the Agamemnon, the Chaphora and the Eumenides. TRIMMER, a political term in use in the reigns of Charles II. and William III., originally applied to certain politicians of Charles' time, of whom the chief was Charles Montagu, earl of Halifax, who held opinions half-way between the extreme Whigs and Tories. Halifax adopted the name Trimmer as a title of honor, maintaining that everything good was a medium between extremes. The same term was applied more generally by Dryden and other writers of the same period to all who, professing to be friends to monarchy, were at the same time enemies to the duke of York, and who were equally obnoxious to the court and to the fanatical republicans. TRIMURTI, the name of the Hindu triad, or the gods Brahma (masculine), Vishnu and Siva, when thought of as an inseparable unity, though three in form. When represented, the Trimurti is one body with three heads: the middle head, that of Brahma; at its right, that of Vishnu; and at its left, that of Siva. TRINIDAD, a town, the county-seat of Las Animas county, Colorado; on Purgatory River. It is the seat of Rice Institute and other educational institutions, and exports large quantities of wool. Population in 1890, 5,500. TRINITY, a river of Texas, formed by the union of two streams, West Fork and Elm Fork, which rise near the northern boundary of the state, and unite 150 miles southeast, the main stream flowing thence 550 miles in the same general direction to Galveston Bay, about forty miles north of the city of Galveston. It is navigable 300 to 500 miles. TRINITY, a river of California, rising near the coast-range, and flowing through a country of rich gold-mines, into the Klamath River. TRINODA NECESSITAS, three species of contributions, to which, in Anglo-Saxon times, all the lands of England, whatever their tenure, not excepting those of the church, were subject, namely, Bryge-bot, for keeping the bridges and highways in repair; and Burg-bot, for keeping the fortresses in repair; and Fyrd, for maintaining the military and naval force of the kingdom. TRIO, in music, a composition for three voices or for three instruments. The same term is also applied to a movement in time in a different key, which follows a minuet or other movement, and always leads back to the previous movement in the original key. and Lorraine. On the other hand, both Russia and France have definite ends to be reached. Russia is always working in the Balkan region for additions to her territory, and always moving on patiently, but with unbroken determination, toward Constantinople. France is inspired with a determination to recover her lost territory or be revenged. It is believed that the arrangement between Russia and France involves a distinct understanding by which France is to be allowed supremacy in the Mediterranean, and Russia to have a perfectly free hand in the East. It must be remembered also that while the populations of Austria, Italy and Germany desire peace no less earnestly than their rulers, there is in France strong popular feeling against Germany, and in Russia a latent desire for war, which at any moment may be fanned into a flame. The war initiated by Germany or Austria would be a dynastic war, but a war initiated by either France or Russia might be a popular war. The practical bearing of this fact lies in the possibility of the war being precipitated by an outburst of popular feeling in either of these two countries. So far as the members of the Triple Alliance are concerned, war will not be precipitated save by the concurrent action of the sovereigns at the head of the states. What Italy has to gain from this alliance is not very clear. Her only apparant gain is in prestige; as a member of the alliance she ranks as a great power, and since the bold move of Cavour in sending Italian troops to the Crimea this has been part of her policy; a policy that has resulted in the autonomy of the Italian people. The chief beneficent result of the Triple Alliance lies in the fact that in a way it insures for the time the peace of Europe. A war to-day would mean a struggle between two groups of powers who would divide all Europe between them. Not since the days of Napoleon has Europe witnessed so gigantic a strife as would follow the outbreak of hostilities; and this fact has a tendency to make statesmen and rulers sober by making them conscious of tremendous responsibilities. On the other hand, the Triple Alliance is the direct source of a number of very unfortunate influences. It involves a military force on all sides of nearly ten millions of men, and it represents the most frightful burden of taxation known in history. This enormous body of men must not only be supported and paid, but in great numbers they are taken out of every field of productive work, and the world loses just so much by their absence. The situation involves more loss of productive force and a heavier outgo to sustain unproductive hands, than any previous condition in the history of the world. This is a very serious fact in the economic situation. Moreover, the alliance, extended now for a third term