was not, is without foundation. He was not à stranger to the contracts but was one of the contracting parties himself.

[7] The only contract of agency existing between plaintiff and defendants with reference to the purchase of the corn in question being for the purchase of corn "in accordance with and subject to the rules, regulations and customs of the Board of Trade of the city of Chicago and the rules, regulations and requirements of its board of directors and all amendments that are made thereto," and defendants having purchased the corn in accordance with such rules and regulations, and having settled with the persons from whom such corn was purchased in accordance with such rules, regulations and customs of the Board of Trade and the rules, regulations, and requirements of its board of directors, they were not guilty of any breach of their contract of agency and therefore were not liable to plaintiff in this suit. The court should have directed a verdict for defendants.

The judgments of the Appellate Court and municipal court are reversed and the cause remanded to the municipal court. Reversed and remanded.

criminating in their nature or tending to prove guilt.

[Ed. Note. For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Confession.]

4. Criminal law 528-Admission of defendants' confessions against each other held er

roneous.

In murder prosecution, court erred in admitting alleged confession of each defendant against each other, where it did not even limit, either in its rulings or instructions, declarations of either defendant to one making them. 5. Criminal law 899-Defendants held not to have waived error in admission of confessions against each other by testifying.

In murder prosecution, defendants did not waive court's error in admitting alleged confession of each defendant against the other by testifying to same facts, where they were represented by different counsel and antagonistic to each other, and counsel for neither of them was able to protect his client against statement of other.

6. Criminal law 528-Admission of witnesses' testimony held erroneous as admission of one defendant's statement against the other. In murder prosecution, admission of witness' testimony that one of defendants in returning witness' pistol, which defendant had

(316 Ill. 38)

PEOPLE v. RUPERT et al. (No. 16203.) (Supreme Court of Illinois. Feb. 17, 1925.) 1. Criminal law 622(I)-Court must exercise sound discretion in overruling motion for separate trial of defendant jointly indicted with another.

While granting of a separate trial of defendants jointly indicted rests in discretion of trial court, court must exercise a sound discretion in overruling such a motion.

2. Criminal law 622 (2)-Failure to grant separate trial to defendants jointly indicted held reversible error, where only incriminating evidence was statement of one against the other.

In murder prosecution, denial of defendants' motion for separate trial was reversible error, where only incriminating evidence against defendants was in statement of one against the other, and statement of each of defendants as to himself simply amounted to a declaration or admission of some facts tending to incriminate

codefendant who had admitted to him that he shot decedent, was erroneous as admission of one defendant's statement against the other.

Error to Circuit Court, St. Clair County; William F. Borders, Judge.

Arnold Rupert and another were convicted of murder, and they bring error. Reversed and remanded.

John C. Roberts, of East St. Louis, for plaintiffs in error.

Edward J. Brundage, Atty. Gen., H. C. Lindauer, of Belleville, State's Atty., George C. Dixon, of Dixon, and W. R. Weber, of Belleville, for the People.

PER CURIAM. Arnold Rupert and Jimmie Dean, negroes, of the ages of 21 and 20 years, respectively, were convicted in the circuit court of St. Clair county of the mur der of William Owens, a white man. Rupert was sentenced to death and Dean to imprisonment for life. They have sued out a writ of error to reverse the judgment.

On the night of September 22, 1923, in East St. Louis, William Owens stopped at the soft drink parlor of William Singleton, which is called in the testimony a saloon, and got a lunch, in paying for which he exhibited a roll of bills amounting to $20 or $30. He left Singleton's shortly before midnight for his home, which was two blocks away, and in a few moments came to the back door of his brother's house, where he was living. and called to his brother that he was shot His brother had heard the shot fired, and

jumped up and let him in. Owens told him that two colored men had attacked him and tried to hold him up; that one held him and the little short fellow shot him. He was shot in the abdomen. He was taken to the hospital and died the next day from the wound. The plaintiffs in error were in the saloon when Owens was there. Dean left after Owens did. Rupert claims not to have left the saloon, but to have been there when the shot was fired.

