STUART.

with Captain Sturt on an expedition to explore Central Australia, and in 1858 began the work of exploration on his own account. In October, 1861, he started northward, and in July, 1862, arrived at Van Diemen's Gulf. For this exploit he received from South Australia the grant of £2000, which had been offered to the first colonist

who should cross the continent.

STUART, MOSES (1780-1852). An American scholar and teacher. He was born at Wilton, Conn., and graduated at Yale in 1799. After several years as a teacher he was admitted to the bar in 1802, but abandoned the law for theology. He was pastor of a church in New Haven (1806-09), but is best known for his service as professor of sacred literature at Andover Theological School (1810-48). He was an inspiring teacher, an indefatigable student, and one of the first to make German scholarship known in America. He prepared several Hebrew grammars, the first of which was used by his classes in manuscript because he was unable to find type or compositors to print it; the last was a translation of Rüdiger's Gesenius (1846); with Edward Robinson he translated Winer's grammar of New Testament Greek (1825); he also translated writings of Jahn and others on methods of biblical study (1821), and Ernesti's Elements of Interpretation (1822).

An

STUART, RUTH MCENERY (1856-). American writer of stories dealing chiefly with Southern scenes. She was born in Avoyelles Parish, La., and was educated at New Orleans. Her chief publications are: A Golden Wedding and Other Tales (1893); Carlotta's Intended (1894); The Story of Babette (1894); Solomon Crow's Christmas Pockets and Others (1896); Sonny (1896); In Simkinsville (1897); Moriah's Mourning (1898); Holly and Pizen (1899); The Woman's Exchange (1899); Napoleon Jackson (1902).

STUBBES, stübz, PHILIP (c.1555-c.1610). A Puritan pamphleteer of the sixteenth century. In 1583 he wrote, in denunciation of the social follies and vices of the age, The Anatomie of Abuses; and in the same year he published The Rosarie of Christian Praiers and Meditations. He wrote also A Christall Glasse for Christian Women (1590), and numerous pamphlets. Both The Anatomie of Abuses and A Christall Glasse were very popular, and were several times republished. The former was reprinted in 1836 by Trumbull, and afterwards was edited in two parts with 'forewords' by Dr. Furnival, for the Shakespeare Society (1877, 1882). Consult volume ix. of Morley's English Writers (London, 1892).

STUBBS, CHARLES WILLIAM (1845-). An English divine and author, born in Liverpool. From the Royal Institution School of Liverpool he passed to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1868. He became senior curate of Saint Mary's, Sheffield (186871). vicar of Granboro in Buckinghamshire (1871-84), of Stokenham in Devonshire (188488), rector of Wavertree, Liverpool (1888-94), and Dean of Ely (1894). Among his writings are: Christ and Democracy (1883); God's Englishmen (1887); The Land and the Labourers (1890); Christ and Economics (1893); Christus Imperator (1894); A Creed for Christian Socialists (1896); Charles Kingsley and the Chris

STUBBS.

tian Social Movement (1898); The Social Teaching of the Lord's Prayer (1900); Pro Patria (1900). He is also the author of two volumes of poems, The Conscience (1884) and Brightnoth's Prayer (1899).

animal painter and anatomist. He was born in STUBBS, GEORGE (1724-1806). An English Liverpool, where he began the study of his father's profession of surgery. In 1751, however, he went to Rome to study art. Upon his return to England he was soon receiving good prices for paintings of horses, and after 1758 devoted most of his time for six or seven years to the preparation of his famous Anatomy of the Horse (1766), a work which, from the standpoint both of anatomy and art, is still authoritative. In 1790 he was engaged to paint all the famous race-horses from the time of the Godolphin Barb, but he only completed 16 in the series. He did some notable work in enameling on large plates. Some of his rustic and heroic pieces were very popular as engravings, but his paintings of horses have never been surpassed for realism and accuracy. Among his best know pictures are "The Grosvenor Hunt," "Horse Affrighted by a Lion," "The Brick Cart," "Warren Hastings," and "Horse and Jockey." In 1800 he exhibited his largest picture, measuring more than 13 feet by 8, which represents "Hambletonian beating Diamond at Newmarket."

STUBBS, or STUBBE, JOHN (c.1543-1591). A Puritan zealot, born in Norfolk, England. He was possessed of a fiery zeal against Catholicism, and was so opposed to the Queen's proposed marriage with the Duke of Anjou that, in 1579, he published a pamphlet entitled The Discoverie of a gaping gulf wherein England is like to be Swallowed by Another French Marriage if the Lord Forbid not the Banes by Letting Her Majestie see the Sin and Punishment Thereof. Though the pamphlet spoke of the Queen in respectful and loyal terms, Stubbs, his publisher, and the printer were found guilty on a charge of disseminating seditious writings and were sentenced to have their right hands cut off. This cruel punishment was, in fact, inflicted upon Stubbs and the publisher in the market-place at Westminster. When Stubbs's right hand was stricken off, he waved his hat with his left, and cried out, 'God save the Queen!' Nor did the treatment he had received ever lessen his fidelity to his sovereign.

STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901). An English historian and prelate. He was born at Knaresborough, in Yorkshire, and educated at Ripon Grammar School and at Christ Church, Oxford, being elected to a fellowship at Trinity in the year of his graduation (1848), and ordained in the same year. His Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum, a calendar of the English bishops from Saint Augustine (1858), attracted the attention of Archbishop Longley by the learning displayed in it, and won for him the appointment of librarian at Lambeth Palace. In 1866 he was appointed regius professor of modern history at Oxford, and during the eighteen years of his tenure of this chair he had an exceedingly wide influence on historical study in England. His great Constitutional History of England (1874-78) at once took rank as the standard authority on the subject, down to the times of the Tudors. He was appointed canon of Saint Paul's in 1879,

Bishop of Chester in 1884, and Bishop of Oxford in 1889. He died in London. His historical work was all of the careful modern type, based on faithful study of contemporary documents, many valuable specimens of which he edited. His Historical Introductions to the Rolls Series have now been rendered generally accessible by publication in one volume (ed. Hassall, London, 1903). Other notable works are: Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History (1886; 3d ed. 1900); and Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, edited with A. W. Haddan (1869-73). A volume of Ordination Addresses

appeared after his death (1901). A complete list of his historical works may be found in Gross, Sources and Literature of English History (New York, 1900).

A

STUCCO (It., from OHG. stucchi, Ger. Stück, AS. stycce, piece, patch; connected with OHG. stoc, Ger. Stock, AS. stocc, Eng. stock, stake, club, Skt. tuj, to thrust). A composition used for the finer parts of plaster-work, such as cornices and enrichments. Gypsum (q.v.), or plaster of Paris, is used for this purpose. coarser kind of stucco is also used for making floors, and for plastering the exterior of buildings. The Greeks used stucco to give a finer surface to their coarse stonework, even in their columns, before the finer marbles were used. The Romans also in the temples they built after the Greek manner in the late Republic stuccoed nearly all their exterior surfaces. This stucco was made partly of marble dust, was extremely fine and of a hard and brilliant finish, equal to marble. Stucco was also used for more artistic purposes in late classic art. While wet it was fashioned into ornamental or figured low reliefs. Ceilings and walls in baths (e.g. Pompeii and Roman therma), tombs (on the Via Latina), and private houses have preserved these decorations under the Empire, probably from Alexandrian models. Those found near the Farnesina in Rome and now in the Museo delle Terme are

among the most charming decorative works of any period. Early Christian art continued the style, as is shown by the well-preserved internal decoration of the baptistery of the cathedral in Ravenna. It was not unknown to the Middle Ages, witness the angels in the church at Hildesheim, and it again became popular during the Renaissance, being profusely used in the ceilings of the later period, often with Rococo designs.

STUCK, stuk, FRANZ (1863-). A German painter and sculptor, one of the leaders of the so-called Secessionists (q.v.). Born at Tettenweis, Bavaria, he studied at the Munich Academy under Lindenschmit, and became first known through his drawings for the Fliegende Blätter, and the two series of art-industrial designs which appeared in Vienna under the titles Allegorien und Embleme and Titel und Vignetten, rugged rather than refined, but full of vitality and bold in treatment. His first paintings, "The Guardian of Paradise," "Innocentia," and "Fighting Fauns,' exhibited in Munich in 1889, were awarded the gold medal, initiating a series of artistic successes attendant upon his well-known landscapes enlivened with centaurs, fauns, and nymphs, and his impressive delineations of human passions, of which the figure of "Sin" (1893), Eve enfolded by

a huge serpent, and, on a larger scale, the allegory of "War" (1894), both in the Pinakothek at Munich, have become particularly famous. In the meanwhile he had painted "Expulsion from Paradise," a "Pietà" (1892), and "Crucifixion". (1892, Stuttgart Museum), a startling deviation from the traditional treatment of this subject. A marked progress in the artist's power of expression was shown in "The Sphinx" (1895, National Museum, Budapest), "Evil Conscience" (1896), and "Procession of Bacchants" (1897). His plastic work, all small figures in bronze, exhibits the same powerful realism in the treatment of form as do his paintings. A characteristic example is the statuette of a "Faun" (National Gallery, Berlin; replicas Kunsthalle, Hamburg, and National Museum, Budapest). Consult the monographs by Bierbaum (Leipzig, 1899), Meissner (Berlin, 1899), and Weese (Vienna, 1903); also Schultze-Naumburg, in Magazine of Art, vol. xx. (London, 1896-97).

