Hermog, ng, d. 1. 1; Meibom. in Quintil. 1. 9, c. 4; Prisc. de Accent.; Eustath. in Hom. Il. v. 566. A'RSMART (Bot.) the Polygonum of Linnæus. A'RSON (Law) from ardeo, to burn; setting houses, &c. on fire, which is felony by common law. 3 Inst. 66. ARSURA (Law) 1. Trial of money by fire after it has been coined. 2. The diminution and loss of metal occasioned by this trial. 3. The dust and sweepings of metals that are melted down by silversmiths. ART, the contrivance and disposal of things by the help of thought and experience, and according to prescribed rules, so as to make them serve the purposes for which they were designed.-Liberal arts, those which are noble and worthy to be cultivated, without regard to the lucre. which they may bring; such as architecture, grammar, the military art, music, navigation, painting, poetry, &c. These are commonly distinguished by the name of the seven liberal arts.-Mechanic arts, those wherein the hand and body are more concerned than the mind; which are followed for the sake of the gain that accrues from them; as weaving, turnery, &c.-A term of art, a word used in the sense of any particular art or profession.-Transcendant art, otherwise called Raymond Lully's art, a method of descanting upon subjects in a manner so mysterious and abstruse as to be totally unintelligible.-St. Anselm's art, a superstitious or pretended method of curing wounds by touching the linen with which the wounds have been covered. The black art, the same as magic.-Angelic art, a pretended method of coming at the knowledge of any thing that is desired by means of spirits or dæmons. ART [vide Arts] ART, Terms of (Gram.) any term used in the particular sense of an art or profession. ART and Part (Scotch Law) when, in the commission of a crime, the same person was both a contriver and actor. ARTE'DIA (Bot.) from Mr. Artedi, a Swedish botanist, a genus of plants, Class 5 Pentandria, Order 2 Digynia. Generic Characters. CAL. umbel universal, spreading.COR. universal difform.-STAM. filaments five; anthers simple.-PIST. germ small; styles reflex; stigmas simple. -PER. none; fruit roundish; seeds two. Species. The only species is the-Artedia squamata, an annual, native of Mount Lebanus. ARTEMI'SIA (Ant.) 'Apreμsoía, a festival celebrated in different parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, where they offered a mullet to the goddess Diana, for its supposed chastity. Liv. 1. 25, c. 23; Athen. 1. 7, c. 21; Hesychius. ARTEMISIA (Bot.) 'Aprecia. Mother-Herb, a plant, which was reckoned of great efficacy in promoting the uterine evacuations. It is called by Apuleius Parthenium, and is supposed to derive its name from "Apres, Diana, who presided over women in child-bed. Dioscor. 1. 3, c. 127; Plin. 1. 26, c. 5, &c.; Apul. de Herb. 1. 10; Oribas. Med. Coll. 1. 11; Paul. Eginet. 1. 7, c. 3; Kirch. dip. Egyptac. vol. 3, p. 72. ARTEMISIA, in the Linnean system, a genus of plants, Class 19 Syngenesia, Order 1 Polygamia Equalis, answering to the Abrotanum and Absinthium of Tournefort. Generic Characters. CAL. common roundish.-COR. compound.-STAM. filaments capillary; anthers cylindric.PIST. germ small; style filiform; stigma bifid.—PER. none; calyx scarcely changed; seeds solitary; receptacle flat. Species. The plants of this genus are either undershrubs or herbs, as-Artemisia abrotanum, Abrotanum vulgare, Common Southernwood.-Artemisia campestris, seu Abrotanum campestre, Field Southernwood.-Artemisia_absinthium, Absinthium vulgare, Common Wormwood.— Artemisia pontica, Absinthium ponticum, Roman Wormwood.-Artemisia rupestris, Creeping Wormwood.-Ar temisia vulgaris, Mugwort.