Ace of Faith (Ecc.) in Spanish Auto da Fe; a solemn act of the inquisition, by which they bring to punishment those who are declared to be heretics. Acr (Polit.) any public act, or proceeding of the government, as an-Act of Parliament, a deed or decree of the high court of Parliament.-Act of grace, an Act of Parliament, which grants a general and free pardon; it is sometimes passed at the commencement of a new reign.-Act of curatory, in the Scotch law, an act to be extracted by the clerk upon any one's acceptation of being curator.Act before answer, when the lords ordain probation to be led before they determine the revelancy, and then take both at once under their consideration. Acr (Lit.) the close of the session at Oxford, when degrees are regularly taken; whence the Act Term, or that term in which the act falls. Acr is also an abbreviation for Acta, as- Act. S. R. for Acta Societatis Regiæ, or Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.-Act. Med. for Acta Medica, Medical Transactions, &c. ACTA (Ant.) the acts or proceedings of the government, which were either public or private.-Acta publica were edicts, decrees of the senate, laws, &c.; hence the public measures of Gracchus and Cæsar are termed Acta. Cicero refers particularly to the Acta Cæsaris in his seventh Phi- || lippic.-Acta privata were whatever was transacted in private, or in respect to private individuals; whence Cicero says, In publicis actis nihil est lege gravius, in privatis fir missimum est testamentum. ACTA, Tabule or Commentarii, were also the registers or books in which affairs of state, &c. were enrolled. These were Acta publica and Acta diurna or urbana.—Acta publica contained an account of the proceedings of the senate and the people. Acta diurna were chronicles of the city, or whatever was of daily occurrence; whence Tacitus says, Ex dignitate populi Romani repertum est inlustres res annalibus, talia (nempe de ædificiis) diurnis urbis actis mandare. These acta were similar to our gazettes. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 12, ep. 8; Tacit. Annal. 1. 5, c. 14, et 1. 13, c. 31; Plin. Epist. 1. 5, ep. 14. ACTA (Lit.) transactions. [vide Act] ACTEA (Bot.) xTai, a diminutive of xr, a plant, recommended by Pliny for its medicinal virtues. Ray supposes it to be the Aconitum racemosum, which is a very poisonous plant. Plin. 1. 27, c. 7; Paul. Æginet. 1. 3, c. 48. ACTEA, in the Linnæan system, a genus of plants, Class 13 Polyandria, Order 1 Monogynia. It is called by Tournefort Christophoriana; in English, Herb Christopher, or Bane-Berry. seu Generic Character. CAL. perianth four-leaved; leaflets roundish.-COR. petals four.-STAM. filaments capillary; anthers roundish.-PIST. germ superior; style nonc.PER. berry oval, globose; seeds numerous. Species. The principal species are the-Actaea spicata, a perennial, native of Britain.-Actaea racemosa, Christophoriana, American black or wild Snakeroot, a perennial, native of Florida.-Actaea Japonica, Japanese Herb Christopher, a shrub, native of Japan, &c. A'CTE (Bot.) xT, the elder, called in Latin Sambacus, and classed as a genus under that name by Linnæus. ACTIA (Ant.) anta, scilicet, ayava, Ludi Actiaci, Actian games, quinquennial games sacred to Apollo, instituted, or, as some will have it, revived, by Augustus, in commemoration of his victory over M. Anthony at Actium. Virg. Æn. 1. 3, v. 280. Actiaque Iliacis celebramus littora ludis. Stephanus says, they were celebrated every third year, and consisted in gymnastic, equestrian, and naval contests. Strab. 1. 