) in the valley of the Main and in the Lower Franconia (Kissengen) were speedily brought to a successful issue by Vogel von Falckenstein and other Prussian generals. For results of the war, see GERMANY; PRUSSIA; ITALY.

Consult: Hozier, The Seven Weeks' War (London, 1867); Lecomte, Guerre de la Prusse et de l'Italie contre l'Autriche et la confédération germanique (Paris, 1868); Fontane, Der deutsche Krieg von 1866 (2d ed., Berlin, 1867); Knorr, Der Feldzug des Jahres 1866 in West- und Süddeutschland (Hamburg, 1867); also the official accounts of the general staffs.

SEVEN WISE MASTERS. A collection of stories of Oriental origin and of wide currency in Europe in the Middle Ages. Although the details vary, the general framework is the same in all the recensions, and is as follows: A king has his son by a former marriage reared by seven sages far from the Court. When the prince reaches manhood, his father summons him home, but a period of danger for the youth is foretold by the stars. To avert the peril, he is bidden by his teacher, without the King's knowledge, to keep silence for seven days. During this time his stepmother accuses him before the King in revenge for his refusal to return her proffered love. The Prince is sentenced to die. His death is delayed, however, by the seven sages, each of whom tells a story to the King of the craft of women and the danger of hasty judgment, while the Queen endeavors to offset this story by another, and urges immediate execution. This continues for seven days. At the end of this time the Prince breaks his silence, and proves his innocence, whereupon the Queen is put to death. The original of the collection is unknown. An analogue exists, however, in the Sanskrit Sukasaptati (q.v.), and, with a different

SEVEN WISE MASTERS.

theme, in the Vetālapañcavimsati (q.v). In the Arabian Nights there is an almost exact parallel in the collection entitled The Malice of Women (nights 578-606). The course of the story-cycle is an interesting one. It was translated apparently from Sanskrit into Pahlavi, thence into Arabic, from which it came into Spanish, Hebrew, and Syriac, being translated from the latter language into Greek by Andreopulos. It reached the Occident apparently about the twelfth century. In 1184 or 1185 the monk Johannes de Alta Silva (the modern Haut-Seille, near Nancy) made a version entitled Dolopathos, sive Historia de Rege et Septem Sapientibus (edited by Oesterley, Strassburg, 1873). On this Dolopathos Herbert based his poetic version, Li Romans de Dolopathos, in the thirteenth century (edited by Brunet and Montaiglon, Paris, 1856), and closely related to this is the Old French Roman des sept sages (edited by Keller, Tübingen, 1836), based on a Latin recension now lost. A third Latin version, the Historia Septem Sapientium (edited from a manuscript of 1342 by Buchner, Erlangen, 1889), was the best known of all, and served as a basis for numerous translations in German, Dutch, French, Spanish, and English, passing from English into Armenian, Bohemian, Polish, and Russian. From a fourth Latin text (edited by Mussafia, Vienna, 1868) were derived two Italian versions.

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. A

group of famous works of antiquity. The cycle

seems to have been formed in Alexandrian times

and is mentioned in an epigram of Antipater of Sidon in the second century B.C. It was made the subject of a special treatise by a Sophist of the end of the fifth century of our era, which has come down in a somewhat mutilated condition, under the name of Philo of Byzantium. It is certainly not by the great engineer of that name. Antipater's list is: the walls of Babylon, the statue of Zeus by Phidias at Olympia, the hang ing gardens at Babylon, the Colossus (q.v.) of Rhodes, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Mausoleum (q.v.) at Halicarnassus, and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. (See DIANA, TEMPLE OF.) Pseudo-Philo used a list which combined the walls and hanging gardens under one head, and added the Pharos (q.v.) of Alexandria. Others made still other substitutions, among which is found even the Temple at Jerusalem.

SEVEN YEARS' WAR (1756-63). Primarily a continuation of the contest between Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria for the possession of Silesia, this war became of world importance, as in it France and England fought out their struggle for supremacy in North America and in India. All of the great European nations were involved in it. Frederick William I. of Prussia learned before his death in 1740 how fruitless was the traditional Hohenzollern policy of loyalty to the House of Hapsburg. His son, Frederick the Great, adopted a new policy of self-assertion for Prussia. In the first and second Silesian wars, 1740-42 and 1744-45, which formed part of the great European struggle known as the War of the Austrian Succession (see SUCCESSION WARS), he won Silesia, upon which the House of Hohenzollern had an old claim. His title to its possession was recognized in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

VOL. XVIII.-2.