-Artemisia dracunculus, seu ARTEMISION (Chron.) precio; a month among the ARTE'RIA (Anat.) papia, the Greek for Artery, was used by Hippocrates to signify what is now called the Arteria aspera, or Windpipe, and is derived from Tiw, to keep, and a, the air, because it serves as a channel for the air. The term is now applied to the conical tubes which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The arteries consist of three coats, the external containing bloodvessels; the middle consisting of elastic fibres, that contract and dilate; and the internal, which is a fine dense membrane that supports the fibres. By the circulation of the blood through the arteries is produced the particular motion called the pulse, which arises from the alternate dilatation of the arteries, called the diastole, and their contraction, called the systole. The time which the fibres of the arteries take in performing their systole, i. e. returning to their natural state, is the distance between two pulses. The heart discharges the blood into two great blood-vessels, called the Arteria pulmonalis and the Aorta. The arteria pulmonalis, or Pulmonary Artery, rises from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing itself to the right and left, carries the blood by innumerable ramifications through the lungs. [vide Pulmonary Artery] The Aorta goes from the left ventricle of the heart, and is divided into the Aorta ascendens and the Aorta descendens. The Aorta is called ascendens from the point where it leaves the heart to its great curvature or arch, from which it is principally distributed to the thorax, the head, and the upper extremities. The Aorta descendens is the remaining part of this trunk from the arch to the Os Sacrum, or the Bifurcation. It is distributed to the diaphragm, abdomen, and lower extremities. From each of these divisions arise what are called original or capital branches, from which smaller branches and ramifications proceed. Branches of the Aorta ascendens. The capital branches from the Aorta ascendens are-Arteriæ subclavia, the Subclavian Arteries, which run under the clavicle, or collar-bone.-Carotides, the Carotids, which go from the arch of the aorta directly to the head.-Arteriæ coronaria, Coronary Arteries of the heart, so called because they form a sort of crown on the basis of the heart. The principal subordinate branches from these are from the Subclavian Arteries, the-Mammaria interna, the Mediastana, the Pericardia, the Diaphragmatica minor sive superior, Thymica, Trachealis, Vertebrales, Cervicales, and Intercostales. The Axillary Artillery, which is only a continuance of the Subclavian from where it goes out of the thorax to the axilla, detaches chiefly the Mammaria externa, Thoracica superior et inferior, Scapularis externa, Scapularis interna, Humeralis, Muscularis, &c.-The Carotids are divided into external and internal; the external sends out the Maxillaris interna, Occipitalis, Temporalis, Lingualis, &c. The internal sends out the Ophthalmic and middle Cerebral Arteries. Branches of the Aorta descendens. The capital branches from the Aorta descendens are― In the breast, the Bronchial, Esophageal, Intercostal, and Inferior Diaphragmatic. Within the abdomen, the Caliac, which divides into the Hepatic, the Coronaria ventriculi, and the Splenic; the Mesenteric Superior and Inferior, the Emulgents, the Spermatics, the Lumbar arteries, &c.-At the bifurcation the Aorta divides into the Iliacs, which are divided into internal and external. The internal gives off the Sacral, Gluteal, Ischiatic, &c; the external sends forth the Epigastric, Femoral, Tibial, &c. [vide Anatomy] Hippocrat. de Cord. &c.; Ruf. Ephes. Appell. Part. Corp. Hum. 1. 2, c. 17; Gal. de Anat. Administ. 1. 7, &c.; Aul. Gell. 1. 18, c. 10; Phi- || laret.de Puls. 1.1, c.3,4; Oribas. Med. Coll. 1.23, c.11, &c. || ARTERIACA (Med.) prana, medicines against disorders in the Anteria aspera. ARTERIO'TOMÝ (Surg) propia, the opening of an artery with a view of taking away blood. Gal. apud Oribas. Med. Coll. 1. 7, c. 13; Paul. Eginet. 1. 6, c. 4. ARTETI'SCIUS (Surg.) one who suffers the loss of any member. ARTHANITA (Bot.) from aptos, bread; Sow Bread, a plant so called because it is the food of swine. It is of a very forcing nature, and is the Cyclamen Europæum of Linnæus. A'RTHËL (Law) or Ardhel, a Welsh word for a vouchee allowed to one who was taken with stolen goods in his hand, by whom he was allowed to clear himself of the charge. This privilege occasioning a delay in the administration of justice, provision was made against it by stat. 28 Hen. 8. ARTHETICA (Med.) or Arthretica, from pepov, a joint; Ground-Pine, a plant so called because it is good for the gout, and disorders in the joints. ARTHROICUM (Med.) an oil extracted from roots and bread digested in dung. ARTHREMBOLUS (Surg.) ¿plé Bodos, from peper, a joint, and ß, to impel; an instrument for reducing luxated bones. Castell. Lex. Med. ARTHRITIC (Med.) an epithet for what belongs to the gout. ARTHRITIS (Med.) pepitis, morbis articularis, i. e. joint evil; the gout, a disorder in the joints, which, if it lie in the feet, is called podogra; if in the hips, sciatica; if in the hands, chiragra. Hippocrat. 