ZIGZAG: in architecture, a decoration characteristic of the Norman style. It consists of one or more mouldings running in zigzag lines, and is used with great effect. The zigzags are employed in great profusion, and are sometimes undercut so as to be detached from the mouldings. ZIGZAG: in military science, a trench of approach against a fortress, so constructed that the line of trench may not be enfiladed by the defenders. ZILLEH, a town in Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Sivas, about thirty miles southwest of Tokat. It is built on a height with a small flat conical hill in the center of the town, which is evidently the mound or road, of which another portion is still seen at Thyana, the construction of which was attributed to Semiramis. Scarcely any remains of antiquity are to be found here; an ugly fortress of the Middle Ages having usurped the place of its beautiful temple. This was the field of Julius Cæsar's battle with Pharnaces, of which he wrote "Veni, vidi, vici." There are several large khans and manufactures of coarse cottons. Its annual fair of fifteen or twenty days, from the middle of November, is often frequented by 40,000 to 50,000 persons from the commercial towns of Asiatic Turkey. There are about 2,000 houses, the population being almost entirely Turkish. ZILLERTHAL, one of the principal valleys in the Tyrol, traversed by the Ziller. It is about fifty miles long, and towards the south and southwest is bounded by lofty glaciers; but towards the north, where it opens into the valley of the Inn, it is tolerably fertile. The valley is much visited by artists, chiefly from Munich. ZIRKNITZ, or CZIRKNITZ, LAKE, a small lake of Austria, in Carniola, about twenty miles southwest of Laibach and thirty miles northeast of Trieste, situated in a deep valley to the south of Mount Javornik, and to the northeast of Mount Slivinza. The lake is about five miles long and between two and three broad, is surrounded with numerous villages, chapels and castles, contains four small islands-on the largest of which is built the hamlet of Ottok-and has no surface outlet. It is about fifty-six feet deep in the deepest part. It is worthy of notice only on account of the very remarkable phenomenon of the occasional disappearance of its waters for several weeks, and even months, during which the bottom is often covered with luxuriant herbage, which the peasants make into hay. The waters, however, are not perfectly regular in their disappearance. The phenomenon is accounted for by the nature of the bed of the lake. It is composed of limestone, and like all the Carniolaic plateau, is full of deep fissures and caverns, through which the waters disappear at irregular intervals, returning when the rain sets in. Some of these openings are fifty feet deep. They communicate with subterranean reservoirs, penetrating the interior of the surrounding mountains, through which the waters are replenished or drawn off. ZOILUS, a grammarian, born at Amphipolis. The usual account is that he lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and that he solicited, but without success, the patronage of that monarch. He gained notoriety for the bitterness with which he attacked Homer, whence he was surnamed Homeromastix, Homer's Scourge. His name is used proverbially for an austere and malignant critic, as Aristarchus is for one candid and intelligent. All his works are lost. ZOLA, EMILE, a French author, born in Paris in 1840. He was educated at the Lycée St. Louis, and began life at Messrs. Hachett's the distinguished French publishing firm. He first appeared as a novelist in