SEVEN YEARS' WAR.

In

(1748). Maria Theresa was bent upon the recovery of Silesia, and France and England had not by any means settled their differences. 1754 the French and Indian War (q.v.) broke out in America, and in the spring of 1756 England and France were fighting in the Mediterranean. There had been effected, in preparation for a struggle, a new alignment of European alliances. Austria, whose foreign policy was directed by Kaunitz (q.v.), and France, whose King, Louis XV., was under the sway of Madame de Pompadour, had departed from the policy of antagonism which they had maintained for two centuries and had concluded a treaty of alliance at Versailles, May 1, 1756. Ten years before a defensive alliance against Frederick had been arranged between Austria and Russia. Great Britain in case of a European war had common interest with Prussia on account of Hanover, which would be exposed to the attacks of her old enemy, France. She, therefore, entered into an alliance with Prussia. On April 22, 1756, Russia proposed to Austria the partition of the Prussian territories. Frederick, well informed of the plans of his enemies, anticipated their actions, and, after a summary demand on the two powers as to their intentions, on August 29, 1756, invaded Saxony, which he knew to be friendly to Austria.

Frederick threw a column into Bohemia and met the Austrian advance under Browne in an

The

indecisive battle at Lobositz, October 1st. The Saxon army, after a siege of some weeks at Pirna, capitulated on October 16th, and thereafter Saxony was used by Frederick as a base of operations, while her revenues were collected by Prussia. On January 17, 1757, the Diet of the German Empire declared war on Prussia, and in February Austria, Russia, and France completed a new treaty of offensive alliance. Sweden also joined the allies. At this time the English alliance promised little for Prussia, and it was not until Pitt (q.v.) was well established in control of the British foreign affairs that it gave promise of real utility for Frederick. coalition against Frederick, whose subjects numbered only about 5,000,000, was the most pow erful that Europe has ever witnessed. Surrounded by such powerful foes the Prussian King's policy was to concentrate his attacks and strike rapid and heavy blows. He made his first attack in Bohemia, defeated the Austrians under Charles of Lorraine and Browne before Prague, May 6th, in a desperate battle, laid siege to Prague, but lost the battle of Kolin against the Austrian Marshal Daun (q.v.), June 18th. This compelled the King to retire into Saxony. Meanwhile the French had obtained possession of much of North Germany west of the Elbe, which was defended by an insufficient English and Hanoverian force under the incompetent Duke of Cumberland. The latter retreated before the French, was beaten at Hastenbeck, July 26th, and signed the disgraceful convention of KlosterZeven, September 8th, in accordance with which the Hanoverian army was to be dispersed, Hanover being left in the hands of the French. was a virtual surrender and the English Government repudiated it. Frederick turned next against the French and Imperialists, under the command of Soubise (q.v.), and at Rossbach (q.v.) won one of his most brilliant victories, November

This

5, 1757. A month later he inflicted a great defeat upon the Austrians under Daun at Leuthen (December 5th). This battle was followed by the surrender of Breslau and Liegnitz. Meanwhile in East Prussia the Prussians under Lehwaldt were defeated at Gross-Jagerndorf by the Russians under Apraxin (August 30th) and East Prussia was overrun. But Pitt had now taken hold of English affairs with a firm grasp and entered upon the fullest coöperation with Prussia. Ferdinand of Brunswick was placed in command of the Hanoverian forces and Frederick's resources were increased by a liberal subsidy from England.