STÜCKELBERG, stu'kel-běrk, ERNST (18311903). A Swiss genre and landscape painter, born in Basel. He studied under Dietler of that city, and in Antwerp, Paris, Munich, and Italy. In 1869 he won the gold medal at Munich. Among his pictures may be mentioned "A Procession in the Sabine Mountains" (1859, Basel), "The Children's Service" (1867), and "Charcoal Burners in the Swiss Mountains" (Zurich). In 1877 Stückelberg was commissioned to execute a large symbolic fresco, "The Awakening of Art," for the Gallery of Basel. He also won a competition, in the same year, for designs to fresco the Tell Chapel on the Lake of the Four Cantons. The work was completed in 1887.

ver.

WILBURN (1835-1903). An American Lutheran STUCKENBERG, stuk'en-berg, JOHN HENRY clergyman and author, born at Bramsche, HanoHe emigrated to America with his parents when a very young man and settled in the West, was graduated from Wittenberg College, Ohio, in 1857, and studied in the universities of Halle, Göttingen, Berlin, and Tübingen. Coming back to America, he was ordained a Lutheran minister and held pastoral charges in Pennsylvania and Iowa. In 1873 he was made professor of theology in Wittenberg College, but in 1880 went to Germany again, where he became pastor of the American Chapel in Berlin. After many years in this service he returned to America and took up his residence in Cambridge, Mass. His later years were largely devoted to the study of theoretical sociology, to which he made valuable contributions. His chief works are: History of the Augsburg Confession (1869); Christian Sociology (1880); Life of Immanuel Kant (1882); and Sociology (1903).

STUCLEY, stūk❜li, or STUKELY, THOMAS (c.1525-78). An English adventurer. He was the third son of Sir Hugh Stucley of Devonshire. About 1552 he went to France, and there gained the favor of the King, Henry II., who sent him to England to obtain information to be used in a projected attack on Calais. Stucley, however, revealed the nature of his mission to the English Government, but, instead of being rewarded, was imprisoned in the Tower. In 1563, with the patronage of Queen Elizabeth, he pretended to join Ribault's colonization expedition to Florida, but instead turned privateer, and seized many French, Spanish, and Portuguese vessels. After

two years of this life he was seized at Cork, but apparently was not brought to trial. For several years afterwards he was employed in Ireland, but, having intrigued with Spanish agents, he ultimately fled to Spain. In 1571 Stucley commanded three vessels at the battle of Lepanto, and seven years later, while in the service of Sebastian of Portugal, was killed in the battle of Alcazar in Morocco. He became the hero of numerous ballads and plays. One of these, The Famous History of the Life and Death of Captain Thomas Stukely, was printed "as it hath been acted," in London in 1605. It was reprinted in Simpson's School of Shakespeare (1878), with a biography of Stucley prefixed. STUD-BOOK. A genealogical record of blooded stock. The British Stud-Book for horses is the oldest in existence and was first commenced in 1791. All the facts that are in existence regarding the evolution through systematic breeding of the modern horse is obtained through the British Stud-Book. There are similar records for cattle and dogs.

STUDER, stoo'der, BERNHARD (1794-1887). A Swiss geologist, born at Büren, Canton of Bern. He studied at Bern, Göttingen, and Paris, and in 1825 was made professor of geology in Bern, where he labored continuously until 1873. Some of the more important of his works are: Beiträge zu einer Monographie der Molasse (1825); Geologie der westlichen Schweizeralpen (1834); Lehrbuch der physikalischen Geographie und Geologie (1844-47); Geologie der Schweiz (185153); and Zur Geologie der Berner Alpen (1866). STUHLMANN, stool'män, FRANZ (1863-). A German zoologist and African explorer, born in Hamburg. After studying at Tübingen and Freiburg, he went to East Africa in 1888, and during the revolt of the Arabs in 1890 entered the German corps of defense as a lieutenant, and was severely wounded at Mlembule. After his recovery he joined the expedition of Emin Pasha to the lake region, was sent ahead from Undussuma to Lake Victoria, and reached the coast in July, 1892, at Bagamoyo, whence he returned to Germany with valuable cartographic material and rich collections, to which he added copiously on another trip to German East Africa, undertaken in 1893-94 by order of the Government. He published Zoologische Ergebnisse einer in die Küstengebiete von Ostafrika unternommenen Reise 1888-90 (1893-1901), and Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (1894).

