(146 N.E.) more than one-half of the frontage along any public street to pass through the public streets of any city, still the obtaining of such consent is not a condition precedent to a condemnation proceeding by the railroad corporation, as such consent can be obtained after the condemnation as well as before. Subur ban Railroad Co. v. Metropolitan Elevated Railroad Co., 193 Ill. 217, 61 N. E. 1090; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. V. Abens, 306 Ill. 69, 137 N. E. 443. Under those rulings the court should have overruled these two objections. [5] As to objection 16, appellees would under the same be entitled to have appellant present and file the plans and specifications for the construction of the waterway and its appurtenances after such plans and specifications had been approved by the government authorities, but such plans and specifications should be limited to the portion of the waterway the construction of which will affect the land sought to be condemned. No landowner whose land is to be condemned would be entitled to plans and specifications of the entire route of the waterway or of any portion thereof not directly affecting or bearing upon the question of damages to the land taken and land adjoining that taken and belonging to such owner. [6] Objection 17 should have been overruled by the court. The Waterway Act has in sections 1 and 2 prescribed the route of the waterway. No changes are to be made in this route except by the department of public works and buildings, which is granted authority by the act to deviate from the route specified in the act if in its judgment the utilization of sections of the Illinois and Desplaines rivers is not practicable or feasible. Appellant will have the option to proceed to construct the waterway on the route named in the act unless it should elect to make the changes designated by the statute after it has obtained the proper consent and authority of the governmental authorities. [7] Objections 18 and 19 should have been overruled. The option contract and agreement were mutually abandoned by both parties by consent. Appellant finally notified Engel that it would not take the land and pay $300 an acre for it, and it offered to submit the question as to what amount should be paid for the land to arbitration. Engel refused to do this. He finally inquired of the department if it was going to take the land at the price named in the option, and was informed, in substance, that it would not do so. Engel then said he wanted to sell the land, and informed appellant that the state could get it from the purchaser as well as from him. A short while thereafter he sold and deeded the land to Watters and Harrison, and no mention of the option contract was made in his contract with them. For the reasons aforesaid, the court properly sustained objection 12 and the first part of objection 14. The order of the court dismissing the petition is affirmed. Order affirmed. (315 III. 553) PEOPLE v. SCHLADWEILER. (No. 16428.) (Supreme Court of Illinois. Feb. 17, 1925.) 1. Witnesses 44-Test as to competency of small child stated. termining competency of small child, but the Religious opinion or belief is not test in derequirement is intelligence and understanding. 2. Witnesses 40(2)-Competency of small child discretionary with court. Whether witness shall be permitted to testify on objection to competency because of age is a matter resting largely in the discretion of the trial court. 3. Witnesses 40(2)-Admission of testimony of small children held not abuse of discretion. with 8 year old child, admission of testimony of In prosecution for taking indecent liberties witnesses 7, 8, 10, and 12 years of age, whose preliminary examination disclosed that they were in the grades of the public school in which children of average intelligence of their ages are usually found, that they were children of intelligence commensurate with their ages, and to tell the truth, held not abuse of discretion. that they knew what it meant to take an oath 4. Witnesses 243-Permitting children to answer questions over objections that they were leading held not prejudicial error. In prosecution for taking indecent liberties with small child, in which it appeared that children were testifying from their recollection as to what occurred and not by reason of leading questions of examining counsel, action of court in permitting questions calling for answers either in the affirmative or negative, over objection that questions were leading, held not prejudicial error. For other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes 7. Witnesses 240 (2)—Whether necessity exists for leading question is largely discretionary with trial court. Whether necessity exists for leading question is largely discretionary with the trial court. 8. Witnesses 240(2)-Abuse of discretion in permitting leading questions prejudicial error. Abuse of discretion in permitting leading questions is prejudicial error. 9. Witnesses242-Questions merely directing attention of witness to subject-matter not suggestive or leading. Questions merely directing the attention of the witness to the subject-matter of the inquiry are not suggestive or leading. 10. Criminal law 31-"Alibi" defined. Defendant proves an "alibi" by proof that he was elsewhere at time of commission of crime, laying ground for necessary inference that he could not have committed the act. [Ed. Note. For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Alibi.] 