The day after Owens' death the plaintiffs in error were arrested and taken to the police station, where they made separate statements in the presence of the officers and others which were taken down by an officer and signed by the plaintiffs in error, respectively. At the January term of the circuit court they were indicted, separate counsel was appointed by the court for each, they were tried, found guilty, and Rupert was sentenced to be hanged on April 18, and Dean was sentenced to imprisonment for life. Before the trial Rupert made a motion for a separate trial on the ground that all the evidence which would be produced by the people would not be applicable to him and Jimmie Dean; that Dean had made a statement to the police, and so far as the statement implicated Rupert, he would be unable to have a fair trial if jointly tried with Dean; that Rupert had also made a statement in regard to the crime to the police officers incriminating Dean. Rupert further stated to the court in his motion that if these statements were introduced in evidence neither of the defendants would be able to procure a fair trial. The bill of exceptions does not show that the statements were before the court on the hearing of the motion, or that any other statement of their contents was made other than was contained in the affidavit. The motion was denied, and Rupert excepted.

The statements of the plaintiffs in error were offered in evidence, and each was objected to by the defendant not making it, but the objections were overruled and both statements were received in evidence. Dean's statement was, in substance, that Rupert asked him to walk down the street. They left the saloon about 12 o'clock or a little before, and walked west on Winstanley avenue, and to the question where he was going, Rupert replied to come on-there was something down there. Dean saw a man walking west on Winstanley avenue about | 20 feet ahead of them, and then he knew that Rupert meant to stick this man up. They walked west. Dean stopped, but Rupert went toward the man, and the next thing Dean heard a shot. Rupert and the man were about 20 feet from Dean. Rupert fell to the ground, then got up and ran, and Dean ran east to an alley, then by a roundabout way back to Singleton's saloon, at Third street and Winstanley avenue, went inside and sat around for a while, and then went home and

to bed. He did not see Rupert until the next day. He met Rupert on Third street, near Exchange avenue, and asked him who did the shooting. Rupert said he did. He asked Rupert if he hit the man. Rupert said he did not know; that the man had a pistol in his hand, and that he had to shoot to get away. On Monday, September 24, Dean met Rupert at Singleton's saloon, reading a paper. Rupert called him and showed him the statement in the paper about the shooting. Dean asked Rupert what he was going to do, and Rupert replied that he was not going to do anything, as they did not know who shot Owens. He further stated that the revolver the police had was the same one that he saw Rupert have. It was a 38-caliber Smith & Wesson nicket-plated revolver, No. 81,826.

Rupert's statement was, that at Singleton's saloon Dean came to him and asked him to loan Dean his revolver, and to the question, "What for?" answered that a negro named Charles Yates was trying to kill him. Rupert loaned him the revolver. Dean left the saloon, and Rupert did not see him any more that night. About an hour after Dean left a shot was heard outside, and everybody ran to the door, but the proprietor told them all not to go down there, and every body went back into the saloon. Rupert then went with some others in a machine to Brooklyn and stayed there all night, getting back about 5:30 the next morning, when he went home and went to bed. He got up about 9 o'clock and went to Singleton's saloon, where he met Dean and asked him for the revolver, and also asked him if he did that shooting last night, and he said "no." Then Dean said he was going to tell Rupert something, but did not want him to tell anyone about it. Rupert asked Dean again if he did the shooting, and he said "yes"; that he was trying to make something last night, and the guy made a gun play, and Dean had to get him. Rupert asked him if he killed the man, and he said he did not know, but he did know he hit him. Dean told him that he shot at the man one time and the man ran, and Dean turned and ran away. He gave Rupert the revolver. Rupert talked with Dean again about the shooting after he had read a paper and saw that the man was in the hospital. He asked Dean if he was going to leave town. Dean said "no"; that he was going to stay around and see how the man was getting along. The next day, Monday, they read in the paper that the man had died. Dean then told him that all he had to do was to keep his mouth closed, and to tell Singleton to do away with the revolver. The police had the revolver. He (Rupert) took it from Singleton's saloon. It was a 38-caliber Smith & Wesson nickel-plated revolver, No. 81,826. It was the property of Singleton. Singleton did not know that Rupert had taken the gun, but later he told Singleton about it.