of six years, makes it impossible to take the first step toward the disarmament of Europe. It fastens the status quo more heavily than ever upon all the great nations. There are apparently but two ways of escape from the appalling burdens which Europe is now bearing. A great war might so thoroughly weakon The motive for this third alliance is obvious. and disable one or two of the disputants as to deGermany has nothing to gain and much to lose stroy the present equilibrium and relieve the from another war. She does not care to add to others of the dangers and fears which now surher territories, and in the event of a great struggle round them; or, by consensus of opinion, a reducthere would probably be serious trouble in Alsacetion of the different armaments. Sooner or later TRIPLE ALLIANCE, the name first given in 1879, to a stipulation of mutual support between Germany, Austria and Italy. It was a defensive agreement of mutual support, for the ostensible pupose of preserving the peace of Europe, but for the real purpose of preventing Russia and France from making any efforts to encroach upon the present boundary allotment of the European states. The alliance was for a term of six years. In 1885 it was renewed for another term of six years; and it now (1891) has been extended for another six years' term. the burden will be too heavy to be borne; it is already wearing into the hearts and souls of men; but the Triple Alliance makes it impossible to reduce the burden or to relieve the situation. TRIPLET, in music. When a note is divided into three in place of two parts-as when a minim is divided into three crotchets, a crotchet into three quavers, etc. the group is called a triplet, and it is usual to place the figure 3 over it. TRIPOD, any article of furniture supported on three feet. Three-legged caldrons and bronze altars more especially came under this denomination in classical times; many of them are of exquisite workmanship, and richly decorated. The sacrificial tripod in its earliest form resembled the caldron, with the addition of three rings at the top to serve as handles. Of this description seems to have been the tripod at Delphi, from which the Pythian priestess delivered her oracles. Tripods of a similar form were given as prizes at the Pythian games; and at Athens, a tripod was considered an appropriate reward for a successful choragus. Some beautiful tripods were found at Pompeii; and there are several very interesting specimens in the British Museum. TRIPOLI, a mineral substance employed in polishing metals, marble, glass, etc., so named beeause it was originally brought from Tripoli in Africa. It is a siliceous rock, composed of very minute particles, somewhat loosely held together, so as to yield readily to the nail, and to crumble down in water like rotten-stone. TRITON, in Greek mythology, a son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, who dwells with his parents in a golden palace at the bottom of the sea. He usually figures as an attendant on his father, riding over the Mediterranean on a horse or other seamonster, and soothing the turbulent waves by blowing his shell-trumpet-his "wreathed horn, as Wordsworth calls it. The later poets speak of Tritons, in the plural, as a race of subordinate seadeities, who were frequently represented in works of art. TROMSOE, a small island on the northwest coast of Norway, in Finmark, between the island Kvalo and the mainland. It is four miles long and about a mile and a half broad. On the eastern side of the island is the small but thriving town of the same name, the seat of a bishop. Russian vessels from Archangel and the White Sea visit this town, and bring corn, which they exchange for dried fish. Population, about 3.000. TRON, or TRONE WEIGHT, the most ancient system of weight used in Scotland, so called from trone, a species of heavy beam or balance set up in the market-place, and employed for the weighing of heavy wares. The weights employed in the public markets formed the most convenient ref erence, and consequently tron weight became the standard. The tron pound contained twenty ounces, but from the custom of giving "òne in " to the score, was always reckoned at twenty-one ounces; this was the most general value; but it varied in the different market-towns between this and twenty-eight ounces. The later tron stone or standard weight contains sixteen tron pounds, each pound sixteen tron ounces, and each tron ounce sixteen drops; the tron pound is estimated to be equival 1.3747 pounds avoirdupois. TROOP, in cavalry, the unit of formation, forming the command of a captain, consisting usually of sixty troopers, and corresponding to a company of infantry. The officers of a troop are the captain, lieutenant and cornet. Two troops form a squadron. TROPE (Gr. tropos, a" change," a "turning "), the name of a figure of speech which does not appear to differ from metaphor. TROPHY, a memorial of victory erected on the spot where the enemy had turned to flight. Among the Greeks (with the exception of the Macedonians, who erected no trophies), one or two shields and