SHAW. An SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818-85). American humorist, better known as Josh Billings, born at Lanesborough, Mass. He entered Hamilton College, but soon went West, where he remained for twenty-two years, working on steamboats and farms and finally becoming an auctioneer. Then he settled in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., to pursue his latest calling, and began to write humorous sketches for the newspapers. He adopted an amusing phonetic spelling, and over the pen name of Josh Billings' won great favor in the early sixties. His Farmers' Allminax, published annually (1870-80), sold widely, and he also increased his reputation by lectures in nized the cleverness of his writings from taking chusetts Volunteers, the first regiment of negro him seriously. troops to be organized under State authority in the North. This commission, although he doubted his capacity, and realized the criticism and censure he would have to face for taking command of a negro regiment, he felt it his duty to accept, and at once returned to Massachusetts, where he organized the regiment and left Boston with it for the South, May 28, 1863. The regiment was sent on transports to Hilton Head, and its first participation in the war was as part of an expedition to Florida early in June, in the course of which the town of Darien was burned, contrary to the wishes of Colonel Shaw. In July the regiment was attached to General Strong's brigade and took part in the futile and disastrous attack on Fort Wagner. There on the evening of July 18th the Fifty-fourth Regiment, weary and worn from all night marching and exposure, formed the centre of the attacking column. Against the lantly led his negro troops in the face of a well-intrenched Confederates, Colonel Shaw galwithering fire, and himself fell dead, sword in hand, on the parapet. Colonel Shaw was a man of particularly pure and noble character, and of great ability as a soldier, and his death was a severe loss to the Union. A splendid monument to him, the work of Augustus Saint Gaudens (q.v. for illustration), was erected at Boston. Consult Harvard Memorial Biographies (Boston, 1866). which he affected awkwardness. Afterwards he contributed to the Century under the pen name 'Uncle Esek,' and collected his works in 1877. Among American humorists Josh Billings ranks high in pith and point, and is regarded by many as a true moralist. SHAW, LEMUEL (1781-1861). An American jurist, born in Barnstable, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1800, studied law, and in 1804 was admitted to the bar. The next twenty-six years he spent in private practice in Boston, rising by slow degrees to a commanding position at the Boston bar. He was actively interested in public affairs. He succeeded Chief Justice Isaac Parker, of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in 1830. His service on the bench, covering a period of thirty years, won for him rank as one of the greatest of New England jurists. His decisions in greatly differing fields of law had a remarkable influence on the application of the English common law to American conditions. As an interpreter of constitutional law, too, he rendered services of great value. Although an ardent anti-slavery man, his respect for the law was such as to cause him, in the famous Sims case, to uphold the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Law, the passage of which he had in private vigorously opposed. SHAW, LESLIE MORTIMER (1848-). An American lawyer, banker, and Cabinet officer, born in Morristown, Vt. He removed to Iowa in 1869, and was educated at Cornell College and at the law school of the University of Iowa. He practiced law at Denison, Ia., where he subsequently became interested in banking. In 1896 he became prominent as a Republican campaign speaker and an earnest advocate of the gold standard. In 1897 and again in 1899 he was elected Governor of Iowa, and in January, 1902, he entered the Cabinet of President Roosevelt as Secretary of the Treasury to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Lyman J. Gage. SHAW, ROBERT GOULD (1837-63). An American soldier. He was born in Boston and was educated in Switzerland and Germany and at Harvard. