the salaries of 1,095 general secretaries and other paid officials, is $1,817,231. YOUNGSTOWN, a city of Ohio. Population in 1890, 33,220. See Britannica, Vol. XXIV, p. 757. YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS seek to promote the spiritual, social, mental and physical welfare of their members and others, by means of Bible training classes, evangelical meetings, personal religious work, receptions and socials in home-like rooms, musical and literary entertainments, helpful companionship; libraries and reading rooms, educational and manual training classes; training in gymnasia, health talks, and holiday excursions. In 1891 the number of associations was as follows: In Great Britain, 1,000; on the continent of Europe, 20; India, 20; Australia, 25; America, 225; other places, including China and Japan, 175; total in the world, 1,500. Membership of American associations, 12,900. The International Association was formed in 1886. An International Committee of twentyseven members controls the work. Up to 1891 thirteen states had organized State Associations. Each state holds conventions annually. The International Convention occurs biennially. The "Evangel," the official organ of the associations, is published monthly at Chicago. The second Thursday of October is observed as a day of prayer for young women. A special department is maintained for young wonien of colleges. YPSILANTI, a town of Michigan in Washtenaw county. It has a fine water-power, large paper, flour, and woolen mills, a brisk trade, and is the seat of the State Normal School. Population in 1890, 6,128. YRÉKA, a village, the county-seat of Siskiyou county, Cal., in the extreme northern part of the State. It was once famous for its gold mines, but is now the trade centre of an agricultural and stock-raising country. It is on the line of the California & Oregon Railroad. YSTAD, a seaport town in the extreme south of Sweden on the Baltic, in the laen of Malmöhus about thirty miles southeast of Malmö. The town has a handsome market-place, two churches, a town-house, barracks, etc. There is a good harbor, and a brisk trade is carried on, steamers plying to Stockholm, Lübeck, Kalmar, Stettin, Stralsund, and Copenhagen putting in here. It has manufactures of tobacco and snuff, chickory, soap, woolen cloths, and leather; there is also some ship-building. Population about 6,000. YUMA, a town in Yuma County, Ariz., on the Colorado River near the boundary line of Mexico, and directly opposite Fort Yuma in California. It is an important trading town, on the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 250 miles from Tucson, and is fast growing in population and importance. It is the entrepot of a large river trade. Ꮓ ZAFARN-BOLI-ZIERIKZEE ZAFARAN-BOLI, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatoli, apout 190 miles northeast of Scutari, at the junction of two small affluents of the Chati-su. It has four handsome mosques, a church, large baths and khans, and extensive suburbs. It has a considerable trade in saffron (whence its name), which is cultivated extensivly in the surrounding country. Population, supposed to be about 15,000. ZAHRINGEN, a small village near Freiburg, in Baden, in the Breisgau, formerly a province of Austria, but annexed to Baden in 1805. It is historically noteworthy for the ruined castle from which the Dukes of Zähringen took their name, the ancestors of the reigning House of Baden. ZAMOSC, one of the most strongly fortified towns of Russian Poland, in the government of Lublin, forty-five miles southeast of Lublin, and 140 southeast of Warsaw, surrounded by water and a marsh. There is a large and beautiful castle opposite the former university, town-hall and arsenal four churches, monasteries, theatre, etc. There are beer and porter breweries. Population about 5,000. ZAMOUSE (Bubalus brachyceros), a species of ox or buffalo, found in the tropical parts of Western Africa. It is the Bush Cow of Sierra Leone. It differs from the buffalo and all other Bovidæ in several important particulars, especially in the very large size and peculiar fringing of the ears, and in the total want of dewlap. The forehead also is flatter than that of the buffalo. ZANESVILLE, a city of Ohio. Population in 1890, 21,009. See Britannica, Vol. XXIV, p. 767. ZEBID, a town of Arabia, district of Yemen, on the river Zebid, fifteen miles from its mouth, 115 miles southwest of Sanaa, and sixty north of Mocha. The town is of great antiquity and is strongly fortified, being surrounded by high walls, said to be a league in circuit, flanked with numerous towers. It possesses a large mosque, with an elegant octagonal tower. Zebid was formerly a place of much commercial importance, but it has