helmets of the routed enemy, placed upon the trunk of a tree, served as the sign and memorial of victory. After a sea-fight, the trophy consisted of the beaks and stern-ornaments of the captured vessels, set up on the nearest coast. In early times the Romans never erected trophies on the field, but decorated the buildings at Rome with the spoils of the vanquished. Of this practice we have a familiar instance in the rostra or beaks set up in the forum. In later times pillars and triumphal arches were employed to commemorate victories. Besides these, in modern times, the humiliation of an enemy is rendered lasting by such devices as the bridge of Jena, of Waterloo, and by the distribution of captured cannon. TROUT, the popular name of many species of the genus Salmo, as characterized by Cuvier. The name is given to some of the silvery species migrating to the sea, and to all the yellow species, which constantly inhabit fresh waters. Trouts are found in almost all the lakes and rivers of the temperate and colder parts of the Northern hemisphere. The Common Trout (Salmo fario or Salar Ausonii) is widely diffused in the Eastern hemisphere. It is found even in very small streams, and almost to their mountain sources, but attains its largest size where there is considerable depth of water and abundance of food. The head of the Common Trout is large; the eye large; the general form symmetrical, stouter than that of the salmon, the convexity of the outline of the back nearly similar to that of the belly; the tail is slightly forked; the teeth numerous and curved. The color is yellow, but the tint varies much in the trout of different waters, sometimes passing into greenish-black or violet. On the back and upper part of the sides there are spots of black and red; the belly is silvery white. The fins are lightbrown; the dorsal fin and tail with numerous darker brown spots. America has numerous species. One of them, the Common Brook Trout or Speckled Trout (Salmo fontinalis), is similar to the Common Trout. It abounds in the streams of Canada, and in the northern and middle parts of the United States. The North American Lake Trout (Salmo confinis) inhabits the deepest waters of the great lakes, and sometimes attains a weight of more than sixty pounds. It is dark-colored, mottled with grayish spots. The finest species in quality, as well as largest in size, is the Mackinaw Trout, or Namaycush (Salmo amethystus, or namaycush). It is found in Lake Huron, Lake Superior and the more northern lakes. The Red-bellied Trout (Salmo, or Fario erythrogaster) of the lakes of New York and Pennsylvania, sometimes two and one-half feet in length, is deep greenish on the back, lighter on the sides, which are spotted with red, the belly orange-red." TROUVERE, the name given in Northern France to the same kind of courtly or polished poet who, in Southern France was called a Troubadour. TROY, a city of New York. Population in 1890, 60,956. See Britannica, Vol. XXIII, p. 590. TROY, a town, the county-seat of Miami county, Ohio, on Great Miami River and Miami Canal. It has abundant water-power, flour-mills, wagon-factories, and an extensive trade. Population in 1890, 4,590. TRUCKEE, a village in Nevada county, Cal., near the crest of the Sierra, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet. It has extensive saw-mills and lumber manufactories, run by the water-power of the Truckee River. It is in the vicinity of Donner Lake and Lake Tahoe. In winter snow falls to a great depth. Truck farming is carried on in the vicinity of every city, town and village of the whole United States. In some states, as in Florida, New Jersey, the eastern part of Pennsylvania, Illinois for the whole length of the state, in Maryland, North Carolina, and in New York, especially in Long Island, in Michigan and even in Kansas, whence celery is now shipped to New York City, this industry covers certainly a million acres of land. Sweet corn alone occupies around the city of New York at least 10,000 acres of land, and one small town near that city alone has sent out every evening for years past no less than 150 wagons loaded with this kind of truck in the height of the season. The list of the districts in which this business is carried on is thus given, with the annual value of the produce: DISTRICTS. New England.. Peninsular TRUCK FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. The United States census statistics taken in 1890, showed that over $100,000,000 was invested in truck farming, and that after paying all freights and commissions, trucking received about $75,000,000 for the produce of 1889. The total cost of labor, manures, seeds, etc., amounted to about $24,000,000, leaving about $52,000,000 as net profit. The acreage covered by the truck crops aggregated 535,000 acres. Over 200,000 men, about 10,000 women and 15,000 children were employed, receiving for their labor nearly $10,000,000. Pacific Coast Seventy-six thousand horses and mules, and $9,000,000 worth of machines and other implements were required. Truck farming is not market gardening as this special business is