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he obtained a commission as second lieutenant in the Second Massachusetts Volunteers. With this regiment he participated in the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, was an aide on General Gordon's staff at the battle of Cedar Mountain, and distinguished himself at the battle of Antietam. He was promoted captain in August, 1862, and in January, 1863, was offered by Governor Andrew the colonelcy of the Fifty-fourth Massa SHAW, WILLIAM NAPIER (1854-). An English physicist, born in Birmingham and educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and at the University of Berlin. In the Cavendish laboratory he was demonstrator of physics in 1880-87, and assistant director in 1898-99, and from 1890 to 1899 was senior tutor of Emmanuel. He contributed articles on electrolysis and the pyrometer to the Encyclopædia Britannica, and wrote, with Glazebrook, A Text-Book of Practical Physics (1884). SHAWANO, sha'vȧ-no, or SHAWNEE (from shawan, south, or sewan, pungent, salty). One of the most important tribes of the Algonquian stock (q.v.). The Shawano were formerly noted salt-makers. They carried on an extensive manufacture at the salt springs of southwestern Virginia and traded the product to other tribes. They have thirteen clans, the clan of the individual being indicated by his name. They are also organized into four divisions, which may have been originally distinct, allied tribes-Piqua, Mequachake, Kiscopocoke, and Chillicothe. To the second of these belonged the hereditary priesthood, but the first was most prominent and apparently most numerous. The Shawano were of wandering and warlike habit. They appeared first in history about 1670 under the name of Sacannahs, and lived upon the middle Savannah River in South Carolina, with their principal village nearly opposite the site of Augusta, Ga., but before the end of the seventeenth century we find a portion of them, apparently the main body, occupying the basin of the Cumberland River in Tennessee and Kentucky. The Shawano of Carolina for some time kept on friendly terms with the whites, giving them efficient aid against the hostile Westo in 1680, but finally, wearied by the encroachments and oppressions of the settlers, were forced to withdraw northward. In 1694 almost the whole body of the Carolina Shawano removed north ward and settled upon the Upper Delaware River in the neighborhood of their relatives and friends, the Delaware and Mohican. About thirty years later they again removed to the Susquehanna River, in the neighborhood of the present Wyoming, Pa., where they were joined in 1742 by the Delaware and Munsee, who had been dispossessed by the 'Walking Treaty.' By 1756 the Shawano had made another westward move and joined their brethren on the Upper Ohio, who had come up in the meantime from Tennessee. Up to about 1730 they had still kept up their old village near Augusta, on the Savannah, from which they were finally driven by the Cherokee. The western Shawano, of the Cumberland region, are first definitely mentioned in the Jesuit Relations of 1648 under the name of Ouchaouanag. In 1670, as Chaouanon, they are described as living some distance southeast from their friends, the Illinois. From that time their name appears frequently in the records until their expulsion and removal from the Cumberland between 1705 and 1715 in consequence of a war with the Chickasaw and Cherokee. They retired to the Ohio country, where they united with those who had originally come up from Carolina, establishing their principal villages near the present Piqua and Chillicothe, Ohio. The Shawano took a leading part against the English in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War, and afterwards against the Americans in the Revolution, the Tippecanoe campaign, and the War of 1812. In 1793 a considerable body settled in Missouri on lands granted by the Spanish Government. The death of Tecumseh broke the spirit of the Ohio tribes, and the war period closed for them with the treaty of peace in 1815. By a rapid series of treaty sales and removals the Shawano were shifted successively, in different bands, to Missouri, Texas, Kansas, and the Indian Territory. Those in Missouri removed to Kansas in 1825 and were joined there by the main body from Ohio in 1831. Some of these, known now as Absentee Shawnee, removed to the Indian Territory about 1845, others followed, and in 1867 the main tribe removed bodily and became incorporated with the Cherokee Nation. The Shawano have always been noted for their strong conservatism, high courage, and superior intellectuality, as exemplified in the life of the great Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet Tenskwatawa. Under the new conditions of civilization they are somewhat behind their Indian neighbors. They probably never numbered more than 2500. They number now altogether about 1600 souls, all in the Indian Territory or Oklahoma, viz.: In Cherokee Nation, about 800; Absentee Shawnee, 500; Big Jim's Band, 180; Eastern Shawnee, Quapaw Agency, 90, with a few others scattering. See TECUMSEH; TEN SKWATAWA. SHAWL (Pers. shal, mantle). An outer garment, usually in the shape of a square or double square, folded in the middle, worn usually by women, but not infrequently by men. The most famous and beautiful shawls are those made from the inner wool of the Cashmere goat. They are produced on hand looms and their patterns, which have remained unchanged for ages, are produced either