1. 3, aph. 6; Aret. de Caus. et Sympt. Acut. Morb. 1. 2, c. 12; Cal. Aurelian. Chron. 1. 5, c. 3; Gal. de Fin. Med. ARTHROCA'CE (Med.) from por, a joint, and xaxor, an evil; a disease in the cavity of the bone. ARTHRO'DIA (Anat.) from peper, a joint, and zou, to receive; a species of articulation, when the flat head of one bone is received into the shallow socket of another. slow. Anat. Win ARTHRODYNIA (Med.) vide Rheumatism. ARTICHOKE (Bot.) a plant very like a thistle, with scaly ARTICLE (Gram.) a part of speech which commonly serves to distinguish the gender of nouns. In modern languages it also serves to distinguish things, and is divided into the Definite and Indefinite.-Definite article, which in English is "The," defines and specifies some particular thing pointed out.-Indefinite article, which is "A," is applied in the indefinite sense to any thing. matters. ARTICLES (Ecc.) or the thirty-nine Articles, a name for thirty-nine points of faith which have been adopted by the "Church of England," and to which all persons must subscribe before they are admitted into Holy Orders.-Articles of the Clergy, statutes containing certain articles relating to the church, the clergy, and other ecclesiastical ARTICO'CCA (Bot.) Artichoke. ARTICULA'RIS morbus (Med.) the swelling, &c. from the gout, or the gout itself. ARTICULATE adjudication (Law) a term used in the Scotch law in cases where there is more than the debt due to the adjudging creditor, when it is usual to accumulate each debt by itself, so that any error which may arise in ascertaining one of the debts need not reach to all the rest. ARTICULATED (Bot.) articulatus, jointed; an epithet for different parts of a plant, as-Radix articulata, a root which has one knob growing out of another, so that the whole seems to consist of connected members.—Folium articulatum, a cylindrical hollow leaf, having its cavities divided by horizontal partitions, as the Juncus articulatus.Filamentum articulatum, a filament having a moveable joint, as in Salvia officinalis, the Sage.-Lomentum articulatum, a loment, having its transverse partitions visible on the outside, so that they may be easily divided into joints, as in Hedysarum.-Pili articulati, hairs divided into distinct members or joints, like the antennæ of some insects. ARTICULATION (Anal.) & fpwors; the fit adjustment of the bones together, which is articulation, properly so called, in distinction from symphisis, the connection or keeping them together, which is another sort of articulation. Articulation is of three kinds, namely - Diarthrosis, when the bones are allowed a certain degree of motion-Synarthrosis, when the bones remain fixed in their situation; and-Amphiarthrosis, which is a species composed of the two preceding. ARTICULATION (Bot.) 1. The springing or shooting of plants from joint to joint. 2. Articulatio arborum, the hurting or bruising of young vine shoots, &c. Plin. l. 17, c. 21. ARTICULATION (Gram.) the articulate or distinct utterance of each syllable or sound, so as to render oneself intelligible. ARTICULATION (Mus.) that distinctness and accuracy of expression which gives every sound with truth and perspicuity. ARTICULATUS (Bot.) vide Articulated. ARTICULI Clerici (Ecc.) vide Articles. ARTICULUS (Ecc.) an article or complaint exhibited by way of libel in a court Christian. Sometimes the religious bound themselves to obey the ordinary without this formal process. ARTICULUS (Anat.) appov, dim. of artus, a limb; a joint or connexion of bones adapted for motion. ARTICULUS mortis (Med.) the instant of death or expiration. ARTIFICIAL Argument (Rhet.) a name for those proofs or considerations that proceed from the genius, industry, or invention of the orator; such are definitions, causes, effects, &c. ARTIFICIAL Lines (Geom.) lines so contrived on a sector as to represent the logarithmal lines and tangents.