In 1758 Frederick opened another year of aggressive campaigning. He recaptured Schweidnitz in Silesia, besieged Olmütz unsuccessfully, then turned upon the Russians who had invaded Brandenburg, and defeated them thoroughly at Zorndorf, August 25th. He then moved into Saxony, where he was attacked by Daun at Hochkirch, October 14th, and defeated, though not badly. He then passed around Daun's army and relieved Upper Silesia, which was in danger of falling into the hands of the Austrians. Prussia, however, was now almost exhausted. Hemmed in by the Russians and Austrians under Soltikoff and Laudon, Frederick met his worst defeat at Kunersdorf (q.v.), near Frankfort-onthe-Oder, on August 12, 1759, where almost his entire army was destroyed or dispersed. On November 21st one of his generals, Finck, was trapped at Maxen in Saxony and compelled to surrender with about 13,000 men. Prussia now seemed to be prostrate. In the west, however, conditions had changed with the change in commanders. Ferdinand of Brunswick signally defeated the French at Crefeld, June 23, 1758, and at Minden, August 1, 1759. The victory of Minden, with the brilliant success of the English against the French in Canada, where they took Quebec, the capture of Guadeloupe, and the naval victory of Admiral Hawke over the French in Quiberon Bay, November 20th, redeemed the year 1759 for the Anglo-Prussian alliance.

After 1759 Frederick fought on the defensive. In 1760 the Prussians were defeated at Landshut, June 23d, and lost Glatz, July 26th. Frederick himself won by hard fighting the battles of Liegnitz, August 15th, over Laudon, and Torgau, November 3d, over Daun, but in the meantime, in October, Berlin itself was raided by Russians and Austrians. In 1760 George III. succeeded to the English throne and in 1761 Pitt went out of office. With Pitt went England's grand designs. The Government failed to renew the convention with Prussia, which thus lost her one ally. This desertion Frederick never forgave. The death of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia, January 5, 1762, and the accession of Peter III., Frederick's ardent admirer, coming at this critical juncture, saved Prussia. The new Czar made an alliance with Frederick and the Russian arms were turned against Austria. Frederick was able to take the initiative again and defeated the Austrians at Burkersdorf, in Silesia, July 21, 1762, and on August 16th defeated Daun at Reichenbach. On October 29th Prince Henry, brother of Frederick, and Seydlitz were victorious at Freiberg. Peter was deposed July 9th by his wife, Catharine II., and the Russian troops were ordered home.

Sweden also withdrew from the struggle. At the close of 1762 a truce was concluded between Austria and Prussia, both sides being exhausted. France had drawn Spain into the struggle with England by. the Bourbon family compact of August 5, 1761, which Choiseul had negotiated, and Bute, who had sought peace at any price, found himself compelled to follow tardily the course marked out by Pitt. In 1762 Martinique, Havana, and Manila fell into the hands of the English. The struggle in India was already decided in favor of England. On November 3, 1762, preliminaries of peace were signed at Fontainebleau between England, France, Spain, and Portugal (which had been attacked by the Bourbon coalition), and the definitive Peace of Paris was arranged on February 10, 1763. (See PARIS, TREATIES OF.) Austria and Prussia concluded the Peace of Hubertsburg on February 15, 1763. As Prussia retained Silesia, the war brought no changes territorially in Europe, but it placed Prussia among the Powers of the first rank. Outside of Europe it changed the aspect of the world, bringing about the downfall of France as a colonial Power and preparing the way for the British Empire in India.

Consult: Longman, Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War (London, 1888), a reliable and comprehensive brief history; Carlyle, History of Frederick the Great (in several editions); Schäfer, Geschichte des siebenjährigen Krieges (Berlin, 1867-74), the principal history of the war; Von Ranke, Der Ursprung des siebenjährigen Krieges (Leipzig, 1871); Vast, "Guerre de sept ans," with excellent bibliography, in vol. vii. of Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire générale (Paris, 1893-1900). See also authorities referred to under FREDERICK II., MARIA THERESA, and PITT, WILLIAM.

SEV'ERI'NUS, SAINT (c.400-82). A missionary of Latin birth, born either in Northern Africa or Southern Italy, often known as the Apostle of Noricum. In 454, after the death of Attila, he went among the Norici to establish the only partially recognized religion of Christianity. By his courage and good works he put the new religion on a firm footing. His body was taken to Italy by his follower, Lucillus, and eventually was buried on a small island near Naples.