STUHLWEISSENBURG, stool'vi'sen-boork (Hung. Székes-Fehérvár). A royal free city, capital of the county of the same name, Hungary, 35 miles southwest of Budapest (Map: Hungary, F 3). The episcopal palace and the cathedral are noteworthy edifices. The manufactures of woolens, silks, and knives are extensive and the agricultural interests prominent. Stuhl weissenburg is the Alba Regia of the Romans. From the eleventh to the sixteenth century the kings of Hungary were crowned there; afterwards the ceremonial took place at Pressburg. The city was held by the Turks from 1543 to 1688, with the exception of the period 1601-02. Population, in 1890, 28,942; in 1900, 32,167.

STUKELY, stūk'li, WILLIAM (1687-1765). Ar English antiquary, born at Holbeach, Lin

STUNDISTS.

colnshire. He graduated at Bennet (Corpus Christi) College, Cambridge, in 1708. With Roger Gales he made long antiquarian tours in various parts of England. Among his many published works are: An Account of a Roman Temple and Other Antiquities, near Graham's Dike in Scotland (1720); Itinerarium Curiosum (1724, 2d ed. 1776); Stonehenge (1740); Abury, a Temple of the British Druids (1743); Palaographia Britannica (1743-52); and The Medallic History of M. A. V. Caurasius (1757-59). ·

STÜLER, sty'ler, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (180065). A German architect, born in Mühlhausen, Thuringia. He studied first in Berlin and afterwards in France and Italy. Appointed Court inspector of buildings at Berlin in 1830, he was two years later put at the head of the architectural commission of the royal palace. His principal buildings include the New Museum (1843-55), the churches of Saint Bartholomew (1854-58), Saint James (1845), Saint Mark (1848-55), and Saint Matthew (1846), as well as parts of the royal palace in Berlin, the Academy of Sciences at Budapest, the National Museum of Stockholm (1850-66), the Museum at Cologne (1855-61), the reconstructed Winter Palace at Saint Petersburg, the University at Königsberg (1844-63), and the reconstruction of the Stolzenfels Castle and the Hohenzollern Castle (1850-67).

STUMM, stum, KARL FERDINAND, Baron von Halberg (1836-1901). A German manufacturer and politician, born in Saarbrücken. He studied in Bonn and Berlin, and in 1858 became the head of the family firm which had for many years owned the great iron works at Neunkirchen. He was a member of the Prussian Chamber from 1867 till 1870, and of the Reichstag from 1867 till 1881, and from 1889 till his death in 1901; and was one of the founders of the German Reichspartei. Over his thousands of workmen he exercised a sort of paternalistic rule, and he furnished them with hospitals, technical schools, a library, model dwellings, and many other advantages. He was bitterly hostile to socialism.

STUMPF, stumpf, KARL (1848-). A GerHe studied at Würzburg and Göttingen, being esman psychologist, born at Wiesentheid, Bavaria. pecially influenced by the teachings of F. Brentano and R. H. Lotze. After qualifying as pointed to the chair of philosophy successively privat-docent at Göttingen, in 1870, he was apat Würzburg (1873), Prague (1879), Halle (1884), Munich (1889), and Berlin (1894), where he instituted the psychological seminar. In 1895 he became a member of the Prussian

Academy of Sciences. His publications include numerous monographs upon psychology, æsthetics, ethnology, epistemology, and especially upon physical and psychological acoustics. They comprise: Ueber den psychologischen Ursprung der Raumvorstellung (1873); Tonpsychologie (188390); Tafeln zur Geschichte der Philosophie (2d ed. 1900); Psychologie und Erkenntnistheorie (1891); Beiträge zur Akustik und Musikwissenschaft, I. Consonanz und Dissonanz (1898). He is best known by his contributions to the psychological study of sensations of tone and their use in music.

STUNDISTS (from Ger. Stunde, hour lesson; so called from their meetings to read the

Bible). A Russian sect, which owes its origin to German influences. It has gained many converts among the peasants, particularly since 1870, and has attracted the hostile attention of the Government. The Stundists bear some resemblance to the Anabaptists, give to the sacrament a purely symbolic interpretation, and hold communistic views concerning property. They are most numerous in Little Russia and Bessarabia. STUPA. A form of Buddhist architecture in India. See TOPE.

STURDY. A disease of sheep. See GID.