Les Mystères de Marseille. Thérèse Ra quin further exhibited his remarkable power of critical analysis of human nature. L' Assommoir, perhaps his most popular work, has gone through fifty additions. He is the author of Nana, Pot Bouille, and other works. As a critic, Zola has contributed much to the Voltaire and Figaro. He is a writer of remarkable power and industry. His novel La Terre has been prohibited in Austria and England on account of its alleged indecency. M. Zola was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1888. The publication of La Bête Humaine in 1889 raised great discussion. ZONURIDÆ, a family of saurian reptiles, having the head covered with regular polygonal shields, the body and tail with large scales; the sides furnished with a longitudinal fold of skin, covered with small scales; the tongue flat, nicked at the tie, the eyes with two valvular lids. The species are numerous and natives of Africa. ZSCHOPPAU, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Zwickau, about twenty-six miles east of the town of that name, on the river Zschoppau. It has a castle and two churches; manufactories of hosiery, cloth, lace, etc.; weaving and wool-spinning establishments; dyeworks and bleach-fields. Population, 7,600. ZULULAND. For general article on the British Protectorate in Africa, see Britannica, Vol. XXIV, pp. 827-29. As now constituted it extends down to the Indian Ocean, and includes St. Lucia Bay. It comprises the territory formerly known as the Zulu Reserve, and almost two-thirds of the territory restored to Cetewayo in 1883. It was formally declared British territory in May, 1887. Area, 8,900 square miles, including the neighboring Tongaland, 14.220 square miles; estimated population (1889), 139,261 black and 527 white; including Tongaland, 180,000. The territory is administered through a resident commissioner residing at Eshowe, under the supervision of the governor of Natal, but native law exists as between natives. There are six magisterial districts, 19 mission stations, 14 schools, with 744 pupils on the roll. A hut tax of 14s. per annum is levied on the natives. Agriculture and cattle-raising are largely carried on, oxen and maize being exported for cotton goods and hardware. A telegraph line joins Eshowe to Natal, and there is a daily post. There is a main road through the territory, with branch roads. Revenue (1888), £38,541, (1889), £41,941; expenditure (1886), £34,653, (1889), £33,766. ZURUMA, a town of Ecuador, South America, in the department of Assuay, on the west slope of the Andes, about thirty miles from the west coast, and ninety south of Guayaquil. It is situated in a mining district, its gold and silver mines having rendered it formerly very populous, but its importance has greatly declined. Population about 6,000. ZVENIGORODKA, an old town of Russia, government of Kiev, on the Tikritch, a tributary of the Bug, about ninety-eight miles south of the town of Kiev. Population, 10,010. ZVORNIK, an old town of European Turkey, in the province of Bosnia, on a narrow strip of land on the left bank of the Drina, about sixty miles northeast of Bosnia-Serai. The town is strongly fortified, standing on the face of a steep hill, at the summit of which is a strong fortress commanding the valley of the Drina. It has several mosques, Greek and Roman Catholic churches, lead mines, and a considerable trade in timber. Population about 12,000. 1786 1833 1512 1571 fl. 1560 1771 1796 1791 1857 1838 1836 1852 1571 1629 Abbadie, d', Antoine Thomson. French voyager. 1810 Abbey, Henry. American author. Abbey, Richard. American M. E. clergyman Abbiati, Philip. Historical painter Abbo Floriacensis. Abbot of Fleury. 