A large head may be idiotic from cerebral disease, but a very small head, from defect of size alone, is always idiotic. Men of great force of character, such as Napoleon, Franklin, Burns, had all brains of unusually large size.

Powerful energetic nations exceed weaker ones in size of head, and invariably, when brought into collision with them, overcome them. The Gothic or Teutonic head is larger than the Celtic, which last race first occupied Europe, but was driven by the Gothic into the mountainous regions, where it was not worth the pains to follow it. The average European head is to the average Hindoo as the head of a man to that of a boy; and hence the conquest and subjection of a hundred millions of the latter by thirty thousand of the former. Indeed, the doctrine of size of brain accompanying power of character, is now generally admitted by the opponents of phrenology.

The general law, then, being that size of organ is accompanied by power of manifestation, we proceed to inquire, secondly, if there are any circumstances, and what these are, which modify this law. It will be found that quality of brain is a modifying circumstance, also health of brain, and exercise of brain.

1. Phrenologists conjectured that different brains differ in quality, but were long without any indications of these differences. The doctrine of the Temperaments has thrown considerable, though not perfect light on this point, and for this we are indebted to Dr. Thomas of Paris. There are four temperaments, accompanied with different degrees of power and activity, in other words, quality of brain. These are the bilious,

the nervous, the sanguine, and the lymphatic. These temperaments were observed and distinguished long before the discovery of phrenology, though to little purpose.

The nervous temperament is marked by silky thin hair, thin skin, small thin muscles, quick muscular motion, paleness, and often delicate health. The whole nervous system, brain included, is active, and the mental manifestations vivacious. It is the temperament of genius and refinement. The bilious has black, hard and wiry hair, dark or black eyes, dark skin, moderate fullness, but much firmness, of flesh, with a harsh outline of countenance and person. The bilious temperament gives much energy of brain and mental manifestation, and the countenance is marked and decided; this is the temperament for enduring much mental as well as bodily labor. The sanguine temperament has well-defined forms, moderate plumpness and firmness of flesh, light or red hair, blue eyes, and fair and often ruddy countenance. It is accompanied with great activity of the blood-vessels, an animated countenance, and a love of out-door exercises. With a mixture of the bilious-for in most individuals the temperaments are mixed, often all four occurring in one person-it would give the soldier's temperament. The brain is active. The lymphatic temperament is indicated by a round form, as in the fat and corpulent, soft flesh, full cellular tissue, fair hair and pale skin. The vital action is languid, the circulation weak and slow. The brain also is slow and feeble in its action, and the mental manifestations correspond.

2. The brain must be in a sound, healthy condition,

to manifest itself properly in the mental faculties. In judging of character the phrenologist must inquire into this circumstance, as the external development does not reveal it.

3. Exercise or whether or not, and how, the brain has been exercised-is another condition to be inquired into before judging of two individuals similarly organized. The brain which has been the more, and more judiciously, exercised, will manifest the greater degree of activity and power. The law of exercise is of universal application to animals, if not to organization in general. A muscle or nerve is strengthened by exercise; and a tree or plant by the motion given it by the wind. Over-exercise injures the brain. It is only another mode of inquiring into the circumstance of exercise of brain, when a phrenologist asks what opportunities of education an individual has enjoyed, and to what kind of society he has been accustomed. To this information he is entitled in judging of character, for the head alone will not reveal it.

If size of organ implies vigor of function, it is of great moment in what region of the brain the organs are largest-whether in the animal, moral or intellectual. On this preponderance depends the character. Two brains may be exactly alike in size, generally, yet the characters may be perfect contrasts to each other. If the organs predominate in the moral region, the leading manifestations will probably be of a virtuous character; if in the intellectual, talent will be the probable consequence; if in the animal, there will be tendencies accordingly.

THE PRIMITIVE FACULTIES OF MIND, AS CONNECTED WITH

THEIR ORGANS IN THE BRAIN.

Mind, which was considered by the metaphysicians as a single thing or essence, was said by them to be capable of being in different states, in each of which states it made one of its various manifestations, as memory, judgment, anger, &c. In no particular does the phrenological hypothesis differ more from the metaphysical than in this. The phrenological doctrine is, that the brain, the organ of the mind, is divided into various faculties, each of which has its own modes of acting. It is held

First, That by accurate observation of human actions, it is possible to discriminate the dispositions and intellectual power of man, such as love, anger, benevolence, observation, reflection, &c.

Secondly, That the true form of the brain can be ascertained from the external form of the head; the brain, though the softer substance, being what rules the shape of the skull, just as the shell takes its form from the animal within.

Thirdly, The organs or parts into which the brain is divided, all of which organs are possessed by every individual except in the case of idiocy, appear on the brain's surface in folds or convolutions, somewhat like the bowels or viscera of an animal, but have a wellascertained fibrous connection through the whole substance of the brain with one point at its base, called the medulla oblongata, which unites the brain to the spinal cord. The organs have thus each a conical form from the medulla oblongata to the surface; the whole being not inaptly compared to the stalks and flower of a cauliflower.

Fourthly, The brain is divided into two equal parts called hemispheres ; on each side of the fosse or division between these hemispheres the same organ occurs; all the organs are therefore double, in analogy with the eyes, ears, &c. But when the term organ is used, both organs are meant. The organs which are situated close to the middle line vertically drawn on the head, though close to each other, are nevertheless double; for example, Individuality, Benevolence, Firmness, &c.

Fifthly, Besides the brain proper, their is a smaller brain, attached to the hinder part of the base of the brain, called the cerebellum.

Sixthly, The brain, including the cerebellum, is divided into the anterior, middle and posterior lobes. The cerebellum forms a part of the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe contains all the intellectual faculties; the posterior and lower range of the middle lobe are the regions of the animal propensities; while the moral sentiments are found, with a sort of local preeminence, to have their organs developed on the top or coronal surface of the head.

The gradation in size of the organs is thus denoted:

We have said, the larger the brain, and of course the head, the more the power. The old adage, “Big head, little wit," is often true, but not always. It is true when, with a large brain there is a lymphatic temperament, or when some damaging or deranging circumstance has taken place, to deprive the brain of its natural power, or when the largeness is not in the intellectual region. It is to be remarked, however, that even

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