After the foregoing statements were made,

William Singleton, proprietor of the saloon, testified for the people that he heard the shot fired and told the crowd not to go out. Rupert and Dean were both in the saloon before the shooting, but were not there when the shooting occurred. They were there all of the time before the shooting, and it could be possible for them to have been there after that without his seeing them. There were about 40 or 50 people in his place that night. After the shooting Rupert came into the saloon first, and Dean came in afterwards. He identified the gun as his, and said Rupert and Dean knew where he kept it, Rupert having worked for him at the saloon before that time. Rupert told him that he had taken the gun, and that he had shot at some telephone posts on the railroad. He stated, over the objections of the defendants, that Rupert said he got the pistol and gave it to Dean to protect himself against Yates, and that Dean told Rupert that he shot Owens. When Rupert gave him back the pistol he noticed it was freshly shot, and Rupert said that he did not do it, but that Dean did. There were two empty shells in the gun and two other cartridges were gone, which he found in front of his place the next morning. The foregoing was all the, evidence in the case, except the testimony of several witnesses who witnessed or heard the statements of the defendants that were offered in evidence, all of whom testified that the statements were voluntarily made, without any promise of reward or of favor of any kind, and without compulsion or threats. The record does show that on rebuttal the people offered a record showing the conviction of Rupert for a criminal offense, but the record does not show the character of the offense, and fails to show any part of that record. Both defendants took the witness stand and testified in their own behalf to the same facts, in substance, as appear in their four statements. Each defendant objected to the other defendant testifying, and specifically objected to the other defendant's testimony that incriminated him, but their objections were overruled.

[1-3] It is argued by defendants' counsel that it was error to deny Rupert's motion for a separate trial. It is argued by the people that the granting of a separate trial of defendants jointly indicted rests in the discretion of the trial court. It is true that this is a general rule often stated, but it has been as often stated that the court must exercise a sound discretion in overruling such a motion. It cannot be a matter of serious doubt that both defendants in this case were

defendants is to be found in the statement of the one against the other. Their voluntary statements have been referred to by the people as confessions. There was not really a confession made by either of the defendants, and it is clear that the people used the statement of one of the defendants mainly for the purpose of convicting the other. A confession has been defined by this court to be a voluntary acknowledgment of guilt, or a voluntary acknowledgment by a person charged with the commission of a crime that he is guilty of the offense, or that he participated in committing the crime. 1 Pope's Legal Def. 258; Johnson v. People, 197 Ill. 48, 64 N. E. 286; Michaels v. People, 208 Ill. 603, 70 N. E. 747. The term "confession" is limited to the criminal act, and does not include statements, declarations or admissions of fact incriminating in their nature or tending to prove guilt. Michaels v. People, supra. The statement of each of the defendants as to himself, simply amounts to a declaration or admission of some facts tending to incriminate him. "No man can confess for any one but himself." People v. Anderson, 239 Ill 168, 87 N. E. 917. We believe that, if the people had been trying one of these defendants separately, and he had offered his own statement, the people would have objected to the main part of it on the ground that it was a self-serving declaration, made for the purpose of exonerating him from participation in the crime charged, and that is really just what the statement amounts to.

These alleged confessions were in the hands of the people, who well knew their contents and yet resisted the motion, necessarily knowing that they would rest almost their entire case as to each defendant upon the declaration of the other. They thereby deliberately led the court into error in overruling this motion. In the case of People v. Buckminster, 274 Ill. 435, 113 N. E. 713, this court laid down the rule that where one of several defendants jointly indicted has made admissions or confessions implicating others, a severance should be ordered, unless the attorney for the state declares that such admissions or confessions will not be offered in evidence on the trial. It would have been better, as a matter of precaution, if Rupert had set forth in his motion the character or nature of the admission and confession of his codefendant, Dean, but the information was in the hands of the people, and the court should have taken the precaution to ascertain the nature of the incriminating evidence, or have taken the statement of Rupert as true that the alleged confession of Dean incriminated Rupert. This error was so serious that we must hold it was reversible error to overrule the motion for a severance.

[4-6] The court also committed very seri