by weaving or embroidery. Toward the beginning of the nineteenth century the manufacture of imitation Cashmere shawls was begun in Europe and particularly at Paisley, Scotland, where a pure wool shawl was made at a low price, rivaling in beauty the true Cashmere shawl. Shawls have been made of nearly all the textile materials. The plaid, which is worn by the Scottish Highlanders, is a kind of shawl whose pattern has given the name 'plaid to all checkered designs. A beautiful crepe shawl is made by the Chinese from a hand-spun silk from which the gum has not been removed. The Barèges shawl, a woolen fabric made at Barèges, France, is highly valued. Within recent years, however, the custom of wearing shawls has almost completely passed away in Europe and America, and their manu facture has correspondingly declined. SHAW-LEFEVRE, le-fĕ'věr, GEORGE JOHN (1832-). An English politician. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge; studied law and was called to the bar in 1855. He was returned to Parliament for Reading from 1863 until defeated in 1885. In 1868 he carried the vote in the House of Commons for arbitraof the Board of Trade under Mr. Bright (1869tion of the Alabama claims. He was secretary 71); Under Secretary in the Home Office (1871); liament for Central Bradford (1885-95); and Postmaster-General (1883-84); member of Parthe House of Commons. was chairman of many important committees in In 1897 he was elected a member of the London County Council. He is the author of The Game Laws (1874); Freedom of Land (1880); English and Irish Land Quesdents of Coercion tion (1881); Peel and O'Connell (1887); Inci(1888); Agrarian Tenure (1893). SHAWM (OF., dialectic Fr. chalemie, pipe, flute, from Lat. calamellus, little pipe, diminutive of calamus, pipe, reed, from Gk. κάλλαμος, καιlamos, reed; connected with AS. healm, Eng. haulm). An old wind instrument, the precursor of the oboe. It had a double reed set in a cupped mouthpiece. By leaving off the cup and taking the reeds directly between the lips the oboe orig inated. SHAWNEE, sha-nē. A North American Indian tribe of Algonquian stock. See SHAWANO. SHAYS, DANIEL (1747-1825). The leader in Shays's Rebellion (q.v.). He was born in Hopkinton, Mass., attained the rank of captain in the Revolutionary War, and after settling in Pelham (now Prescott) was the leader in the western Massachusetts agitation against the State Government. (See SHAYS'S REBELLION.) After the dispersion of the insurgents Shays removed to Sparta, N. Y., and was granted a pension for his Revolutionary services. SHAYS'S REBELLION. An uprising in Massachusetts in 1786-87. The Revolutionary War had left the country in great economic distress. Especially was this the case in western Massachusetts, where the people were weighed down with private debts and burdensome taxes, and suffered greatly from the inevitable effects of a depreciated currency. The courts were overcrowded with lawsuits. The malcontents, gathered in county and district conventions, soon began to draw up demands and grievances; while committees of correspondence endeavored to rouse the general public to action. It was asserted that the merchants were rapidly drain SHAYS'S REBELLION. ing the State of specie; that the taxes were unnecessarily high; that the State Senate was grievously aristocratic; that the salaries of State officials were too large; that lawyers' fees were exorbitant; and that the courts were used as instruments of oppression. The complainants therefore clamored for the issue, in large quantities, of paper money, for salary retrenchment, for the abolition of the Court of Common Pleas, and for a radical reduction of taxes, and insisted that the General Court should no longer sit amid the baleful influences of a merchant-and-lawyerinfested Boston. In the summer of 1786 the situation became critical, and the malcontents, headed by Daniel Shays (q.v.), everywhere threatened violence. At Northampton, Worcester, Great Barrington, and Concord, armed mobs prevented the sitting of the courts, and, in spite of General Shepard and 600 militia, Shays with 600 followers broke up a session of the Supreme Court at Springfield (September, 1786). Notwithstanding concessions made by the General Court, the disturbances continued, and Governor Bowdoin, now fully aroused, organized a force of 4400 militia, which he put under the command of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. On January 25, 1787, Shays, with about 2000 men, marched into Springfield to seize the Federal arsenal there, but was confronted by Shepard with a force of 1200. At the first serious fire, the insurgents lost courage and fled, passing through Ludlow, Amherst, and Pelham to Petersham, where they were overtaken and dispersed by Lincoln. Subsequently, several minor skirmishes occurred in Berkshire, notably the one at Sheffield, February 26, 1787, but