declined into comparative insignificance. Population, 7,000. ZEISBERGER, DAVID, missionary to the American Indians, born at Zauchtenthal, Moravia, in 1721, died at Goshen, Ohio, in 1808. In 1740 he emigrated to Georgia, where his church organized a mission among the Creeks. In 1745 he began to preach and labor among the Delawares at Shamokin, and soon transferred his efforts to the Iroquois at Onondaga, N. Y. For sixty-three years he lived in the woods, devoted to his pious calling, in which he displayed great zeal and fortitude. The Six Nations adopted him, made him a Sachem, and entrusted him with their records. In 1772 he founded Schoenbrunn on the Tuscarawas, in Ohio, which was afterwards destroyed by the Wyandots on the instigation of the British. Zeisberger spent his last years at Goshen, Ohio, among a few forlorn and drunken Indians to whom he preached industry and sobriety in vain. He wrote a Delaware Spelling-book (1776); Hymn-book (1803); Sermons to Children (1813), and Harmony of the Gospels (1821), all in the Delaware tongue. His German and Onondaga Lexicon (7 vols.), two Onondaga Grammars: a Delaware Grammar and Dictionary are preserved in MSS. in Philadelphia. ZELAYA, a town of Mexico, in the state of ' Guanajuato, about 120 miles northeast of the town of Mexico, on the right band of the Rio Grande de Santiago, which is here crossed by a handsome bridge. It has a fine cathedral, of mixed architecture, with Corinthian and Ionia columns, and numerous other churches and convents, which are rich in works of art. There are manufactories of cotton and saddlery. Horses and mules are bred to a considerable extent in the vicinity. Population, 14,000. ZENGG, SENJ, or SEGNIA, an important fortified seaport town of Austria, in Military Croatia, on the Adriatic, seventy-one miles southeast of Trieste, at the termination of the Josephine Road. Zengg is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, has a cathedral, an upper gymnasium, a seminary for priests, an academy, and school of navigation; á small harbor (free), somewhat unsafe; and some trade in grain, honey, wax, wine, salt, tobacco, wood, fish, and cattle. Population, 5,000. ZENJAN, a thriving town of Persia, in the province of Irak-Ajemi, about 170 miles northwest of Teheran, and seventy miles southwest of the Caspian Sea, on the table-land of Azerbijan, at the junction of the roads from Hamadan and Teheran to Tabriz, on a tributary of the Kizil-Ouzen, which flows into the Caspian. It is surrounded by orchards, has old walls, a palace, a mosque, bazaars, and a trade in carpets, woolen cloths, arms, lead, and gunpowder. Population estimated at 15,000. ZEYST, a large village in the Netherlands, province of Utrecht, surrounded by the suminer residences of many of the first families of Amsterdam. The industries are making soap, candles, and vinegar, brass and zinc founding, etc. On a rising ground, and surrounded by fine old trees, stands the Dutch Reformed Church, built in 1180. There is also a Roman Catholic Church. In 1746 a society of Moravian Brethren settled at Zeyst, where they have built a separate quarter, consisting of public and private buildings, erected along the sides of two large grassy squares, called the Easter Plain and the Wester. Besides the church there is an excellent day and boarding-school, which is resorted to by children of parents belonging to various Protestant communions. The unmarried members live, the males in the Brothers' House, the females in the Sisters' House. Another building is set apart for widows. There are also family residences, workshops, and warehouses. Population, 5,440. ZIERIKZEE, an old and important town in the Netherlands, province of Zeeland, situated in the southeast of the Island of Schouwen. It was fortified before the beginning of the 11th century, and owed its rise and prosperity to the shipping trade and fishing. A grammar-school, school of design, and other excellent public schools are maintained by the town. The principal means of living are trade in agricultural produce, shipping, ship-building, fishing, weaving calicos, beer-brewing, drying madder, sawing wood, grinding corn, etc. Zierikzee suffered severely in the contests between Flanders and Holland for the possession of Zeeland. ZIGZAG: in architecture, a decoration characteristic of the Norman style. It consists of one or more mouldings running in zigzag lines, and is used with great effect. The zigzags are employed in great profusion, and are sometimes undercut so as to be detached from the mouldings. ZIGZAG: in military science, a trench of approach against a fortress, so constructed that the line of trench may not be enfiladed by the defenders. ZILLEH, a town in Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Sivas, about thirty miles southwest of Tokat. It is built on a height with a small flat conical hill in the center of the town, which is evidently the mound or road, of which another portion is still seen at Thyana, the construction of which was attributed to Semiramis. Scarcely any remains of antiquity are to be found here; an ugly fortress of the Middle Ages having usurped the place of its beautiful temple. This was the field of Julius Cæsar's battle with Pharnaces, of which he wrote "Veni, vidi, vici." There are several large khans and manufactures of coarse cottons. Its annual fair of fifteen or twenty days, from the middle of November, is often frequented by 40,000 to 50,000 persons from the commercial towns of Asiatic Turkey. There are about 2,000 houses, the population being almost entirely Turkish. ZILLERTHAL, one of the principal valleys in the Tyrol, traversed by the Ziller. It is about fifty miles long, and towards the south and southwest is bounded by lofty glaciers; but towards the north, where it opens into the valley of the Inn, it is tolerably fertile. The valley is much visited by artists, chiefly from Munich. ZIRKNITZ, or CZIRKNITZ, LAKE, a small lake of Austria, in Carniola, about twenty miles southwest of Laibach and thirty miles northeast of Trieste, situated in a deep valley to the south of Mount Javornik, and to the northeast of Mount Slivinza. The lake is about five miles long and between two and three broad, is surrounded with numerous villages, chapels and castles, contains four small islands-on the largest of which is built the hamlet of Ottok-and has no surface outlet. It is about fifty-six feet deep in the deepest part. It is worthy of notice only on account of the very remarkable phenomenon of the occasional disappearance of its waters for several weeks, and even months, during which the bottom is often covered with luxuriant herbage, which the peasants make into hay. The waters, however, are not perfectly regular in their disappearance. The phenomenon is accounted for by the nature of the bed of the lake. It is composed of limestone, and like all the Carniolaic plateau, is full of deep fissures and caverns, through which the waters disappear at irregular intervals, returning when the rain sets in. Some of these openings are fifty feet deep. They communicate with subterranean reservoirs, penetrating the interior of the surrounding mountains, through which the waters are replenished or drawn off. ZOILUS, a grammarian, born at Amphipolis. The usual account is that he lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and that he solicited, but without success, the patronage of that monarch. He gained notoriety for the bitterness with which he attacked Homer, whence he was surnamed Homeromastix, Homer's Scourge. His name is used proverbially for an austere and malignant critic, as Aristarchus is for one candid and intelligent. All his works are lost. ZOLA, EMILE, a French author, born in Paris in 1840. He was educated at the Lycée St. Louis, and began life at Messrs. Hachett's the distinguished French publishing firm. He first appeared as a novelist in Les Mystères de Marseille. Thérèse Raquin further exhibited his remarkable power of critical analysis of human nature. L'Assommoir, perhaps his most popular work, has gone through fifty additions. He is the author of Nana, Pot Bouille, and other works. As a critic, Zola has contributed much to the Voltaire and Figaro. He is a writer of remarkable power and industry. His novel La Terre has been prohibited in Austria and England on account of its alleged indecency. M. Zola was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1888. The publication of La Bête Humaine in 1889 raised great discussion. ZONURIDE, a family of saurian reptiles, having the head covered with regular polygonal shields, the body and tail with large scales; the sides furnished with a longitudinal fold of skin, covered with small scales; the tongue flat, nicked at the tie, the eyes with two valvular lids. The species are numerous and natives of Africa. ZSCHOPPAU, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Zwickau, about twenty-six miles east of the town of that name, on the river Zschoppau. It has a castle and two churches; manufactories of hosiery, cloth, lace, etc.; weaving and wool-spinning estab lishments; dyeworks and bleach-fields. Population, 7,600. ZULULAND. For general article on the British Protectorate in Africa, see Britannica, Vol. XXIV, pp. 827-29. As now constituted it extends down to the Indian Ocean, and includes St. Lucia Bay. It comprises the territory formerly known as the Zulu Reserve, and almost two-thirds of the territory restored to Cetewayo in 1883. It was