-Artificial numbers, logarithmetical numbers relating to sines, tangents, and secants. ARTIFICIAL Day (Astron.) that space of time which intervenes between the rising and setting of the sun, in distinction from the night, when he is under the horizon. ARTIFICIAL (Chem.) a name for whatever is prepared from cinnabar, &c. ARTILLERY (Mil.) in a general sense, implies all sorts of great guns, mortars, howitzers, petards, &c., together with all the apparatus and stores which are requisite for service in the field, at sieges, &c.; but in a particular sense it implies the science of artillery and gunnery.-Train of artillery, a train formed of the attendants and carriages which follow the artillery into the field.-Park of artillery, the place set apart by the general for the depot of guns, ammunition, and stores, to be in readiness, as occasion may require.-Honourable Artillery Company, a band of infantry, consisting of 600 men, of which the Prince of Wales for the time being is always colonel. This corps forms part of the militia, or city guard, of London. ARTISCO'CCUS lævis (Bot.) the same as the Cinara of|| Linnæus. ARTI'SCUS (Med.) prixos, from pros, bread; a troche made in the form of a loaf; but particularly that which is made of viper's flesh. Castell. Lex. Med. ARTIST, a proficient in the liberal arts, in distinction from artisan, or one who follows one of the mechanic arts. ARTIST (Chem.) a term used by Paracelsus and others for a chemist and an alchymist. ARTOCARPUS (Bot.) from pros, bread, and pros, fruit, Bread-fruit Tree; a genus of plants; Class 21 Monoecia, Order 1 Monandria. Generic Characters. CAL. none.-COR. to each two petals. -STAM. filament filiform; anther oblong.-PIST. germs very many; style to each filiform; stigma single.-PER. fruit ovate-globular; seeds oblong. Species. The species are-Artocarpus incisa, Sitodium incisum, Radermachia incisa, Soccus lanosus, seu granosus, in French Le Rima ou Fruit à Pain, Bread-fruit Tree, Native of the Molucca Islands.-Artocarpus integrifolia, Sitodium macrocarpon, seu cauliflorum, Radermachia integra, Soccus arboreus, seu Tojacca-maram Indica, Indian Jaca Tree, a shrub, native of the East Indies.Artocarpus Philippensis, a shrub, native of the Phillippine Islands.-Artocarpus pubescens, Ansjeli, seu Castanea Malabarica, a shrub, native of Malabar. Linn. Spec. Plant. ARTO'CREAS (Med.) from άpros, bread, and xpias, flesh; a pasty. ARTOMELI (Med.) a Cataplasm, from pres, bread, and wia, honey. : ARTO'PTA (Med.) from pros, bread, and or, to bake; a vessel for baking a pye or pudding; applied metaphorically to women who have easy labours. Castell. A'RTOS (Med.) pros, bread; the different sorts of which, mentioned by Hippocrates and Galen, are as follow:aptos aus, unleavened bread, most nourishing.-Apros dispos, bread twice baked, prescribed in the dropsy.Apres erros, toasted bread prescribed in a dysentery.Apros xapires, bread baked on a hearth, a very bad sort. Apres Cuiras, leavened bread, light but not nutritive.Apres xalases, bread made of fine flour.-"Aptos Bavín, testaceous bread, so called from xxíßaros, a moveable oven, the vessel in which it was baked; it was very dry but not nourishing. Apros yxpupíns, subcinericious bread baked under the embers, which was the worst sort. Apres óßeies, bread spitted and roasted, which was rather nutritious.pro adaxis, bread made of fine flour, mentioned by Hippocrates, Galen, and Athenæus, as very nutritious. Apros ex xvp, bread made of alica, which was extremely nourishing.Apros realyvis, bread made of siligo, the purest and finest flour; this was a Roman bread, and the most nutritive of all.-"Apres άurvæújos, bread of the wheat itself, or unsifted meal, which was reckoned the least nutritive of all. Hippocrat. de Vict. in acut. Morb. 1. 2, &c.; Gal. Exeges. et de Alim. Fac. 1. 1; Athen. Deipnos. 