carried on, but it is ordinary farming devoted to the heavier class of products upon a much less extensive system than the truly garden culture of the grower of vegetables and fruits, who is especially a market gardener. Truck farming is market farming as distinguished from the higher culture of the gardener who confines himself to a few acres in the immediate vicinity, or within the actual bounds of a large town or a city. The market gardener works on land which costs $2,000 or $3,000 an acre, or for which he pays as annual rent a sum equal to the whole value of an acre of a suburban farm. The market farmer works on a farm and devotes only a part of his time and labor to the truck which he grows. He is usually a dairyman or a fruit grower, and devotes less or more of his available land to the heavier class of vegetables which can be grown in fields. The following list of products will give an idea of his crops: South Atlantic.. Total... Ex Every village of two hundred or three hundred kind and small fruits. In most of these small people offers a market for farm products of this communities it is supposed that the villagers grow their own supplies in their own gardens. perience in this direction has shown that this is contrary the village gardens are rarely productive far from being the exact case, and that on the enough to satisfy their owners; that the crops grown are late, and not of fine quality, and that if vegetables and fruits fresh from the farms are offered they will be eagerly taken. A case in point may be referred to. A farmer, whose land adjoined a village of about 500 people, had a surplus of dispose of. He picked a dozen quarts and sent a strawberries in his garden which he wished to boy into the village to sell them. In an hour the That day boy had returned, and wanted more. more than 100 quarts were sold. Some of the purchasers wanted cream, and the demand for this was supplied at a price equal to twice the value of the butter. The result was that a market was found for asparagus, early cabbages, cauli12.707 flowers (not one of which was grown in the village), 77,094 tomatoes, and other truck, and gradually the 2.962 farmer was obliged to put several acres of his land 20,195 in these crops to meet the demands of this little 2.420 village. The income from this source became 15,381 larger than that from the rest of the farm, which 4.721 had been previously wholly devoted to the dairy. 114.381 But it is not only the residents of villages who 56,162 will purchase truck of this kind. A milk dairy28.621 man may sell to farmers along his route many products which they do not grow. Celery, asparagus, cauliflowers, early cabbages, and sweet corn 524,540 may find many purchasers among farmers who Acres. 37.970 28.046 28.477 12.802 82.601 think these trifles are beneath their notice, and give their attention to the large crops. Some of the most prosperous farmers belong to this class of truckers, giving their sole attention to potatoes, muskmelons, tomatoes, celery, onions, cabbages, etc., and thus make their small farms turn out from $200 upward per acre, and, becoming known for the excellence of their products, their honesty in dealing, and the certainty of supply, make permanent business connections, and sell their products without the least difficulty. This subject is well worth the attentive study of farmers who are complaining of the paucity of their profits. TRULLAN, the name (derived from the hall Gr. troullos-of the palace in which the Fathers assembled) given to the council, also called Quin isext. TRUST COMPANIES, financial corporations which are authorized to receive money on deposit and pay interest thereon, and also to receive seeurities and other personal property from individuals or corporations, and loan money on real estate and collateral or personal securities. They may also act as the fiscal agents of states, municipalities or corporations, and in such capacity receive and disburse money, and transfer, register, and countersign certificates of stocks, bonds, or other evidence of indebtedness. They also act as trustees under mortgages given by corporations, and accept and execute any other municipal or corporate trusts not inconsistent with law. The charters of such companies are obtained through the state Legislature, and as a rule contain the broadest of powers. But in the state of New York, since 1887, they are organized under a general law, which, however, is not applicable to companies previously chartered by special acts of the Legislature. The affairs of trust companies are managed by directors or trustees, elected annually by their stockholders. These officials are generally forbidden from borrowing the moneys or securities of the corporation. The capital of these companies varies from $100,000 to $2,000,000, and must be invested in bonds and mortgages, or designated public securities. TRUSTS. Organizations for the control of several corporations under one direction by the device of a transfer by the stockholders in each corporation of at least a majority of the stock to a central committee or board