11. Criminal law 572-Rule as to sufficiency of evidence to prove an alibi stated. Proof of alibi need be sufficient only to raise in the minds of the jury a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of defendant. 12. Criminal law 775(3)—Instruction as to alibi held not erroneous, being merely a definition thereof, and not on probative value of proof thereof. Instruction "that before a defendant can avail himself of the defense of an alibi the proof must cover the whole of the time of the com mission of the crime so as to render it impossible, or highly improbable, that the defendant could have committed the act," held not erroneous, being merely a definition of an alibi, and not an instruction on the probative value of proof offered on the subject. 13. Criminal law 572-Evidence as to alibi insufficient, if it does not cover sufficient time to render presence of defendant impossible or highly improbable. Lyons & Sherrard, of Chicago (Edward J. Lyons and Elwyn E. Long, both of Chicago, of counsel), for plaintiff in error. Edward J. Brundage, Atty. Gen., Robert E. Crowe, State's Atty., of Chicago, and James B. Searcy, of Springfield (Henry T. Chace, Jr., and Edward E. Wilson, both of Chicago, of counsel), for the People. STONE, J. Plaintiff in error was indicted in the criminal court of Cook county for taking indecent liberties with a child under the age of 15 years, to wit, of the age of 8 years. The indictment consisted of two counts; the first charging indecent liberties, and the second, contributing to the delinquency of said child. On trial before a jury plaintiff in error was found guilty, and he brings the record here for review. Plaintiff in error contends, first, that the testimony of the complaining witness, Katherine Freitag, and the other witnesses, who were children, was incompetent, because these witnesses did not understand the nature of an oath; second, that plaintiff in error was prejudiced by the leading manner in which these children were questioned; third, an instruction to the jury is complained of; and, fourth, that the evidence is not sufficient to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The defense is that of alibi. [1-3] Considering the first objection, the record shows that the complaining witness, Katherine Freitag, was 8 years of age at the time of the trial, Dorothy Freitag was of the age of 7 years, Winston Roeth was of the age of 12 years, and Ernest Friedner of the age of 10 years. Previous to the taking of testimony these witnesses were examined before the court out of the presence of the jury, and their examination appears in the abstract. It is contended by plaintiff in error that this examination did not disclose that they understood the meaning or obligation of an oath, and in support of that contention his counsel cite the decisions of the courts of other states in this country and the rule as laid down in Greenleaf on Evidence, to the effect that, in order to render a witness competent, it is not sufficient that he believe himself bound to speak the truth from a regard to character or the common interest of society or from fear of punishment, but that it is required that the additional security afforded by an immediate sense of the witness' responsibility to God must appear. Such is not, however, the rule in this state. A test as to religious opinion or belief is no longer required in determinThe reError to Criminal Court, Cook County; ing the competency of a witness. Frederic R. De Young, Judge. If evidence as to alibi, though taken to be true, does not cover sufficient of the time at or before the crime to render the presence of the defendant impossible or highly improbable, it proves nothing, and is of no avail. 14. Criminal law 572-Evidence held to sustain conviction for taking indecent liberties with child as against plea of alibi. In prosecution for taking indecent liberties with 8 year old child, in which defendant claimed an alibi, evidence held to sustain conviction. Dunn and Thompson, JJ., dissenting in part. quirement is not one of age or religious belief, but of intelligence and understanding. Walter Schladweiler was convicted of tak- Sokel v. People, 212 Ill. 238, 72 N. E. 382; ing indecent liberties with a child under 15 Featherstone v. People, 194 Ill. 325, 62 N. E. years of age, and he brings error. Affirmed. 684; Moffett v. South Park Com'rs, 138 Ill. (146 N.E.) 620, 28 N. E. 975; Hronek v. People, 134 Ill. | ton, 140. By standard lexicographers that 139, 24 N. E. 861, 8 L. R. A. 837, 23 Am. St. is available which has sufficient power, Rep. 652; Draper v. Draper, 68 Ill. 17. The force, or efficacy to produce a given result. examination of these witnesses discloses that Instructions defining the term "alibi" have they are in the grades of the public schools been confused with those going to the measin which children of average intelligence of ure of proof necessary on the part of the detheir ages are usually found. Their answers fendant to make such defense available. indicate that they are children of intelli- While the rule as to the measure of proof gence commensurate with their ages. From varies somewhat in different jurisdictions, it the testimony of each of these children it has always been the rule in this state that was evident that they knew what it meant the proof