SEV'ERN. One of the principal rivers of England. It rises on Plinlimmon, in Montgomeryshire, North Wales, flows first east and northeast, then crosses Shropshire in an easterly and southeasterly direction, and finally flows southward through Worcester and Gloucester, forming a large estuary, which widens into the Bristol Channel (q.v.) (Map: England, D 5). It is 210 miles long, and navigable for barges to Welshpool, 180 miles from its mouth. The chief affluents of the Severn are the Avon on the east and the Wye on the west. A canal, 18%1⁄2 miles long, navigable for vessels of 350 tons, materially shortens the navigation from the upper portion of the estuary to Gloucester. Other canals connect the Severn with the Thames, Trent, Mersey, and the other important rivers of Middle England. The famous Severn railway tunnel, over four miles long, passes under the estuary near Chepstow.

SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879). An English painter, born at Hoxton, Gloucestershire. While

SEVERN.

a struggling young artist he became a friend of John Keats. In 1817 he won a gold medal from the Royal Academy, for his historical painting "Una." Afterwards he worked principally at miniatures. He went with Keats to Rome in 1820, and remained with him until his death. He painted several portraits of Keats, and after his return to London in 1841 did some literary work of little importance. From 1860 until 1872 he was consul at Rome, and he was buried in that city, beside the poet. Consult Sharp, Life and Letters of Joseph Severn (London, 1892).

SEVERO (sâ-vã'rô) CAPE, NORTHEAST CAPE, or CAPE CHELYUSKIN. The northernmost point of the Asiatic continent (Map: Asia, K 1). It is a low, stony, and desert outrunner of the Taimur Peninsula and extends to latitude 77° 34' north. After its discovery by the Russian officer Tehelyuskin in 1742 it was not again visited until Nordenskjöld reached it in 1878. SEVE'RUS, ALEXANDER. See ALEXANDER SEVERUS.

SEVERUS, LUCIUS SEPTIMIUS (A.D. 146-211). A Roman emperor from 193 to 211, born near Leptis Magna, on the north coast of Africa. He was commander of a legion in Gaul, and governor successively of Gallia Lugdunensis, Pannonia, and Sicily. After the murder of Pertinax he was proclaimed Emperor, A.D. 193, at Carnuntum, and promptly marched upon Rome, where the puppet Julianus had by purchase obtained the Imperial purple. His arrival before Rome was the death signal for Julianus; and after taking vengeance on the murderers of Pertinax, and distributing an extravagant largess to his soldiers, Severus marched against Pescennius Niger, and conquered him at Issus, A.D. 194. A campaign in the East, and a three years' siege of Byzantium, which was finally taken, were followed by a desperate struggle with Clodius Albinus, whom, after an obstinate conflict at Lyons, he conquered in 197. Severus returned to Asia, and met with the most brilliant success in the campaign of 198 against the Parthians, and took and plundered their capital, Ctesiphon. He returned to Rome in 202, and gratified the popular taste by the exhibition of shows of unparalleled magnificence, also distributing another extravagant largess to the citizens and prætorians. A rebellion in Britain drew him to that country in 208, and at the head of an immense army he marched, it is said, to the extreme north of the island, encountering enormous hardships, to which no less than 50,000 of his soldiers succumbed. To safeguard the natives of Southern Britain from the incursions of the Meate and Caledonians, Severus began the wall which bears He died soon after at Eboracum

his name. (York).

SEVERUS, WALL OF. See ROMAN WALL. SEVIER (sé-vēr') LAKE. A salt lake lying among the Basin Ranges of western Utah, and surrounded by the Sevier Desert (Map: Utah, A 2). It has no outlet, but is fed by the Sevier River. It is a remnant of Lake Bonneville, which in Pleistocene times covered a vast area and made Sevier Lake continuous with the Great Salt Lake. Half a century ago the lake was 30 miles long, 10 miles wide, and 15 feet deep, but, since the river is now largely used for irrigation, the lake-bottom is dry for a great part

of the year, and is covered with a vast deposit of salt.