of trustees, which issues in return to such stockholders respectively, certificates showing in effect that, although they have parted with their stock and the consequent voting power, they are still entitled to dividends or to their share in the profits-the object being to enable the trustees to elect directors in all the corporations, to control and suspend at pleasure the work of any of them, and thus to economize expenses, regulate production, and defeat competition. In a looser sense, the term "trust" is applied to any combination of establishments in the same line of business for securing the same ends, by holding the individual interests of each subservient to a common authority for the common interests of all. It is against public policy for a stockholder to divest himself of his voting power; hence, such a transfer of stock, if made, is revocable at the pleasure of the maker. So far as the object of such a combination is shown to be the control of prices of, and the prevention of competition in, the necessaries or conveniences of life, it is held to be a criminal act upon the principles which rendered engrossing and forestalling punishable; and a corporation, which by corporate act, surrenders its powers to the control of a trust, thereby affords ground for a forfeiture of its charter by the state. The ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION BY CONGRESS. LI. Congress of the United States adopted an important Anti-Trust Act, as follows: The act provides that every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, is hereby. declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceed ing one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or Sec. 2. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, shall be shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 3. Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in umbia, or in restraint of trade or commerce between any such any territory of the United States or of the District of Colterritory and another, or between any such territory or territories and any state or states or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any state or states or foreign nations, is hereby declared illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 4. The several Circuit Courts of the United States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this act; and it shall be the duties of the several district attorneys of the United States, in their respective districts, under the direction of the attorney general, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complaimed of shall have deen duly notified of such petition, the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temPustry restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed in the premises. Sec. 5. Whenever it shall appear to the court before which any proceeding under Section 4 of this act may be pending, brought before the court, the court may cause them to be that the ends of justice require that other parties should be summoned, whether they reside in the district in which the court is held or not, and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof. combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy (and being the Sec. 6. Any property owned under any contract or by any subject thereof) mentioned in Section 1 of this act, and bein in the course of transportation from one state to another, or to a foreign country, shall be forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided by law for the forfeiture, seizure and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrary to law. Sec. 7. Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by any other person or corporation by reason of any thing forbidden or declared to be unlawful by this act may sue therefor in any Circuit Court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover three fold the damages by him sustained, and the costs of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee. Sec. 8. That the word "person," or "persons," wherever used in this act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the territories, the laws of any state, or the laws of any foreign country. The above bill, when reported by a committee of conference, passed both houses without a division. TRYSAIL, a small fore-and-aft sail, mounted by a cutter or schooner in a storm, when the wind is too violent for her to carry her ordinary canvas. TUBICOLE, an order of Annelida, having a tubular shelly covering, into which the animal can retreat, but from which, when undisturbed and disposed to activity, it projects its head and gilltufts. The genus Serpula is a good example. TUCKER, HENRY ST. GEORGE, member of Congress, born in Virginia in 1853. He was educated at Washington and Lee University, graduating in 1875; has practiced law continuously since; was elected to Congress in 1889, and re elected in 1891. TUCSON, a city of Arizona. Population in 1890, 5,095. See Britannica, Vol. XXIII, p. 604. TUDOR STYLE, in architecture, a rather indefinite term applied to the late Perpendicular, and the transition from that