of an alibi need be sufficient only to take an oath to tell the truth. Whether to raise in the minds of the jury a reasonor not a witness shall be permitted to testify able doubt as to the guilt of the defendant, where an objection is interposed to his com- and those instructions have been condemned petency on account of age is a matter rest- which require a higher degree of proof. In ing largely in the discretion of the trial Hoge v. People, 117 Ill. 35, 6 N. E. 796, an court. People v. Karpovich, 288 Пl. 268, 123 instruction given told the jury that the ourN. E. 324. We are of the opinion that that den of proving an alibi was on the defenddiscretion was not abused in this case, and ant, and that it must be clearly and satisfacit was not error to permit the children to torily established before it can avail, where testify. the evidence otherwise makes a clear case against him. This instruction was held to be erroneous, because it required the defendant to satisfactorily establish an alibi, and placed on him a burden little short of convincing the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. It was there held that, if the jury, after considering the evidence of an alibi, had a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt, he could not be convicted. [4-9] Nor do we believe that error was committed as charged in the second assignment of error; that is, that the rights of the defendant were prejudiced by unnecessary leading of the witnesses on the part of the state's attorney. It is true that a number of questions were asked which called for answers either in the affirmative or negative, but as to the material parts of the examination it seems clear, from reading the abstract of the testimony, that these children were testifying from their recollection as to what occurred and not by reason of leading questions of examining counsel. The test of a leading question is whether it suggests the answer thereto by putting into the mind of the witness the words or thought of such answer. Leading questions, to be incompetent, must refer to material matters, and occur where no necessity for them appears. Whether or not such necessity exists is a matter resting largely in the discretion of the trial court, an abuse of which discretion will amount to prejudicial error. Questions merely directing the attention of the witness to the subject-matter of the inquiry are not suggestive or leading in any proper sense. People v. Elliott, 272 Ill. 592, 112 N. E. 300, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 391. It is also urged that instruction No. 4 is erroneous.. This instruction told the jury that before a defendant can avail himself of the defense of an alibi the proof must cover the whole of the time of the commission of the crime, so as to render it impossible, or highly improbable, that the defendant could have committed the act. [10, 11] Some confusion seems to have arisen concerning instructions on the defense of alibi. Alibi is a Latin term, meaning elsewhere. When a person charged with crime proves that he was at the time of the commission of the crime elsewhere he is said to prove an alibi, the effect of which is to lay the ground for the necessary inference that he could not have committed the act. Brac In Waters v. People, 172 Ill. 367, 50 N. E. 148, the jury were told that, although they might believe that the movements of the defendant had been accounted for as to some part of the time before and at the commission of the crime charged, still, before this defense is entitled to consideration, it must appear that at the very time of the commission of the crime charged in the indictment the defendant was at another place so far away or under such circumstances that he could not with ordinary exertion have reached the place where the crime was committed so as to have participated therein. This instruction was held erroneous, because it told the jury that, unless the instruction covered all the time, it was not entitled to any consideration from them, and so took away from the jury the right to consider the testimony of witnesses as to the whereabouts of the defendant at or about the time of the commission of the crime. In People v. Fisher, 295 Ill. 250, 129 N. E. 196, the same instruction given in Waters v. People, supra, was, in so far as it went to the measure of proof, held erroneous, for the reason that it, in effect, told the jury that, unless the evidence showed a complete and perfect alibi, it was not entitled to consideration; that the rule of law as to the defense of alibi is the same as that for all other defenses, and requires only sufficient evidence to raise in the minds of the jury a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant. [12] It will be noted that the language of the instruction complained of in this case is substantially different. It told the jury "that before a defendant can avail himself of the defense of an albi the proof must cover the whole of the time of the commission of the crime so as to render it impossible, or highly improbable, that the defendant could have committed the act." This instruction goes entirely to the definition of an alibi, and in no wise affects the measure or probative value of proof offered on the subject. The langauge condemned in the cases cited was that affecting the amount of proof required, and those cases in no wise discussed the definition