1. 3; Gorr. Def. Med.; Foes. Econom. Hippocrat. ARTOTYRITÆ (Ecc.) panem et caseum offerentes, heretics in the second century offering bread and cheese at the communion. Epiphan. Hæres. 49; S. Augustin. Hæres. 27; Baron. Annal. Ann. 173; Du Pin. Bibl. des Aut. des premiéres Siécles. A'RTUS (Anat.) quod membra membris artentur, 1. A limb. Ta xãλa, the extreme and most compacted parts of the body. Fest. de Verb. Signific; Castell. Lex. Med. 2. A joint, the members of which extend themselves from the trunk, and are divided into joints. Castell. ARVA'LES (Ant.) the twelve priests appointed by Romulus to celebrate the festival of the Ambarvalia. Plin. 1. 18, c. 2; Aul. Gell. 1. 6, c. 7; Fulgent. de Prisc. Sermon. A'RVIL (Archæol.) Arval, or Arfal, funeral rites.-Arvil supper, a funeral entertainment formerly made in the northern parts of England.-Arvil bread, bread given to the poor at a funeral. A'RUM (Bot.) por, Cuckow-Pint; a plant probably so called from pov, sacred. It has leaves like the Dracunculus, which it resembles also in its medicinal virtues. Diosc. 1. 2, c. 197; Plin. 1. 24, c. 16. ARUM, in the Linnean system, a genus of plants, Class 21 Monoecia, Order 9 Polyandria. Generic Characters. CAL. spathe one-leaved.-COR. none. -STAM. filaments none; anthers sessile.-PIST. germ each obvate; style none; stigma bearded with villose hairs.-PER. berry globular; seeds several. Species. The species are mostly perennials, as-Arum crenitum, seu muscivorum, seu dracunculus, Hairysheathed Arum.-Arum dracunculus, Dracontium, seu Dracunculus polyphyllus, Long-sheathed Arum, or Common Dragon.-Arum Dracontium, Short-sheathed Arura or Green Dragon.-Arum esculentum, seu Caladium aquatile, Esculent Arum, or Indian Kale.-Arum maculatum, Common Arum.-Arum arisarum, seu Arisarum latifolium, Broad-leaved hooded Arum, or Friar's Cowl, &c. J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; C. Bauh. Pin.; Ger. Herb.; Park. Theat. Bot.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Tournef. Inst.; Boerhaav. Ind. &c. ARUM is also the Calla Ethiopica et orientalis of Linnæus. ARU'NCO (Zool.) the Chili toad. ARU'NCUS (Bot.) from pyyes, hair hanging from the chin of goats, Goat's-beard; a species of Spirea of Linnæus. Aristot. Hist. Anim. 1. 9, c. 4; Plin. l. 8, c. 50. ARUNDELIAN marbles (Ant.) ancient marbles illustrative of the history and mythology of the ancients, so called from the Earl of Arundel, by whom they were transported from the island of Paros into England. They contain the principal epochas in the Athenian history, from the first year of Cecrops, 1582 years B. C. to 354 years B. C. Selden. Marmor. Arundel.; Prid. Marmor. Oxoniens. ARUNDINA CEA (Bot.) reedy, an epithet for some plants. ARUNDINE TUM (Bot.) a place where reeds grow. ARUNDI'NEUS (Bot.) Arundineous, abounding in reeds. ARUNDINO'SUS (Bot.) Arundinose, or full of reeds. ARUNDO (Bot.) from areo, to dry; a plant so called because, arescit, it dries quickly. It has some medicinal virtues, particularly if applied as a powder to wounds; it attracts any matter that is lodged in them. Plin. 1. 16, c. 35; Oribas. de Morb. Curat. 1. 3, c. 32; Aet. Tetrab. 1. ARUNDO, in the Linnean system, a genus of plants, Class 3 Triandria, Order 2 Digynia. Generic Characters. CAL. two-valved; valves oblong. COR. two-valved; valves oblong; nectary two-leaved.- Species. The species are perennials, as the-Arundo bambu, Bambu, Mambu, Bambos arundinacea, Tabacir, seu Mambu arbor, seu Canna, &c. Bamboo Cane.Arundo donax, seu sativa, Cultivated Reed.-Arundo phragmites, Common Reed.-Arundo epizegos, seu Calamagrostis minor, Small Reed-Grass.-Arundo calamagrostis, Calamagrostis, seu Gramen arundinaceum, Wood Reed-grass.-Arundo arenaria, seu Spartum spicatum, Sea Reed-grass. J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; C. J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; C. Bauh. Pin.; Ger. Herb.; Park. Theat. Botan.