La bende de or engreelie

Portoit en la rouge baniere."

In the early days of heraldy, when "Rouge Dragon" was but a dragonet, the distinction between "lozengy" and "engrailed" was scarcely observed. In allusion to his office he placed two batons behind the shield upon his seal, a custom since followed by his successors.

IV. WILLIAM MARESCHAL, Earl Mareschal, and of Pembroke, was well known in the barons' wars as William Mareschal the younger.

Of his early career little is recorded. He espoused the barons' side against John, and thus, no doubt, increased the family influence. He appeared at Stamford, and was one of the twelve conservators for the enforcement of Magna Charta. In 1216 he was one of the excommunicated barons, and one of the twenty-five commissioners for the city of London. 22nd September, 1215, it appears from the Liberate Rolls that his wife Alicia had a safe conduct to England.

Upon John's death, and the progress of the French party, he joined his father, and fought for Henry III. at Lincoln, for which service he was amply rewarded, having grants of Mowbray's lands, afterwards redeemed, and of those of the Earl of Winchester, 10th April, and of Gilbert de Gant, 28th May, 1217. (R. L. Claus. i. 305, 309.) He was at the siege of Mount Sorrel. (Dug. Bar. i. 227.)

Upon his father's death in 1219 he succeeded at once to the honour and estates, having only a dispute with Hugh de Lacy about some claims on his Irish lands. 8th June he was security for certain acts on the part of Guy de Chatillon, son and heir of the Count de St. Paul, and who was to have his mother's land in Essex. Also he and John Mareschal were securities for a payment by Peter de St. Hilary, of Corston, co. Somerset, and Gunnora his wife, as he was also for William Crassus (Le Gros), for 50 marks, part payment of £100 to the king, that he may have custody of the lands and the marriage of Hawise, daughter and heiress of Thomas

de Londres, and a great heiress in Berks, Caermarthen, and Glamorgan. (Exc. e. R. F. i. 24, 40, 50-2.)

Henry being now quietly if not firmly seated on his throne, turned his attention to Wales, in which he was powerfully seconded by the Earl Mareschal, who led the royal forces, raised the siege of Builth, and probably assisted in the subsequent reconstruction of Montgomery Castle. (Dug. Bar. i. 444, 602, and M. Paris.) He also made a truce with Llewelyn. 26th September, 1222, he is called upon for certain arrears due from the late earl to the Exchequer. (Exc. e. R. F. i. 94.) In the same year he and the Earl of Surrey had a protection for themselves and their train, being about to enter Wales at the king's command. (C. R. Pat. 12, 13.)

Probably this was on the way to Ireland, which he then visited. While absent there the Flemings threw off their new and uneasy allegiance, and attacked and took Cardigan, an act which brought upon them the full power of Llewelyn, and seems to have led to a general war in West Wales, in the course of which, 7 Henry III., the castles of Cardigan and Kilgerran were taken by Llewelyn, the garrisons slain, and the country again wasted. The earl instantly returned, landed 1222 at St. David's, and vanquished Llewelyn in a pitched battle, in which the Prince is said to have lost 9000 men. (Dug. 602.) This is no doubt a gross exaggeration, since, aided by Hugh de Lacy, the Welsh again immediately made head. So largely had Prince Llewelyn profited by the late troubles to recover his ground in South Wales, that the earl, when summoned from the rebuilding of Kilgerran to London, found it convenient to go and return by sea. 8 Henry III., the earl was made governor of Cardigan and Caermarthen Castles.

About this time the Welsh, not being, like King John, admitted to the hospitalities of Margam, burned two hundred abbey sheep and two horses, and in the following year, 1224, killed two abbey servants and a shepherd. (A. of Marg.)

22nd March, 1223, the earl confirmed the foundation

charter of Tintern. The new deed contains a complete and curious description of the abbey bounds and property.

31st May, 1223, the lands in Suffolk of William de Charsfield, who had been hung for the death of John de Manestun, having been by the custom of England forfeited for a year and a day to the king, were granted by him to William Earl Mareschal and to Hubert de Burgh, a justice, towards their sustenance in the king's service. (Exc. e. R. F. i. 104.) This would seem from the date to apply to the present earl, and to invest him with a share in the judicial office, or at least of its fees; but Foss, from whose unrelenting accuracy there is no appeal, does not include him in any English judicial list. The earl seems to have been much occupied at this time in the recovery of South Wales. Robert de Cadinan has remission, 14th May, 1224, of scutage, because his son Andrew served in his stead in the army in Wales under the Earl Mareschal, (ibid. 116,) and this was no doubt the reason that the earl had to account, 9 Henry III., for divers sums of money imprested to him from the Treasury, Quinzine and Mint, being part of a sum of £800. (Mad. i. 389.)