to the Elizabethan. TUESDAY, the third day of the week, so called from Tiwesdæg, the day of Tiw or Tiu, the old Saxon name for the god of war. The day bears a corresponding name in the other Germanic dialects. TUFTS COLLEGE. See COLLEGES AND UNI VERSITIES IN UNITED STATES in these Revisions and Additions. TULIP TREE, often called TULIP POPLAR, (Liriodendron tulipifera), a beautiful tree of the natural order Magnoliaceae, a native of the United States, having a stem sometimes 100 to 140 feet high, and 3 feet thick, with a grayish-brown cracked bark, and many gnarled branches. The leaves are ovate, and three-lobed; the flowers solitary at the extremities of the branchlets. The bark has a bitter, aromatic taste, and in some parts of the basin of the Mississippi it forms considerable tracts of the forest. This tunnel cost the state of Massachusetts about eighteen millions of dollars; but the state sold it in 1887, together with forty-four miles of railroad, ions of dollars in bonds and five millions of dollars to the Fitchburg Railroad Company for five millin stock. in the state of Washington, 9,850 feet long, was 2. A TUNNEL THROUGH THE CASCADE RANGE, built from 1886 to 1888, for a single track railroad. 3. The BIG BEND TUNNEL of Butte county, Cal., is two miles Tong, and was built from 1882 to 1887, in order to reach some auriferous regions in the valley of the Feather River. It diverts the water of this river from its present channel and carries it through a mountain. 4. The CHICAGO TUNNEL, built from 1864 to 1876, runs from the foot of a land-shaft at Chicago two miles under Lake Michigan to the foot of a shaft in the lake. The lake-shaft is protected by a pentagonal crib or breakwater, forty feet high. This tunnel supplies the city of Chicago with water. 5. The SUTRO TUNNEL, built from 1869 to 1879, runs 20,000 feet into the mountain in which the Comstock mine. is situated, near the town of Virginia City, Nev. It drains and ventilates a number of important mines. 6. A TUNNEL AT PORT HURON, Mich., some miles above Detroit, under the St. Clair River, is one and one-fourth miles in length, and large enough for a single track railroad. 7. A TUNNEL UNDER THE HUDSON RIVER, connecting New York City with New Jersey, is in the course of construction, and approaches completion now (October, 1891). ural order Cornaceae, natives of North America, TUPELO (Nyssa), a genus of trees of the natchiefly of the middle and southern parts of the United States; having simple alternate leaves, mostly entire, greenish inconspicuous flowers at the extremity of long stalks, the fruit a drupe. N. multiflora attains a height of 60 to 70 feet. It is often called Sour Gum Tree. N. tomentosa, the Large Tupelo is a lofty and beautiful tree, remarkable for the extraordinary enlargement of the base TUNBRIDGE-WARE, a pretty kind of manuof the trunk, which is sometimes 8 or 9 feet in difacture in wood, carried on at Tunbridge Wells. ameter, while at no great height the diameter It consists of small articles, such as ladies' work- diminishes to 15 or 20 inches. The fruit resemboxes, etc., which are covered with a veneer char-bles a small olive, and is preserved in the same acteristic of this industry; it is formed by building up a geometric pattern with very small strips of wood of a triangular or square shape in transverse sections; these are carefully glued together so as to form a solid mass, from which thin transverse veneers are cut, and are used to cover the articles made. This trade was formerly of much greater importance than at present. way by the French settlers in America. N. candicans or capitata, the Ogechee Lime or Sour Gum Tree, is a small tree, of which the fruit is very acid, and is used like that of the lime. The wood of all the species is soft, that of the large tupele remarkably so. TUPELO, a prosperous and growing town of Mississippi, in the eastern part of the state, on the TUNIS, a country of northern Africa. For gen-line of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. eral article on Tunis see Britannica, Vol. XXIII, pp. 619-623. Tunis was acquired by France in 1881. It has an estimated area of 5,000 square miles, and a population of about 1,500,000. TUNNELS IN AMERICA. Among the prominent tunnels in this country we mention the following: 1. The HooSAC TUNNEL, on the railway from Boston, Mass., to Troy, N. Y., is four and threefourths miles long, reaching through the Hoosac Mountain, which is a part of the Green Mountain Range. It was begun in 1862 and finished in 1880. TUPPER, SIR CHARLES, high commissioner for Canada in London, born at Amherst, Nova Scotia, July, 1821. He was educated in Edinburgh for the medical profession, and was the first president of the Canadian Medical Association. He entered politics, and became prime minister of his native province in 1864; was a strong advocate of confederation, and wrote a "Letter to the Earl of Carnarvon on the Union question,” in 1866; became cabinet minister of the Dominion in 1870, and held office with Sir John Macdonald till 1873; was one of the leaders of the Conservative opposition |