SEVIER, JOHN (1745-1815). An American pioneer and political leader, born in Rockingham Leaving school when sixteen years County, Va. of age, he married in the following year, and in 1764 founded the village of New Market in the Shenandoah Valley. Here he became celebrated as an Indian fighter, and in 1772 removed beyond the Alleghanies to the Watauga settlements. He served as captain in Lord Dunmore's War, participating in the battle of Point Pleasant (q.v.), was a delegate for several years from Watauga to the North Carolina Legislature, conducted many expeditions against the Indians, gained a victory over them at Boyd's Creek (1779), and served with great gallantry at Kings Mountain (1780). He took part in the battle of Musgrove's Mills, and in 1781 fought under Marion, and was made brigadier-general. He was Governor of the "State of Franklin" in 1785-88, on the breaking up of which by North Carolina he was imprisoned, but soon escaped. In 1790 he was sent as a Representative to Congress. In 1793 he conducted the Etowah campaign against the Indians, and in 1796 became the first Governor of Tennessee, serving until 1801. He was again Governor from 1803 to 1809, and was a member of Congress from 1811 to 1815. He died on a mission to the Creek Indians. For his life, consult J. R. Gilmore (New York, 1887).

A French

SÉVIGNÉ, sâ'vê'nya', MARIE DE RABUTINCHANTAL, Marquise de (1626-96). epistolary writer. She was born in Paris, February 6, 1626, of a military family known in Burgundy as early as the twelfth century. Her father, Baron de Chantal, was killed at the Isle of Rhé in 1627. Her mother, Marie de Coulanges, died in 1633. The little heiress was then cared for by her mother's parents, both of whom died within three years. Her uncle, Christophe de Coulanges, Abbé de Livry, was now chosen guardian. He lived till 1686, always her close friend and business adviser, and was frequently visited by her at his abbey. He gave his niece an excellent education; among her tutors were Chapelain and Ménage. Her earliest letters are in response to Ménage's professions of love. Among the close friends of her youth was the future Madame de la Fayette.

The careful management of her guardian left her relatively rich at eighteen, when she married Henri, Marquis de Sévigné, a Breton gentleman, whom she loved better than he seems to have deserved. The Chevalier d'Albret mortally wounded him in a duel over Madame de Gondran and he died in 1651, leaving a son, Charles, who died childless, and a daughter, Françoise, who married, in 1669, François Adhémar, Count de Grignan, and had two children, who died without issue. To her children Madame de Sévigné devoted the rest of her life, especially to the daughter, who did not worthily requite her affection.

Her social tact, good looks, vivacity, and charm made her very popular and brought her the homage of many distinguished friends, among them Turenne and the Prince de Conti. It was not till her daughter's marriage (1669) that her letters became numerous. Count de Grignan was practically Governor of Provence, and Madame de Sévigné divided her time between Paris, Les

Rochers, and visits, not always welcome, to her daughter. In 1676 she visited Vichy. From 1677 to 1678 Madame de Grignan was chiefly in Paris and the correspondence lagged. It was afterwards resumed in quite its early volume. Mother and daughter were together also at Paris from 1691 to 1694, but it was at Grignan that Madame de Sévigné died, April 17, 1696. The disease was smallpox and she was unattended by her daughter at the last. But Madame de Grignan, by a certain poetic justice, died nine years later of the very malady whose infection she had apparently sacrificed her filial instinct to escape.

The letters of Madame de Sévigné are unrivaled for their fresh charm, shrewd wit, and easy gaiety of heart. They form an almost complete and familiar chronicle of the Court and high society of the time (1669-1695). Their vivacity scarcely ever flags, whether she is telling of Court life, of scenes at the baths of Vichy, or of country society and diversions. She writes spontaneously, sketches vivid pictures in a few rapid strokes, or gives in sparkling narrative the social happenings of the day, meanwhile unwittingly revealing her own character. Madame de Sévigné enjoyed some literary fame during her lifetime. Her letters, as edited by Regnier and others (Paris, 1862-68, 2d ed. 1887 et seq.), fill, with some other correspondence, fourteen volumes, of which the first contains a Life, and two others (vols. xiii., xiv.) a lexicon. This is supplemented by Capmas, Lettres inédites de Madame de Sévigné (Paris, 1876). There are many other editions complete and partial, the first in 1726, the most noteworthy, by Monmerqué, in 10 vols. (ib., 1818-19). Consult: Walckenaer, Mémoires touchants la vie et les écrits de Madame de Sévigné (ib., 1842-52); Puliga, Madame de Sévigné: Her Correspondents and Her Contemporaries (London, 1873); Miss Thackeray (Mrs. Ritchie), Madame de Sévigné in "Foreign Classics" (Edinburgh, 1881); Boissieur, "Madame de Sévigné," in Les grands écrivains français (Paris, 1887); Mason, Women of the French Salons (New York, 1891); Léon de la Brière, Madame de Sévigné en Bretagne (Paris, 1882); Saporta, La famille de Madame de Sévigné en province (ib., 1889); Sainte-Beuve, Portraits de femmes (ib., 1856); id., Causeries, vol. i. (ib., 1857-62); id., Nouveaux lundis, vol. ii. (ib., 1863-72); Scherer, Etudes, vols. ii. and iii. (ib., 1863-74); Reynaud, Les défauts de la comtesse de Grignan (ib., 1895).