1842 1805 1640 1715 Abel, Nicholas Henry. Swedish mathematician. 1802 1829 945 1094 Abbot, Abiel. Amer. Congregational clergyman. 1770 1828 Abbot, Abiel. Amer. Cong. clergyman and author 1765 1859 Abbot, Benjamin. American teacher.... 1762 1849 Abbot, Charles. First Lord Colchester. Speaker 1757 1829 Abbot, Ezra. American Biblical scholar 1819 1884 1836 1562 1633 1600 1648 1603 1691 fl. 15th c 1685 Abelard, or Abailard, Pierre. French philosopher 1079 1142 1726 1806 1781 1814 1793 1855 Abbot, Joseph Hale. American educator 1802 1873 Abbot, Lemuel. Portrait painter 1762? 1803 Abercromby, Alex.. Lord. Scotch judge and writ. 1745 1796 BORN DIED 1764 1831 1680 1740 Abernethy, John. English surgeon.. 1639 1722 1303 About, Edmond François Valentin. French writer 1828 1885 Aboville, d' Francois Marie Comte. Fr. sol. in Am. 1730 1817 Abrabanel, Isaac. Portuguese Jewish author.... 1437 1508 Abraham-a-Sancta-Clara. R. C. pre'r. of Vienna 1644 1709 Abraham-ben-Chaila. Span, rab, and astrologer Abrahams, Simeon. Am. phy. and philanthropist 1809 1867 Abrahamson, Abraham. German Jew. Medalist 1754 1811 Abrahamson, Werner John Fred. Ger. critic...... 1744 1812 Abramof, Jacob Vasilievitch. Rus. polit. writer 1858 Abrantes, d', Andoche Junot, Duc. French gen. 1771 1813 Abrantes, d', José, Don. Portuguese statesman.. 1784 1827 Abrantes, d', Laurette Junot, Duchess.. 1750 1828 Abresch, Friedrich Ludwig. Ger. classical scholar 1699 1782 1622 1716 1792 Adam, Græme, Mercer. Scottish author in Can.. 1839 Adam, Right Hon. Wm. Lawyer and politician. 1128 1201 Abu-Abdillah Mohammed. Founder Almohades 1819 1885 1087? 1130 5732 634 1256 1344 720? 754 Adamanteo. Italian math. and Orientalist. Abu-1-Kasim. Arab. surgical writer of Cordova.. Abulolla. Arabian poet... Abumansur. Arabian astronomer and biogr... Abu-Obeidah. Mahometan conqueror. 973 1057 885 Adams, Abigail. Wife of Pres. John Adams. Adams, Alvin. American expressman.. 1705 1778 1728 1792 1770 1826 1701 1784 1751 1839 fl 1067 1285 1875 Ed.&Rd II 1189 fl 1250 1581 .fl A. D. 415? 1690 1719 1581 1643 1744 1818 1804 1877 Adams, Amos. American clergyman and author 1728 1775 Adams, Andrew. American jurist and statesman 1736 1797 Adams, Benjamin. Amer. lawyer and statesman 1765 1837 Adams, Brooks. American lawyer and author.... 1848 Adams, Charles. American lawyer. 1785 1861 1814 1853 762 810 581 639 Pers. king (1317-35). Abu-Said-Mirza. Sovereign of the Moguls. fl. 11th c. 1305? 1335 1427 1469 Abu-Teman. Arabian poet.. Acamapictli I. Aztic king. 845? 1389 Acca. Bishop of Hexham.. 740 Accarrlt, Michael. Explorer. Adams, Charles Baker. American naturalist.. 1609 1685 1839 1466 1538 1574 1640 Acciaioli, D. Florentine scholar and statesman.. 1428 1478 Acciaioli Salvetti, Magdalen. Florentine poetess 1490? 1182? 1260 1773 1846 1820 Acevedo, Felix Alvarez. Spanish insurg. leader... Achiardi, d', Antonio. Italian naturalist 1463 1512 Achilles Tatius. Alexandriau rhet'n. and bish.fl ab. A.D. 500 Adams, Eliphalet. American Cong, clergyman.. 1677 1753 American educator, author 1797 1861 1787 1889 1786 1750 1795 1755 1832 1833 1838 Adams, Herbert Baxter. Am. educator and writ. 1850 Adams, John. Colonizer of Pitcairn's Island 1764 1829 1772 1863 1796 1886 1825 1864 Adams, John F. American M. E. clergyman. 1790 1881 Achmet I. Sultan of Turks (1603-17). Achmet II. (1691-95).... 1590 1617 1643 1695 Acontius, or Aconico, J. Phil., divine; civilian.. 1492 1566 Aconzio, Jacopo. (Lat. Jacobus Acontius,) It.writer 1500? 1565? Aconz Kover, Stefan. Armenian writer 1740 1824 Acosta, de, José. Span, missionary and author... 