TELEPHOTOGRAPHY This feat marked the final triumph in a series of successes, announced in 1923, in grappling with a problem science has attempted to solve for years the reproduction in distant places of photographs and pictures, through telegraphic transmission. The first signal triumph in this effort occurred on May 20, 1924, when pictures were sent over telephone wires from Cleveland to New York, although we must not overlook the transmission by radio of pictures from Boston to Medford Hillside, Mass., by C. Francis Jenkins of Washington. Belin of Paris, also claims successful transmission from New York to Paris, on Aug. 5, 1924. Taken together, therefore, all these efforts mean that a new and important process has been added to the world's means of transmitting news. For years science has known how to attack the problem of transmitting pictures by telegraph. It could be done by TELEPHOTOGRAPHY means of the substance selenium, for selenium offers variable resistance to the passage of electric current, according to the amount of light falling upon it. The difficulty has been in designing an ap paratus which would use this property successfully. The new apparatus solves this problem as follows: The photograph to be transmitted is copied on thin photographic paper, and the special print is pasted on the outside of a horizontal glass cylinder. Inside the cylinder is a light, which throws a tiny horizontal beam outward through the picture. In line with this beam, outside the cylinder, is a special "selenium cell," with electric current flowing through it. To transmit a picture, the cylinder is set so that the beam of light strikes through one edge, and the operator starts turning slowly. When a dark spot in the picture passes across the beam, the light is cut down, the selenium increases its resist HOW PICTURES ARE TRANSMITTED ACROSS THE SEA This view shows both the transmitting and the receiving apparatus which made possible the sending of photographs by radio from London to New York. Capt. Richard H. Ranger, of the engineering staff of the Radio Corporation of America, who invented the apparatus, is seen at the right placing the film of a photograph on the rotating drum of the transmitter, while his aide sits at the left, his finger pointing toward the paper-covered cylinder on which the received photograph is recorded in ink by a wirelesscontrolled fountain pen. 112 I PICTURES SENT BY RADIO FROM ENGLAND TO AMERICA These pictures of President Coolidge and Secretary Hughes were among the first sent by radio from London to New York. The lines which make up the picture were produced by a fountain pen in New York, moving in accordance with radio impulses sent from London. ance, and the current passing through the selenium loses strength. When a light spot comes in the picture, the beam gains intensity, and the selenium permits more current to pass. When the cylinder has made one complete turn, a special gearing moves the light and the selenium cell to one side by a distance equal to the width of the beam, bringing another portion of the picture into play. Thus, bit by bit, the entire picture passes across the beam, and the electric current, by changes in its strength, has recorded faithfully every change in light and shade in the picture. This changing current, properly amplified, can be turned directly into a telegraph line or cable, or can be used to modulate a radio carrier wave, just as the currents from a telephone transmitter are used. Thus the current variations are transmitted to the receiving station, and the only remaining problem is that of making the variable current produce a picture. 113 This can be done in either of two ways, the photographic method being the simpler. This method utilizes a cylinder, set to rotate in exact harmony with the sending cylinder. On the cylinder is pasted a piece of blank photographic paper, and before it is mounted a special lamp, which emits more or less light, according to the current it receives, in a tiny beam directed upon the paper. This light moves sidewise, just as did the light in the sending apparatus. This cylinder is set to rotating, and the variable beam throws more or less light upon it, according to the strength of the incoming message. When a light spot in the original picture causes a strong current, the lamp throws a strong light upon the paper. When the current weakens, corresponding to a dark spot in the original picture, the lamp emits a spondingly feebler ray. Thus bit by bit the original picture is reproduced. corre The second method utilizes a fountain pen, which presses in greater or less de The comin 1889, lividends ompanies he Long00,000. CES. In for public ce of 297 er much ince 1883, veen New niles, and ained beAt the ly direct and New ance telethat prosNo dollars e between r general ol. XXIII, see illus, pp. 135ridgeport, f eighteen argest reed for the vented by ion, it was al Society atory. In x-inch reat WashLs $46,000. :. Leander rger aperUniversity red into a ¡ to furnish 11880 with for one of arge lenses id, or from ced great quisite dethe thirtyved nearly s, before a r objectives some sixty and twelve kowa (Rus'Hamburg, by Warner e end of the ne position id a stellar r use as a in) lens of aounted in shortening feet. It is he ordinary med into a rect th U. S. ELECTIONS gree against the paper on the cylinder, as the incoming current, acting through an electromagnet, is stronger or weaker. Various inventors have contributed toward the process, among them being Belin of Paris, Jenkins of America, and Richard Ranger, in charge of the radio developments of the Radio Corporation of America. Present developments are sponsored by the Radio Corporation and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Newspapers are installing the process as a means of transmitting photographs of important events, and probably the new method will soon become as much a part of our lives as the telephone. United States Elections, 1924. On Nov. 4, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge, who had received his high office as the U. S. ELECTIONS result of President Harding's death, was elected for a full term of four years by an overwhelming majority. The total vote cast was greater than ever before cast in any popular election in the history of the world, and the electoral majority for Coolidge was greater than that received by any other candidate for President. Of approximately 29,000,000 popular votes cast, Coolidge received 15,500,000; Davis, 8,500,000, and La Follette, 4,500,000. The minor party candidates received about 500,000 votes, giving Coolidge a clear majority of roughly 2,000,000 votes over all other candidates. With Coolidge was elected Charles G. Dawes of Illinois as vice-president. The votes in the electoral college were divided as shown on the opposite page. The average 1 was 32.4. The 63.4; in 1889 wa TELEGRA COUN Algeria...... Cape of Good Chili.. Columbia.... Costa Rica... Costa... Denmark. Dutch East In Ecuador..... Egypt. .... International. AT THE WHITE HOUSE Vice-President elect Dawes, Mrs. Coolidge, President Coolidge, and Mrs. Dawes, with William Butler, 114 es as Butler. of the having lines coëxtensive with its railway system | ber of daily calls per subscriber is 6.13. The com- The Bankers and Merchants' Telegraph Company, New York, organized March 23, 1881, has about 4,000 miles of line, 28,300 miles of wire, and is in operation to many leading points. Capital authorized, $3,000,000. Debt about $7,500,000, as stated in August, 1884. Sold in foreclosure, July 31, 1885, and now operated by the United Lines of Telegraph. The American Rapid Telegraph Company, New York to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Buffalo, etc., with capital stock of $4,000,000. Has been leased by the Western Union Company. The Postal Telegraph and Cable Company, of New York, organized June 21, 1881, has about 1,500 miles of line, and 4,500 miles of wire in operation, from New York to Chicago, etc., and owns what are claimed to be very valuable patents in improved wires and telegraphy. Authorized capital stock, $21,000,000, of which about $7,000,000 has been issued. Now operated by the United Lines of Telegraph. The aggregate mileage of telegraph lines in the United State open for public business exceeds 190,000 miles, besides railway, government, private, and telephonic lines, length not ascertain able. TELEOSAURUS, a genus of fossil crocodiles, whose remains occur in the oölitic rocks. They are found associated with marine fossils, and the peculiar modification of their skeleton seems to have specially fitted them for an aquatic life. Both surfaces of the vertebræ were slightly concave, the hind legs were large and strong, and the anterior portion of the body gradually tapered into the long and slender jaws, which were armed with numerous equal and slender teeth, slightly recurved, and admirably adapted for the capture of fishes, with which the oölitic seas abounded. No less than twenty species have been described. The Bell Company and its subsidiary companies represent about $80,000,000 of capital; the LongDistance Telephone Company about $5,000,000. TELEPHONING LONG DISTANCES. In April, 1891, a telephone line was opened for public use between Paris and London, a distance of 297 miles. There has been telephoning over much greater distances in the United States since 1883, when conversation was carried on between New York and Cleveland, a distance of 650 miles, and since then communication has been obtained between Boston and Chicago (1,000 miles). At the time of the great blizzard of 1888, the only direct means of communication between Boston and New York for several days was over along distance telephone wire, which withstood the storm that prostrated all the other lines. A charge of two dollars is made for three minutes' use of the wire between the English and French capitals. For