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Tournef. Instit.; Boerhaav. Ind. ARUNDO is also the Canna Indica, the Saccharum officinarum, and the Calamus rotany of Linnæus. ARUNDO (Mech.) the reed or instrument which separated the threads of the warp. ARU'RA (Law) vide Arrura. ARU'SPEX (Ant.) i. e. Avisper, because inspexit, he inspected the entrails of birds; a soothsayer or diviner who examined the birds, in distinction from the augurs, who examined the entrails, &c. of victims at the sacrifices for the purpose of divination; but the aruspex used also to examine the entrails. The college of the Aruspices grew into an order, as we learn from an inscription dug up, at Rome, in 1605; L. FONTEIUS. FLAVIANUS HARUSPEX. AUGG. CC. PONTIFEX. DICTATOR. ALBANUS. MAG. PUBLICUS HARUSPICUM ORDINI HARUSPICUM. LX. D. D. Cic. de Div. 1. 1, c. 41; Dionys. Hal. 1. 2; Plin. l. 7, c. 3; Val. Max. 1. 1, c. 1; Q. Curt. 1. 7, c. 7; Herodian. 1. 4, c. 12; Jul. Obseq. de Prodig.; Firmic. Astron. 1. 2; Isid. Orig. 1. 8, c. 9; Buleng. de Sort.; Ursat. de Not. Roman. apud Græv. Thes. Antiq. vol. xi. ARYTÆNO-EPIGLOTTI (Anat.) fleshy fasciculæ fixed to the Arytænoides and the Epiglottis, ARYTANOIDES (Anat.) αρυταινοειδής, from ἀρύταινα, a cup, and dos, a figure funnel shaped; Arytenoides two cartilages constituting the head of the Larynx. Oribas. Med. Coll. 1. 24, c. 9. ARYTENOIDÆ'I (Anat.) a name for some muscles of the Larynx. ARYTHMUS (Med.) pulpos, from a, priv. and pues, rhythm, signifies, properly, a modulation of time in music, but is taken also for order and harmony in other things. The word is used by Galen for the pulse not modulated according to nature, in opposition to the ups, or just modulation. Gal. de Diff. Puls. 1. 1, c. 9. A'S (Ant.) from as, brass, because money was first coined from brass; 1.a Roman pound weight containing 12 ounces. 2. Any thing divided into equal parts, as an inheritance, land, &c. whence ex asse hæredem facere, to make one heir to the whole fortune. Mart. 1. vii. epig. 65. Hæredem Fabius Labienum ex asse reliquit. 3. The smallest brass coin, as a farthing, 12 of which made a denier, equal to English money. Var. de Lat. Ling. 1.5; De Vit. Pop. Roman. 1. 1, apud Non. l. 12, c. 50; Plin. 1. 33, c. 3; Columel. 1. 5, c. 3; Vitruv. de Architect. 1.3, c. 1; Suet. in August. c. 91; Gal. de Pond.; Macrob. Saturn. 1. 2, c. 4; Gronov. de Pec. Vet.; Salmas. in Vopisc.; Pætus de Vet. Ponder. &c. &c. apud Græv. Thes. Antiq. vol. v. xi. A'SA dulcis seu odorata (Chem.) vide Benzoicum.-Asa fœtida, a gum resin of a very fetid smell; which is an excellent remedy in hysterical disorders, a good sudorific and strengthener of the stomach. It is extracted from a plant A'SAPPI (Mil.) vide Azapes. A'SAR (Com.) a gold coin at Ormuz, in the Persian Gulf, worth 6s. 8d. sterling. ASARABA'CCA (Bot.) the Asarum of Linnæus. ASA'RCON (Nat.) σapxor, fleshless; applied by Aristotle to the head, in distinction from the fleshy parts. A'SARI pulvis compositus (Med.) a powder made of the leaves of Asarum, Marjoram, Marum, and Lavender. ASARI'NA (Bot.) the Antirrhinum of Linnæus.-Asarina erecta, the Chelone penstemon of Linnæus. ASARITES (Med.) draping, from rapor, a diuretic wine made of Asarum. Diosc. 1. 5, c. 68. ASAROTA (Ant.) doάara, from a, priv. and capów, to sweep; a fine pavement laid in dining-rooms of such small tiles that it appears never to be swept. They were artificially inlaid in different colours. Stat. Sylv. 1. 3, v. 35. varias ubi picta per artes Gaudet humus, suberantque novis assarota figuris. Plin. 1. 36, c. 25; Vitruv. de Architect. 1. 6, c. 5, et Philand. ad Loc.; Salmas in Solin. p. 1214; Gyrald. Oper. tom. 2, p. 643; Rhodig. Antiq. Lect. 1. 21, c. 32. A'SARUM (Bot.) capor, from a, priv. and caípe, to adorn, Asarabacca, or Wild Spikenard; a plant so called, according to Pliny, because it was not inserted in garlands. It has leaves like ivy, and its roots are heating and diuretic. Dioscor. 1. 1, c. 9; Plin. 1. 12, c. 13; Oribas. Med. Coll. 1. 11; Aet. Tetrab., serm. 1; Paul. Eginet. de Re Med. 1. 7, c. 3; Myrep. de Antidot. ASARUM, in the Linnean system, a genus of plants, Class 11 Dodecandria, Order 1 Monogynia. Generic Characters. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. none. -STAM. filaments twelve; anthers oblong.-PIST. germ inferior; style cylindric; stigma stellate.