1539? 1600 Acosta, Gabriel of Coimbra. Commentator of O. T. 1616 Acosta, Uriel, of Oporto. Convert to Judaism..... 1647 Acosta, Ceirlio. Venezuelan jurist and writer. Acosta, Joaquin. Colombian soldier and author 1799 1852 Acosta, Santos. Colombian statesman.. Acqua, dell', Cesare. Italian painter. 1821 1831 1880 1830 Adams, Julius Walker. Amer. civil engineer. Adams, John Quincy, son of John. 6th Pres. U. S. 1767 1848 Adams, John. Lawyer and second Pres. of U. S.. 1735 1826 Adams, John Couch. English astronomer.. 1756 1818 1812 1819 1830 1873 1857 1867 1807 1880 1727 1806 1672 1719 1682 1703 ADELARD-ALAIN BORN DIED Agobard. Archbishop of Lyons (816-40). BORN DIED 1686? 1636? Agostino, Paul, of Valerano. Musical composer. 1593 1629 Adelard. Cousin of Charlemagne. Founder.... 998? 1030? 936 988 1275 1348? 1190? Agresti, Livo. Historical painter.. Agramonte, Ignacro. Cuban lawyer and revo... 1841 1873 37 93 1494 1555 1486 1556 Agricola, Geo. And. Ger.phys. and arborculturist 1672 1738 Agricola, Johann. Antinomian divine of Saxony 1492 1566 Agricola, John Frederick. Ger. mus. and com... 1720 1774 Agricola, Martin, of Magdeburg.... 1644 1708 Adimari, Alex., of Florence. Scholar and poet... 1579 1649 Agricola, Michael. Finnish translator of Bible.. 1751 1818 Dutch scholar. Adimari, Louis, of Florence. Satirist... Agricola, Rudolph. Adlerbeth, Gudmund Göran. Swedish poet.. Agrippa, Camillus. Milanese architect.. Adlerfeld, Gustav. Sw.historian and diplomatist 1671 1709 Agrippa, Henry Cornelius. Soldier, writer, etc.. 1486 1535 100 Adler, Felix. Ger. educator and writer in Amer. 1851 Agrippa I., Herod. King of the Jews. Acts xii. 9B.C. 44 A.D. 12 B.C. 14 A.D. Adler, Geo. J. Amer professor and author. Agrippa II., Herod. Son of Agrippa I. Acts.xxvi...31 Agrippa. Grandson of Augustus. Agrippina I. The Elder. Wife of Germanicus. 127B.C. 33 A.D. Agrippina II. The Younger. Mother of Nero.... Aguado, Pedro. Spanish author.. 1821 1868 Adler, Jakob George Christian. Dan. Orientalist. 1756 1834 1590 1652 Adler, James George Christian. Dan. Orientalist. 1755 1805 Adler Salvius, John. Swedish statesman.. Adlersfeld, von, Eufemia. Countess Ballestrem. 1854 Adlzreitter, John. Bavarian historian.... 1596 1662 Ado, Archbishop of Vienna (860-75). Historian... 800? 875 Adolphus II. Son of Adolphus I. Warrior.. 1128 1128 1164 Adrain, Robert. Irish prof. of math. in America 1775 1843? Adrian I. Pope.... Adrian IV. Nicholas Breakspeare. Pope.. Adrian VI. Pope.. 795 1159 1459 1523 Adrian, Garnett B. Amer. lawyer and statesman 1816 1878 1630 1570? 1637 1625? Adrichomius, Christ. Dutch writer on Holy Land 1533 1585 Elfric. See ALFRIC. 1739 1818 1533 1555 630? 771? 839 Elian, Claudius. Historian and Rhetorician..fl. ab. 250A. D. Elred. See AILRED. Historian Elst, Everhard van. Dutch painter.. Elst, William van, nephew. Dutch painter. Elus Donatus. Grammarian at Rome. fl. 300? 1109 1166 Aguilo y Fuster, Mariano. Span. bibliographer. 1825 Ahumada y d', Villalon Agustin. Marquis. Emilius, Paulis. Macedonicus. Captor of Perseus Eneas, or Engus. Ir. bishop and hagiographer. 1602 1658 fl. 487 Eneas Sylvius. Pope Pius II. Life by himself.. 1405 1464 fl.B.C.362? Epinus, Franz Ulrich Theodor. Ger. electrician 1724 1802 1499 1553 Ertsen or Aartsen, Pieter Pietro-Longo. D. paint. 1519 1573? 1692 1755 Aignan, Etienne. French republican and writer. 1773 1824 1806 1887 1823 1784 1854 1747 1822 1781 1864 1755 1838 1682 1731 1660 B. C. 389 Eschylus. Greek tragic poet.. Esop. Greek fabulist. Esopus, Clodius. Roman tragedian. Etius. Roman general.. 314 Affo, Ireneo. Italian antiquarian and historian.. 