formally declared British territory in May, 1887. Area, 8,900 square miles, including the neighboring Tongaland, 14.220 square miles; estimated population (1889), 139,261 black and 527 white; including Tongaland, 180,000. The territory is administered through a resident commissioner residing at Eshowe, under the supervision of the governor of Natal, but native law exists as between natives. There are six magisterial districts, 19 mission stations, 14 schools, with 744 pupils on the roll. A hut tax of 14s. per annum is levied on the natives. Agriculture and cattle-raising are largely carried on, oxen and maize being exported for cotton goods and hardware. A telegraph line joins Eshowe to Natal, and there is a daily post. There is a main road through the territory, with branch roads. Revenue (1888), £38,541, (1889), £41,941; expenditure (1886), £34,653, (1889), £33,766. ŻURUMA, a town of Ecuador, South America, in the department of Assuay, on the west slope of the Andes, about thirty miles from the west coast, and ninety south of Guayaquil. It is situated in a mining district, its gold and silver mines having rendered it formerly very populous, but its importance has greatly declined. Population about 6,000. ZVENIGORODKA, an old town of Russia, government of Kiev, on the Tikritch, a tributary of the Bug, about ninety-eight miles south of the town of Kiev. Population, 10,010. ZVORNIK, an old town of European Turkey, in the province of Bosnia, on a narrow strip of land on the left bank of the Drina, about sixty miles northeast of Bosnia-Serai. The town is strongly fortified, standing on the face of a steep hill, at the summit of which is a strong fortress commanding the valley of the Drina. It has several mosques, Greek and Roman Catholic churches, lead mines, and a considerable trade in timber. Population about 12,000. Aarsens, or Aertsen, P. Lange P. Dutch painter Aarsens, van, Frans. Dutch diplomatist.. Aarsens, van, Cornelius. Dutch statesman Aartgens. Dutch painter.. 1519 1575? 1572 1641 1543 1624 Abascal, J. Fernando. Spanish viceroy of Peru. 1743 1821 Aartsbergen, A. van der C. Dutch statesman. Aasen, Ivar Andreas. Norwegian philologist. Abad I., Abu Amru Ibn Habed. Moorish king. 1780 1844 1508 ... 1580 1498 1564 1656 1519 1575 1813 Aa, van der, Abraham Jacob. Dutch biographer. 1792 1857 Aarifi Pasha. Turk. statesman. Prime minister. 1730? 1612 1657 1616 1664 1130 1773 1844 BORN DIED 1732 1796 Abbott, Benjamin. American M. E. clergyman 1806 1887 Abbott, Gorham D. American educator and auth. 1807 1874 1803 1879 Abbott, Horace. American manufacturer.. Abbott, Jacob. American author. Abbott, John, American etomologist and author Abbt, Thomas. 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BORN DIED 1764 1831 1680 1740 Abernethy, John. English surgeon.. 1639 1722 1303 About, Edmond François Valentin. French writer 1828 1885 Abresch, Friedrich Ludwig. Ger. classical scholar 1699 1782 1128 1201 Abt, Franz. German musical composer........... 1819 1885 Acroplita, George. Byzantine historian. Adair, James. Indian trader and author.. BORN DIED 1220 1282 1737 1811 1520 1542 1580 1849 1873 1597 1676 1728 1802 1759 1840 1798 1763 1855 Adair, Wm. P. Asst. chief of the Cherokee nation 1828 1880 950? 1030 981 573? 634 1256 1344 Abu-1-Abbas-Abdallah. As-Seffah, Caliph. 720? 754 Abulfaraj, Mar Gregorius. Bar-Hebræus. Arm... 1226 1286 Abu-1-Fazl. Vizier of Akbar and historian 1608? Abu-1-Feda, Ismaïl-Ibn-Ali. Arabian warrior.. 1273? 1331 Abulgasi-Bayatur. Khan of Tartary. 1605 1663? Abu-1-Kasim. Arab. surgical writer of Cordova.. Abulolla. Arabian poet... 973 1110? 1057 Adamanteo. Italian math, and Orientalist. 885 1285 1375 .Ed.&Rd I 1189 Al 1250 1581 Abumansur. 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American naturalist... 1814 1853 Adams, John. American soldier.. 1574 1640 Adams, John F. American M. E. clergyman. Achmet I. Sultan of Turks (1603-17) Achmet II. (1691-95)..... 1590 1617 1643 1695 Achtschelling, Lucas, of Brussels, Landscape ptr. fl. 1600? Acidalius, Valens. German critic and philologist. 1567 1605 1710 1771 1764 1834 18th cen. 1814 1845 1750 1815 1778 1630 1698 Adams, Robert H. Amer. lawyer and statesman. 1792 Adams, Seth. Am. manfr. and philanthropist.. 1801 Adams, Stephen. American statesman.. Adams, Samuel. American surgeon. 1819 1756 1818 Adams, John Quincy, son of John. 6th Pres. U. S. 1767 1848 1830 1873 1857 1867 Acontius, or Aconico, J. Phil., divine; civilian.. 1492 1566 Aconzio, Jacopo. (Lat. Jacobus Acontius,) It.writer 1500? 1565? Aconz Kover, Stefan. Armenian writer 1740 1824 1616 1647 1831 1880 Acosta, de, José. Span. missionary and author... 1539? 1600 1717 1807 Adams, Samuel. 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