-PER. capsule coriaceous; seeds several. Species. The species are perennials, as the-Asarum Europaeum, Canadense, and Virginicum. J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; C. Bauh. Pin.; Ger. Herb. &c.; Park. Theat.Botan.; Raii Hist. Plant.; Tournef. Instit.; Boerhaav. Ind. ASARUM is also a species of the Cytisus of Linnæus. Bauh. &c. ASA'SI (Bot.) a tree growing on the coast of Guinea, the infusion of whose leaves cures the tooth-ache. ASBE'STINUM (Nat.) or Asbestos, "oß50, inextinguishable, from a, priv. and B, to extinguish; a kind of flax of which cloth was made that was cleansed by fire, as tobacco pipes are, but was not consumed. Plin. 1. 19, c. 1; Ferrar. de Vet. Lucern. &c. apud Græv. Thes. Antiq. Roman. tom. 12, &c. ASBESTINUM (Mech.) the cloth or paper which was made of the Abestinum. ASBESTUS (Min.) aσ ߣ50, inextinguishable; a kind of stone which being set on fire cannot be quenched. Plin. 1. 37, c. 10; Solin. p. 7; Isid. Orig. 1. 16, c. 4. ASBESTUS, in the Linnean system, a genus of minerals, Class Talcose Earths, consisting of carbonate of magnesia, silica, and generally alumina. Species. The species consist of such as have all their fibres parallel, as- Asbestus amiantus, seu Amiantus fibrus, Amiant, or Flexible Asbestus. - Asbestus vulgaris, or Amiantus immaturus, Common Asbestus, or Asbest; and of such as have the fibres interwoven and breaking into obtuse-angled fragments, as-Asbestus suber, Amiantus corticosus, Asbestus fibrus flexibilibus, seu Suber montanum, Elastic Asbestus, or Mountain Cork.-Asbestus lignum, Ligniform Asbestus.-Asbestus caro, seu Amiantus corticosus flexilis, Mountain Leather. ASCALABOTES (Zool.) àσxaλaßáτns, a kind of lizard. Gal. de Simpl. 1. 2. ASCA'L'APHUS (Ent.) a division of the genus Myrmeleon, according to Fabricius, comprehending those insects of this tribe having the feelers nearly equal, jaw ciliate, lip horny, rounded. ASCALIA (Bot.) arxaix, an artichoke bottom. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 1.6, c. 4; Plin. 1. 21, c. 16. ASCALO'NIA (Bot.) a kind of onion, so called from the town of Ascalon. ASCALONITIDES (Bot.) Eschalots, or barren onions. ASCARDAMYCTES (Med.) oxapaμm, one who keeps his eyes fixed without twinkling. Hippocrat. de Epidem. 1. 2. ASCA RIDES (Ent.) aonáides, from arxia, to move; small worms bred in the intestinum rectum, which cause by their motion a continual irritation and titillation. Gal. Exeges. Vocab. Hippocrat.; Aet. Tetrab. 1, serm. 2, c. 41; Paul. Eginet. de Re Med. 1. 4, c. 58; Actuar. de Meth. Med. 1. 1, c. 21. ASCARIDES, in the Linnean system, a genus of insects, Class Vermes, Order Intestina. Generic Characters. Body round, elastic; head with three vesicles; tail obtuse; intestines spiral and milk-white. Species. The species are distinguished according to the animal which they infest, namely-Those infesting the Mammalia, Ascaris vermicularis, in the intestines of children; Ascaris canis, in the intestines of the dog, &c.; those found in birds, as Ascaris aquile, cornicis, &c. in the intestines of an eagle, crow, &c.-Those infesting reptiles, as Ascaris testudinis lacertæ, &c. in the intestines of the tortoise, lizard, &c.—Those infesting fishes and those infesting worms. ASCARI'NA (Bot.) from ascaris, to which the shape of the anther is like; a genus of plants, Class 22 Dioecia, Order 1 Monandria. Generic Character. CAL. Ament filiform.-COR. none. STAM. filaments single.-PIST. germ globose; style none; stigma flat.-PER. drupe; seed single. The only species is Ascarina polystachia, a shrub, native of the Society Isles. Linn. Spec. Plant. ASCA'RIS (Ent.) vide Ascarides. ASCAULES (Ant.) donavλns, a bagpipe. ASCENDANT (Law) such relations as have gone before in families reckoned upwards. ASCENDANT (Archit.) an ornament in masonry and joiner's work which borders the three sides of doors, windows, and chimneys; it is otherwise called chambranle. ASCENDANT (Astrol.) that degree of the ecliptic which rises at a person's nativity, and is supposd to have an influence on his future life. This is otherwise called the First House, the Angle of the East, the Oriental Angle, or the Significator of life. Hence the expression," This or that planet ruled in his Ascendant." ASCENDING (Astron.) an epithet applied to any star, degree, or point in the heavens, which is rising above the horizon. Ascending Latitude, the latitude of a planet when going towards the North.