the insurgents soon disbanded, and, for the most part, took refuge in adjacent States. On trial, fourteen of the leaders were sentenced to death for treason, but were subsequently pardoned by Governor Hancock. Consult: Minot, History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts in 1786, and the Rebellion Consequent Thereon (Boston, 1810); and Holland, History of Western Massachusetts (Springfield, 1855). SHEA, shã, JOHN DAWSON GILMARY (182492). An American historian. He was born in New York, educated at the Columbia Grammar School, and admitted to the bar. He gave himself chiefly to historical research, mainly in connection with French colonization and Jesuit missions in America. He published prayer-books, school histories, the Catholic Almanac, and edited the Historical Magazine (1859-65). Among his scholarly historical treatises may be named: The Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley (1853); History of the Catholic Missions Among the Indian Tribes of the United States (1854); Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi (1862); Novum Belgium: An Account of the New Netherlands in 1643-44 (1862); The Operations of the French Fleet Under Count de Grasse (1864). Mention should also be made of the three volumes of his unfinished History of the Catholic Church in the United States, as well as of his Indian grammars, translations of Charlevoix and similar writers, and his editions of early American historical tracts. SHEA (she-å) BUTTER TREE. See BUTTER TREE. SHEARMAN, sher'mån, THOMAS GASKELL (1834-1900). An American lawyer and political economist. He was born in Birmingham, England, emigrated with his parents to New York in 1843, settled in Brooklyn, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. At first he devoted himself almost exclusively to writing books on law. In 1868 he entered the law office of David Dudley Field and was successful in practice. In 1874 he undertook the defense of his friend Henry Ward Beecher in the celebrated suit brought by Theodore Tilton. In politics Shearman was a Republican except in the period from 1884 to 1896. He was, however, an ardent supporter of free trade and an opponent of all indirect taxation. With Mr. Tillinghast he wrote Practice, Pleading, and Forms (1861-65); and with Mr. Redfield, Treatise on the Law of Negligence (1869 and 1888). Among his other books are: Talks on Free Trade (1881); Distribution of Wealth (1887); Owners of the United States (1889); The Coming Billionaire (1890); Crooked Taxation (1891); Taxation of Personal Property (1895). For the New York Code Commissioners he prepared the Book of Form (1860), and most of the Civil Code (1862-65). SHEARWATER, or HAGDEN. A petrel of the genus Puffinus, differing from other petrels in having the nostrils opening separately and divided by a very thick partition. Shearwaters spend their lives mostly on the ocean, skimming the waters with very rapid flight and plunging into them for their food. They rarely visit the shore except for the purpose of incubation. All are sooty brown above and white below with various specific markings. The greater shearwater (Puffinus major), about 18 inches long, wanders over the whole Atlantic Ocean and is abundant on the coasts of Newfoundland. The Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) is found also in more northern regions, but is very rare on the coasts of North America. It is about 14 inches long, grayish black, the neck mottled with gray, the throat and all the under parts white. Like all the others, it breeds on islets, in rabbitburrows, or in crevices of the rocks, and lays or two white eggs. There are numerous other species in various parts of the world, one of which (Puffinus brevicaudus) is well known about Australia as 'mutton-bird.' one SHEATFISH (probably from sheat, variant of shote, from AS. sceota, trout, from sceotan, to shoot, OHG. sciozan, Ger. schiessen, to shoot; probably connected ultimately with Skt. skand, to jump, Lat. scandere, to climb), or SHEATHFISH. The great catfish, 'wels' or 'silurus' (Silurus glanis), of the rivers and lakes of Northern Europe, east of the Rhine, sometimes 12 feet long. It is bluish black above, spotted with olive-green, and the under parts are dull white with black markings. It feeds on aquatic animals, and will pull down ducks and other swimming birds. It is the largest fresh-water fish in Europe. Compare CATFISH and see Plate accompanying that article. SHEATHBILL. A curious Antarctic bird of the family Chionidæ, which looks like a pigeon, but is now decided to be limicoline. The thick, fowl-like beak is covered by a horny sheath, extending up to the eyes, and is bare and carunculated, but the forehead is densely feathered. Two SHEARING MACHINE. See METAL-WORK- species are known, Chionis alba of the Falkland ING MACHINERY. and other Antarctic islands, with the sheath of |