general article on the telephone see Britannica, Vol. XXIII, pp. 127, 135. TELESCOPES. For general subject see illustrated article in Britannica, Vol. XXII, pp. 135154. Alvan Clark & Sons, of Cambridgeport, Mass., constructed in 1860 a telescope of eighteen and one-half-inch aperture, then the largest re. fractor known. It was originally intended for the University of Mississippi, but, being prevented by the Civil War from reaching its destination, it was purchased by the Chicago Astronomical Society and mounted at the Dearborn Observatory. In 1873, the Clarks completed a twenty-six-inch refractor for the U. S. Naval Observatory at Washington, the contract price for which was $46,000. At the same time they made for Mr. Leander McCormick an objective of a slightly larger aperture, which they mounted in 1883 at the University of Virginia. In 1879 the Clarks entered into a contract with the Russian government to furnish an objective glass of thirty inches, and in 1880 with the trustees of the Lick Observatory for one of thirty-six inches. The glass for these large lenses comes either from Birmingham, England, or from Paris, France. The makers experienced great difficulties in obtaining disks of the requisite degree of purity, particularly in the case of the thirtysix-inch crown-glass disk, which involved nearly three years' labor and nineteen failures, before a suitable piece was obtained. Of smaller objectives the Clarks have made a great number, some sixty or more, between the apertures six and twelve 757 inches. 471 The mounting for the thirty-inch Pulkowa (Rus154,009 sian) objective was made by a firm of Hamburg, Germany, and that for the Lick lens by Warner 536 603 & Swasey, of Cleveland, Ohio. The eye end of the 170,471 193,213 Lick telescope is provided with a fine position 143,687 156,780 micrometer made by Tauth & Co., and a stellar 6,310 6,758 spectroscope made by Brashear. For use as a 171,454 185,003 photographic telescope, a third (crown) lens of thirty-three-inch clear aperture is mounted in front of the objective, its application shortening the focal length of the telescope by ten feet. It is very desirable to have means by which the ordinary visual objective can be readily transformed into a photographic objective, in order to correct th> TELEPHONES, IN THE UNITED STATES. The following are the latest statistics made public by the American Bell Telephone Company, which practically monopolizes the telephone business in the United States: 1889. 739 452 742 127,839 142,631 10,225 10,266 8,009 17,038 365 146,438 132,004 6,183 158,712 1890. 11,484 27,117 The number of instruments in the hands of licensees under rental at the beginning of 1890 was 444,861. The number of exchange connections daily in the United States is 1,240,147, or a total per year of over 400,000,000. The average num Harvard College Observatory. U. S. Military Academy, West Point... Lick Observatory, Cal.. Vienna.. Clark (reworked, 1867). Fitz (reworked by Clark, 1874). Clark, 1888. Clark, 1884. Clark, 1881. Clark, 1876. TELLER, HENRY M., United States senator, born in Alleghany county, N. Y., May 23, 1830. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in New York, and has since practiced; removed to Illinois in 1858, and thence to Colorado in 1861; was elected to the United States Senate (on the admission of Colorado as a state), and took his seat Dec. 4, 1876; was re-elected Dec. 11, 1876, and served until April 17, 1882, when he was appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Arthur, and served until March 3, 1885; was again elected to the United States Senate, and took his seat March 4, 1885. His present term expires in 1897. TEMBU, ABATEMBU, or TAMBOOKIE, the name of an important tribe of Kaffirs, occupying the region east of the present boundary of the Cape Colony, where it forms the eastern limit of the district of Queenstown, formed by Sir Harry Smith, in 1849, 1850, a rather elevated plateau, from which flow the headwaters of the Kei, Bashee, Tsomo, and other important rivers. They number about 90,000 souls, and are of a less warlike and predatory nature than the adjoining tribes of the Amaxosa and Amagaleka Kaffirs. They have located themselves in the unoccupied country east of the White Kei and Tsomo Rivers, a good pastoral region, but rather bare of wood. TEMPERANCE REFORM. See TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES, in Britannica, Vol. XXII, pp. 158-160. TEMPERANCE TEMPLE. This temple, now approaching completion, is one of the notable buildings of Chicago. The corner-stone was laid in the presence of a large audience Nov. 1, 1890, with imposing ceremonies, conducted by Miss Frances Willard, president of the Women's National Christian Temperance Union, and her associates in the executive administration of that society. The edifice is to cost $1,100,000, and is to be completed by May 1, 1892. Its foundation measures 190 feet on LaSalle street, and 96 feet on ! |