11th February, 1225, Henry ratified anew the great charter, and that of forests, making certain provisions for the better administration of justice. (Rot. Claus. ii. 77.) Maurice de Gant accompanied the earl into Wales to assist in building a castle. (Dug. Bar. i. 402.) He also confirmed his father's grants to Duisk Abbey, and 21st April and 8th December is mentioned as justice of Ireland.

1226 was a bitter year for Glamorgan. The Welsh burned St. Nicholas, Newcastle, and Laleston, and killed some of the people, and this they followed up in 1227 by burning the abbey granges of Pennuth and Rossaulin, with many sheep and oxen, a process which they repeated in 1228 on St. Nicholas and St. Hilary. (A. of Marg.) Glamorgan, from Gower to the walls of Cardiff, seems to have been annually overrun, the various changes in the earldom of Gloucester consequent upon the death

of Earl William, in 1173, and the short reigns of his successors, five of whom died before 1261, having left the country without any organized defence. This also was the year of Henry's grand but unsuccessful attack upon the Welsh, which ended in Llewelyn's real victory, though nominal submission. From this time for several years the Welsh were in the ascendant, and each year witnessed their inroads upon the English colonies, more especially those in the south and west. (Powell.) Nor were Henry's Norman subjects much more obedient, for, 7th June, 1227, the Earl of Cornwall having, on his return to England, quarrelled with his brother about a manor taken from his earldom and given to Waleran le Teys, passed into rebellion, fled to the Earl Mareschal, his sworn friend, at Marlborough, whence with other discontented lords they moved to Stamford, where they claimed or obtained from Henry, then much pressed for funds for his French war, a confirmation of the forest charter, cancelled by him at Oxford. This feud however seems to have been patched up when they all met in August, at Northampton, (Dug. Bar. i. 762,) and Pembroke was named lieutenant of all the royal forces on this side the seas, the king being about to go abroad. (C. R. P. 15.) In this year, 1228, the earl had the manor of Aure, and he founded a black friary at Kilkenny. (Sir T. Ware.)

1229, on the death of William, last Baron de Braose, of the elder house, the earl, his wife's brother, had custody of his Northamptonshire lands.

1230 he was beyond sea with the king, preparing for a French war, and on the king's return was appointed, by patent dated 26th September, 14 Henry III., to command all the royal forces in Britanny and beyond sea. (C. R. P. 15.) The Welsh again burned St. Nicholas and St. Hilary, which seem to have possessed a power of reproduction unknown in these modern days. There was also at the same time (July) a serious rising in Connaught, (Brady, ii. 511,) which, on his return from the continent, he appears to have been sent to put down. (Dug. i. 603.)

15 Henry III., the Earl of Cornwall married his second wife, the earl's beautiful sister Isabel, widow of the Earl of Gloucester. He came from Britanny to be present at the marriage (Wilkes); and this must have been his last appearance in public, for soon afterwards, 6th April, 15 Henry III., 1231, he died, and was buried, 15th April, near his father in the Temple Church, one of the remaining effigies in which has been generally supposed to represent him. His death was the cause of much joy among the Welsh, against whom he was said to entertain inveterate enmity.

Henry professed great affection for the earl, and appears to have spoken of his loss as a national calamity, since, according to Matthew Paris, on seeing the corpse he exclaimed, "Woe! woe! woe is me! the blood of the blessed Martyr Thomas is not yet wholly avenged!" A public document states that "the king learns with sorrow the death of the Earl of Pembroke." The royal grief did not however prevent the king from taking possession at once of all the earl's hereditaments in Ireland, held in capite, on the ground that his heir was liegeman to the king's enemy, the King of France. (C. R. P. 15.) On the 12th April, 1231, these estates were committed to Waleran le Teys, who was made answerable for all payments due to the Exchequer. (Exc. e. R. F. i. 212.) 28th September the Barons of the Exchequer were to give a respite till a month beyond Easter to John Mareschal, an executor of William Mareschal, for rendering the "compotus" of the earl's debts to the crown, because John is gone to Ireland about the countess's dower and the king's business. (Ibid. i. 217.)

On the earl's death Llewelyn marched across South Wales, and burned Caerleon, but failed to take the castle, then held by Morgan ap Howell. In his retreat he lost some of his men in the Usk, but destroyed Kenfig, and laid siege to Neath. (A. of M.) In this year the honour of Caermarthen and Cardigan was bestowed upon Hubert de Burgh, and his wife Margaret, eldest sister of Alexander of Scotland. (Dug. Bar. i. 695.)

ARCH. CAMB., THIRD SERIES, VOL. VI.

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