of an alibi. In Creed v. People, 81 Ill. 565, language in an instruction telling the jury, in effect, that an alibi must cover the whole of the time of the commission of the crime, so as to render it impossible, or very improbable, that the defendant could have committed the act, was held proper on the ground that it was not directed to the measure of proof required to find an alibi, but that its purpose was to define what would amount to an alibi. In Briggs v. People, 219 Ill. 330, 76 N. E. 499, an instruction told the jury that an alibi, to be satisfactory, must cover the whole of the time of the transaction in question, so as to render it impossible that the defendant could have committed the act. It was there held that the instruction was erroneous, first, because it told the jury that the proof of an alibi must be satisfactory to them, whereas the law is that it must be sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury; that it was also erroneous in that it was too strict in requiring the proof to cover the whole of the time of the commission of the crime, so as to render it impossible that the defendant could have committed the crime, the court there saying: "We think an instruction defining the defense of alibi would be sufficient and proper if it simply stated, to render the defense of alibi available the proof must cover the whole of the time of the commission of the crime, so as to render it impossible, or highly improbable, that the defendant could have committed the act." [13] It will be noted that the instruction complained of in this case is in the exact language of the opinion of this court in the case just cited. The instruction here in no wise limits the jury in the consideration of the evidence. It is not directed to the measure of proof, but defines what will amount to an alibi, and designates the period of time to be covered by the proof. The whole purpose and force of an alibi is to show that the defendant could not have committed the crime or that it was highly improbable that he could have done so, for the one reason that he was somewhere else at that time. The reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant arising out of evidence of a defense of alibi must come from the fact that the evidence tends to show the impossibility, or the improbability, of the presence of the of the crime. If the evidence as to alibi, though taken to be true, does not cover sufficient of the time at or before the crime to render the presence of the defendant impossible or highly improbable, then it proves nothing, and is of no avail to him, as where A. is charged with a murder committed between the hours of 8 and 11 o'clock in the evening, and he offers proof that he was at the home of the witness, one mile from the scene of the crime, between the hours of 4 and 6 o'clock on that evening. Such testimony does not constitute an alibi, for the evidence, though true, does not tend to prove that it was impossible, or highly improbable, that he could have been at the scene of the crime when it was committed, and such evidence does not render the defense of alibi available to him. An instruction such as the one in the case at bar, which defines an alibi but does not go to the measure of proof, is correct. In People v. Johnson, 314 Ill. 486, 145 N. E. 703, an instruction stated "to render the defense of an alibi available the evidence must cover the whole of the time of the commission of the alleged crime." We in that case said that this language meant that there was no probative force in the testimony of the witnesses as to alibi, and that they were entitled to no consideration, because they could not say the plaintiff in error was under their personal observation for the whole time, and this instruction was held to be error. The decision rendered in that case was right, but what was said as to the instruction concerning the defense of alibi is not in accord with our previous decisions on the subject, and is not adhered to. The instruction in the case at bar gave to the jury a proper definition of an alibi, and was not erroneous. [14] It is finally urged most earnestly that the verdict is not supported by the evidence, and a large portion of counsel's brief of over 70 pages is devoted to quotations from the evidence as it appears in the abstract. Such practice is rarely of aid to the court when indulged in to any extent, as the abstract is read in its entirety, and the evidence quoted is read in its relation to other evidence. The indictment charges that the crime was Plaintiff in committed on August 14, 1923. error was a Lincoln Park policeman, in the city of Chicago. He had been employed in Previous to that that capacity five days. time he drove a milk wagon. Complaining witness, Katherine Freitag, testified that on the morning of the 14th of August, 1923, she, with her sister, Dorothy, were playing near the Summerdale Congregational Church, at the corner of Farragut and Paulina streets, in the city of Chicago; that plaintiff in error came out of an alley across the street, and came up to them, and said, "Hello!" that he was dressed in a new policeman's uniform, (146 N.E.) the afternoon of that day, after witness heard the story of the complaining witness, he saw a policeman on the street near his home, and on the suggestion of his mother went out of the house and across the lot, and came upon the policeman