1741 1800? 1793 1848 1743 1810 .fl. B. C. 100? Africanus, John Leo. Traveler and geographer.. 1483? 1552 Africanus, Sextus Cæcilius. Roman jurisconsult.fl.138 160 Africanus, Sextus Julius. Christian historian,.. Afzelius, Adam. Swedish botanist. 1750 Aganduru, Roderick Maurice. Sp. Miss. to the E. 232 1836 1640? Agapetus II. (946-956).. Agar, d', James. French portrait painter... 1640 1716 Agar, John Anthony Michael. French financier. 1771 1844 Agar, Jean Antoine Michael. French financier.. 1771 1844 Agas, or Aggas, Ralph. Engraver and surveyor-aft. 1596 Agassiz, Alexander. Son of L. J. R. A. Nat Agassiz, Louis John Rudolph. Swiss naturalist 1807 1873 Agnelli, Jacopo. Italian Jesuit and writer. 1748 1823 1830 1888 Agnello, Andrea. Abbot and histn. of Ravenna... fl. 9th c. 1540 1615 fl. 4th c. B. C. 1504 1566 1539 1588 1542 1605 1721 1770 .B. C. 360? 289 Akerblad, Johan D. Swed, oriental't and antiq'y 1760 1819 1819 .B. C. 444? 360 Akerby, Sam'l. American physician and author. 1785 1845 1825 1861 1809 135 fl. 1370 1569 1630 1386 1458 Alaman, Lucas. Mexican statesman. Alaminos, Antonio. Spanish naval officer. Aland, Sir John Fortescue, Baron, Judge. Alarcon, de, Hernando. Span. explor. coast Cai. 1779 1850 382 410 King of Visigoths BORN DIED 1114 1203 1792 1853 1390 1450 Albini, Franz Joseph. German diplomatist. Albini, Giuseppe. Italian physiologist.. 1568? 1646 1748 1816 1830 1171? 1201 1420 Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried. Ger. anatomist... 1697? 1770 Albinus, Bernard. Medical writer.. 1653 1721 1670 1746 fl. 1540 1833 1560 Alboin. King of the Lombards. 573 1562 1843 Albani, John Jerome, Cardinal. 1504 1591 Albani, Marie Emma Lajeunesse. Opera singer.. 1851 1253 Albrici, Vincenzo. It. composer and organist.. Albrizzi, Isabella T, Countess of. It. authoress.. 1770 1836 1528 1572 fl. 1670 1759 1808 Albert, Krantz. History Saxony and the Vandals Albert. Margrave of Baireuth... Albert of Aix, or Albertus Aquensis. Historian.. Albert, of Mecklenburg. King of Sweden.. Albert, of Stade. Chronicler. Albert, of Strasburg. Chronicler (1270 to 1378) Albert Edward, Pr. of Wales. Eld. son Q. Vict'a. Alcaforads, Marianna. Portuguese nun.. Alcantara, Francisco L. Venezuelan statesman. 1830 1879 Alciati, Andrea. Italian jurist and scholar.. 1492 1550 B. C 450 404 .fl. 1st or 2d c. A.D. fl. ab. A.D. 170 fl. B. C. 670? Alcocer, V. Mex. philanthropist and education't 1801 1860 1500 1715 1806 Alcock, Rutherford, Sir. English diplomatist.... 1809 Alcorn, James Lusk. American statesman...... 1816 Alcott, Amos B. Amer. teacher and philosopher 1799 1888 Alcott, Louisa M. Daughter of A. B. Authoress 1832 1888 Alcott, May (Mrs. Ernest Nieriker). Amer. artist 1840 1879 Alcott, Wm. Alex. Amer. phys. and educationist 1798 1859 Alcred. King of Northumbria (765–774). Aldama, Ignacio. Mexican patriot... Aldana, Ramon Mex. dramatist and poet.. 740? 789 735 804 1487 15277 1811 1832 1882 fl. 16th c. Aldegrever, or Aldegraef, H. Ger. paint. and eng. 1502 1558? 1739 1778 580 fl. 1662? 1762 1805 fl.444 B.C.400 Alden, Isabella. American authoress.. Alden, James. American naval officer Alden, John. One of the Plymouth pilgrims Alberti, Aristotle. Italian engineer. Alden, Joseph. American educationist. Alberti, Cherubino. Florentine painter. Alden, Roger. American soldier.. Alberti, Dominic. Venetian musician Alberti, Durante. Painter in oil and fresco. Alberti di Villanova, Francis. It. lexicographer 1731 18007 1418 1463 fl. 16th c 1552 1615 fl. 18th c 1538 1613 Alden, Timothy. Amer. Cong'l cl. and educator. 1771 1839 Alden, Timothy. 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