STURDZA, stoord'zȧ, ALEXANDER (17911854). A Moldavian publicist and diplomat, educated in Germany and afterwards in the service of Russia. His Mémoire sur l'état actuel de l'Allemagne, published at the Congress of Aixla-Chapelle in 1818, by order of Alexander I., aroused great indignation in Germany because of the unbecoming levity with which its author arraigned the German national character and branded the universities as hotbeds of the revolutionary spirit and atheism. In 1819 he settled at Dresden, married a daughter of Hufeland, and subsequently retired to his estate of Mansyr, Bessarabia. Of his other writings may be mentioned La Grèce en 1821 (1822); a biography of Hufeland (1837); and Euvres posthumes religieuses, historiques, philosophiques et littéraires (1858-61).

STURDZA, DEMETER (1833-). A Rumanian statesman and author. He studied political science at Munich, Göttingen, Bonn, and Berlin, became Minister of Public Instruction in 1859, and was one of the most zealous promoters of the overthrow of Cuza and the election of Prince Charles of Hohenzollern, in 1866. In the Cabinet of Bratianu, 1876-88, he held repeatedly ministerial posts, and in 1895-96 presided over a National-Liberal Ministry. Again in 189799 and since 1901 he was at the head of the Government as president of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He wrote La Marche progressive de la Russie sur le Danube (1878); Uebersicht der Münzen und Medaillen des Fürstentums Rumänien (1874); Europa, Russia, Romania (1888); La question des portes de fer et des cataractes du Danube (1899); and Charles I., roi de Roumanie (1899 et seq.).

STURE, stoo're. A noble family of Sweden which played a very prominent part in the affairs of that country in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and became extinct in 1616. Its chief representatives were: (1) STEN STURE the Elder (d.1503). He was a son of Gustaf Sture and the nephew of King Charles VIII., on whose death, in 1470, he became Regent of Sweden, in spite of the opposition of the Swedish nobility, who supported the claims of Christian I. of Denmark. He defeated the Danish King in the battle of Brukeberg, near Stockholm (1471). He introduced printing, and founded the University of Upsala (1477). In 1497 he was forced to resign his place to John of Denmark, but regained power in 1501 and ruled till his death (1503). He was followed by (2) SWANTE NILLSON STURE, a kinsman, who also kept the Danes and the nobility in check and died in 1512. (3) The latter's son,

STEN STURE the Younger, aided by the peasantry, foiled the plan of the nobles to place Trolle, one of their own number, in power, gained the Regency for himself, twice defeated (1517 and 1518) Gustaf Sture, Archbishop of Upsala, whom he had deposed in 1517, and was himself defeated and mortally wounded in a battle against Christian II. of Denmark at Bogesund in 1520. His widow, Christina Gyllenstierna, held Stockholm until the new King guaranteed constitutional government. (4) His son, SWANTE STURE, though a loyal partisan of the House of Vasa, was murdered by Eric XIV. (1567).

a

STURGEON (AF. sturjoun, OF., Fr. esturgeon, Sp. esturion, It. storione, from ML. sturgio, sturio, from OHG. sturjo, sturo, Ger. Stör, AS. styria, stiriga, sturgeon; perhaps connected with OHG. storan, Ger. stören, AS. styrian, Eng. stir). A large fresh-water fish of the ganoid family Acipenserida. Sturgeons have an elongated, subcylindrical body, armed with five rows of bony plates or bucklers, each bearing a median keel. The head is covered by bony plates joined by sutures. The snout is produced; the mouth is inferior, opening on the under side of the head,

A FOSSIL STURGEON.

A long-beaked sturgeon (Belonorhynchus striolatus) fossil in the Trias and Lias formations of the Old World.

protractile and without teeth. Just anterior to the mouth there are four barbels. The tail has the upper lobe much larger than the lower. There is a single dorsal fin, placed like the anal fin far back. They have a large air bladder, connected by a tube with the oesophagus. About 25 species, in two genera, are recognized, all inhabitants of the fresh waters and seas of the northern regions. Most of the species are migratory and ascend streams to spawn, but some live permanently in fresh waters. They spawn in the spring and summer, and are very prolific, a large female producing from two to three million eggs, constituting from a fifth to a third of its

SKULL OF A STURGEON WITH MEMBRANE BONES REMOVED.

a, Rostrum; b, nasal capsule; c, eve-socket; d, foramina for spinal nerves; e, notochord; g, quadrate bone; h, hyomandibular bone; i, mandible; j, basibranchials; k, ribs; 1, hyoid bone; I, II, III, IV, v, branchial arches. entire weight. They feed on small animals and plants, which they suck into their mouth. The common sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), of the coasts and rivers of Europe and Northeastern America, has been known to weigh 500 pounds. The lake or rock sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus), once very abundant in the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley, attains a weight of 200 pounds,