SEVILLE, Se-vil' (Sp. Sevilla, så-vēlya). The capital of the province and of the former kingdom of Seville, in Andalusia, Spain, situated on the left bank of the Guadalquivir, 58 miles north-northeast of Cadiz, and 75 miles southwest of Cordova (Map: Spain, C 4). Al though the city lies 60 miles from the mouth of the river, the tide ascends 12 miles above it. Large portions of it lie below the high-water level of the river, with the result that the city has frequently suffered from disastrous inundations. The climate is delightful, though the summers are very warm. The surrounding plain is exceedingly fertile and well cultivated. The city was formerly surrounded by a high wall, portions of which still remain. There is a wide and open strip of embankment along the river, and the latter is crossed by three bridges, one a railroad bridge, to the suburb of Barrio de Triana.

The city itself is a labyrinth of narrow, winding streets and lanes; it still preserves its old Moorish aspect, and the Moorish style of construction is seen here more characteristically, perhaps, than in any other Spanish city. The houses are generally of two stories and inclose the arcaded patio in the centre. Large sections of the city, however, especially the northern and western parts, have been encroached on by straight and regular streets. The principal squares within the city are the Alameda de Hercules in the north, adorned with statues and several rows of trees; the Plaza de San Fernando, faced by the city hall; and the Plaza del Triunfo in the south, on which stand three of the most interesting buildings in the city, the cathedral, the Alcázar, and the Casa Lonja or exchange.

The Cathedral of Seville is one of the largest and grandest Gothic structures in existence. It was begun in 1402 on the site of the old Moorish mosque which had formerly served as cathedral, and parts of which still remain as the Patio de los Naranjos or Orange Court. It measures 380 by 250 feet; the nave is 53 feet wide and 132 feet high. It contains a wealth of art treasures. In 1882 restorations were begun, as the vaulting had been weakened by earthquakes, but in 1888 the entire dome collapsed, destroying a great part of the interior. Adjacent to the cathedral and forming a part of the old mosque stands the remarkable tower of La Giralda, perhaps the most beautiful building in the city. It is a square tower 330 feet high, the upper 100 feet being a belfry and dome added in the sixteenth century. The top is surmounted by a bronze statue of Faith, 13 feet high, which moves in the wind like a vane (giralda). The Alcázar was the palace of the Moorish kings and later of the Spanish sovereigns. It originally included the now isolated Torre de Oro, which stands on the river bank, and contains several beautiful patios almost rivaling those of the Alhambra. Other interesting buildings in the city are the Casa de Pilatos; the magnificent Moorish-Renaissance palace of the Duke of Medinaceli; the Palacio de Santelmo, situated among the parks near the river; the immense Fábrica de Tabacos, covering more than 6 acres; the bull ring, which is the largest in Spain next to that of Madrid and capable of seating 12.000 spectators.

The educational establishments include a university founded in 1502, with faculties of law, ated at Cadiz, and about 1400 students. There are philosophy, and science, a medical faculty situalso a provincial school of art, the Seminary of Saint Francis Xavier, an institute for secondary education, a normal school, numerous minor academies, and the provincial library with 80,000 volumes. In the cathedral is installed the valuable Columbian Library of 30,000 volumes, formed by Fernando Colón, son of the discoverer, and including manuscripts of Columbus. The Indian archives, a collection of documents relating to the discoveries of the Indies, are installed in the Casa Lonja, and the city has also an interesting collection of municipal archives and a museum of archæology. The Museum of Paintings contains the largest and best collection of Murillo, who was born in Seville, and whose house is still to be seen there. A number of his works are also scattered through the various churches of the city. Among the charitable establishments