going by; that it was the same policeman he had met in the alley in the morning; that in the afternoon he saw the number 202 and a picture of Lincoln on the shield of his cap; that he went to the police station and identified plaintiff in error as the man he had seen in the alley on that morning and had met on the street in the afternoon. Plaintiff in error's number was 202, and those figures, together with a medalion of Lincoln, were upon a shield on his cap. case at his belt; that after talking to them and looked at him as he went by; that in he took Katherine and Dorothy, and a tricycle or velocipede with which they were playing, down the street to a vacant lot which was grown up with high weeds; that on reaching the lot he told them to bring the tricycle inside; that he took down the complaining witness' bloomers, caused her to lie on her back, and rubbed her private parts, exposing his own at the same time; that she cried, and he told her if she cried he would take her to the police station; that at that time Dorothy was near by, although witness did not know how far away she was; that he wanted her to put his privates into her mouth, but she would not. She then testified, in effect, that he caused an emission from his private parts and took his handkerchief and wiped it off; that he then said William Freitag, father of the complainhe would go out and see if any one was coming witness, testifled to having been called ing; that he left them, and did not come home by his wife at noon on this day, and back; and that she and Dorothy went home that he went with the children to the police and told her mother. Dorothy testified to station, where they identified plaintiff in erapproximately the same facts, stating, also, ror, and later he went with them to the lot that plaintiff in error had pushed her over to where they had stated the crime was comone side in the weeds where she could not mitted, and found the weeds growing very see all that was going on, but did see him thickly and high on the lot; that they walkrub the private parts of Katherine. Both ed in 40 or 50 feet, where the children these witnesses also testified that, after they pointed out a place where the weeds were had told their mother what occurred, she trampled down. called their father and the neighbors, and Agnes Schiller, who lived in the neighborthat on that afternoon they went to the po-hood, testified that some time between 10:30 lice station, where they identified plaintiff in error as being the policeman who had taken them into the vacant lot and committed the offense that morning. Ernest Friedner testified to seeing the two girls on the church steps on the morning in question, and that he saw a policeman come along, coming from the alley across the street from the church. He identified plaintiff in error as the policeman who came out of the alley, stating that he saw him on the sidewalk by the church with the complaining witness and her sister; that when he saw him at the church he was but a short distance from him; that just before that he passed plaintiff in error on the street, and he paid particular attention to him after he saw him talking to the girls; that witness at that time left to play Indian with some boys down on the railroad track near by; that in the afternoon he went to the police station with the Freitags and the Roeths and identified plaintiff in error as being the policeman he saw with the girls on the sidewalk near the church. His identification of the plaintiff in error was positive. Winston Roeth testified that about a quarter to 11 o'clock on that morning he was in the alley near his home; that he saw a policeman coming through the alley near the church, walking in the direction of the church. He noticed he had on a new uniform, with a white cap, and the initials "L. P." on his collar, and that he had a new gun case; that he passed witness in the alley 146 N.E.-34 o'clock and noon of this day she looked out of a window of one of her upstairs rooms in the direction of the vacant lot referred to and saw a policeman and two little girls with a velocipede in this lot; that she saw the weeds there, and saw the three persons go into the weeds; that the policeman had on a white cap and a suit that looked new. It appears from the testimony of the police officers that after this complaint was made plaintiff in error and two other Lincoln Park policemen in that neighborhood were brought in by another officer in a car and were taken before the children at the police station, where the latter identified plaintiff in error as being the policeman who had perpetrated the crime. In support of the defense of alibi the plaintiff in error offered the testimony of employ. ees of the National Milk Company, with which he had been employed prior to his going on the Lincoln Park police force. These witnesses testified, as did plaintiff in error, that he arrived at the place of the National Milk Company at 10 minutes before 11 on the morning in question; that the dairy is about a mile and three-quarters from Farragut and Paulina streets, where the offense is alleged to have been committed, and that plaintiff in error remained there until after 12:30 o'clock; that he was there to secure the return of a cash bond he had put up while driver for the milk concern; that in order to do so it was necessary to check his book accounts. Plaintiff in error testified |