-Ascending Node, that point of a planet's orbit where it crosses the ecliptic whilst proceeding northward. It is otherwise called the Northern Node, and is marked by the character representing a node or knot, in distinction from the descending node.Ascending signs, those which are upon the ascent, or rising, from the nadir to the zenith. ASCENDING stem (Bot.) caulis ascendens, that part of a plant which rises above the ground in the form of wood and leaf, in distinction from the caulis descendens, the descending stem or root. ASCENDING (Anat.) an epithet for that part of the aorta from where it leaves the heart to its great curvature or arch. ASCENSION Day (Ecc.) a festival observed in the Christian church ten days before Whitsuntide, in commemoration of our Saviour's ascension into Heaven. It is otherwise called Holy Thursday. ASCENSION (Astron.) that degree of the equator reckoned from the first of Aries eastward, which rises with a star, or any point in the Ecliptic.-Ascension is right or oblique.Right ascension, that degree of the equinoctial reckoned from Aries which rises with the sun, or a star, in a right sphere. Right ascension of the mid-heaven is the right ascension of that point of the equator which is in the meridian.-Oblique ascension, that degree of the equinoctial reckoned from Aries which rises with the sun or a star in an oblique sphere.-Arc of oblique ascension, an arc of the horizon intercepted between the beginning of Aries and the point of the Equator, which rises with a star or planet in an oblique sphere. This varies with the latitude of the place.-Refraction of ascension [vide Refraction and Astronomy] ASCENSIONAL Difference (Astron.) is the difference between the right and oblique ascension of the same point in the sphere; or it is the space of time the sun rises or sets before or after six o'clock. ASCENSUS morbi (Med.) the ascent or increase of a dis ease. ASCENT (Nat.) Ascensus, from ad and scando, to climb; the motion of a body tending upward.-Ascent of fluids, the ascent or rising of fluids in a glass tube, or any vessel, above the surface of their own level. ASCENT (Log.) a sort of reasoning by which one ascends from particulars to universals. ASCENT (Chem.) a sort of sublimation and distillation. ASCESTERICUM (Ecc.) a Monastery. ASCETÆ (Ant.) the same as Athleta. ASCETE'RÌA (Ecc.) op, from aσxw, to exercise ; cloisters or places where people gave themselves up to meditation and prayers. Theodoret. 1. 6, &c. A'SCHIA Thymallus (Ich.) the Grayling or Umber; a sort of fish, the fat of which is used in medicine to take away specks from the eyes. A'SCIA (Med.) from a, an axe or hatchet; a bandage in the form of the axe. Gal. Com. 2 in Hippocrat. de Art. ASCIDIA (Ent.) a genus of animals, Class Vermes, Order Mollusca, found in the sea, and adhering by their base to the rocks. Generic Characters. Body fixed roundish.-Apertures two, one on the summit, the other lower. Species. The species of this genus are principally found in the sea, and adhere by their base to rocks, shells, and other submarine substances. They are more or less gelatinous, and have the power of squirting out the water they take in, and alternately contracting and dilating themselves; some of them are esculent, most of them sessile, though a few are furnished with a long stalk or tubular stem. ASCIDIFO'RMIS (Bot.) bottle-shaped; an epithet for the. bractea in the Ascium and Ruyschia. ASC'IDIUM (Bot.) the Bottle, a species of fulcrum, which is a foliaceous body, cylindrical, and hollow, having its mouth furnished with a complete cover that opens occasionally. It is either sessile, sitting, i. e. supported on a foot stalk, or petiolatum pedicelled, i. e. situated at the extremity of a leaf, as in the Nepenthes distillatoria. This body generally contains pure water. A'SCIA (Astron.) dxsoi, from a, priv. and rxía, shade; in |