7; Plut. in Anton.; Steph. Byz. de Urb.; Serv. in Virg.; Suid. ACTIA (Numis) the celebration of the Actian games is commemorated on several medals, as in the annexed figure, which represents a woman standing with a small temple in one hand, and a cornucopia with a small temple resting on it in the other; and at her feet two urns filled with the rewards for the games. IWNW A NB NEKO PAN ΠΥΘ The inscription ПIEPINOINN. IWNW. NB. NEWKOPIN AKTIA ПTOIA, i. e. Perinthiorum Ionium, Iterum Edituorum, Actia Pythia. The Perinthians were descendants of the Ionians. Froehl. Not. Element. Numis. ACTIAN (Ant.) actiacus, an epithet for any thing appertaining to Actium, as the Actian games. [vide Actia] The Actian Era, which was dated from the victory at Actium, U. C. 714, B. C. 37. ACTIAN Era (Num.) this æra is marked on coins with the inscription ETOYŻ NIKH, i. e. the year of victory. Vaillant. Numis. Græc. Generic Character. Body oblong, contractile; mouth surrounded with numerous cirri. Species. These marine animals are viviparous, and have no aperture, except the mouth. They assume various forms; and when the tentacula are all expanded, they have the appearance of full-blown flowers. The principal species are-Actinia bellis, the Sea-Daisy.-Actinia dianthus, the Sea-Carnation.-Actinia calendula, the Sea-Marigold, &c. ACTINOBOLI'SMUS (Med.) ß, irradiation, or the instantaneous action of the animal spirits, by which they convey the inclinations of the mind to the organs of voluntary motion. ACTINOBOLISMUS (Phy.) the diffusion or diradiation of light and sound. ACTINOLITE glassy (Min.) from aurie, radius, and toe, lapis; a species of minerals, the Actinotus vitreus of Lin næus. ACTINO'TUS (Min.) a genus of minerals, Class Earths, Order Talcose, consisting of carbonate of magnesia, oxide of iron, and silica: harsh to the touch, shining, breaking into indeterminate fragments, and melting in the fire with ebullition. The principal species are the-Actinotus vubgaris asbestoid.-Actinotus vitreus, Glassy Actinote, &c. ACTIO (Ant.) 1. The act of the magistrates and senates, the same as acta. 2. The management of a cause, consisting either of accusation or defence; where there were several pleadings in the same cause, they were divided into first, second, &c. thence the actio prima, secunda, tertia, &c. of Cicero in Verrem. 3. A suit at law, an action against any one, by which a person sought redress, either accusando, by accusing; or petendo, by suit. these actions there were several kinds, as-Actio in rem, real action, for obtaining that to which one had a real right, jus in re, but which was possessed by another. These actions were either-Actio civilis, according to the laws by which the citizens were governed one with another, which was called Vindicatio.-Actio prætoria, according to the decrees of the prætor who governed the city.Actio socialis, according to the laws of their allies. -Actio in personam, personal action against a person for doing or omitting to do that which he was bound either to Of do, or to abstain from. Of these actions there are several kinds, as-Actio empti, venditi, locati, &c. for contracts and obligations, in buying, selling, &c.-Actio adjectitia qualitatis, against a person on account of the contracts of others.-Actio institoria, against him who carried on trade for the benefit of another.-Actio exercitoria, against him who sent a ship to sea on any trading concern.-Actio de peculio, against the master of a family, for contracts made either by his son or slave.-Actio jussu, if the contract was made by the master's order.-Actio tributoria, against a master for not distributing the goods of his slave among his creditors.-Actio redhibitoria, against the seller for selling a bad article, which he was compelled to take back, and to restore the money.-Actio ex furto, for theft, ex rapina, for robbery, ex damno, for loss or damage, ex injuria, for personal injury, comprehending the personal wrongs, and their several punishments.-Actio noxalis, against a person for injuries done by those under his power.-Actio mixta, which lies against any one, both for the recovery of the thing, and the punishment of the person. Ulpian. Instit. 1; Justin. Pandect. et Instit; Sigon. de Judic. 1. 1, &c.; Pollet. For. Rom. 1. 5; Ursat. de Not. Rom. ACTIO (Law) vide Action. A'CTION (Ant.) vide Actio. ACTION (Phy.) actio, To T, the application of the agent to the patient, by which some change is produced, as boiling, which is the action of fire on the water to which it is communicated; it is either physical or habitual.Physical action, arising from the exercise of the physical power, as generally in generation, corruption, &c. or particularly in seeing, hearing, local motion, &c.-Habitual or acquired action, arising from habit or experience, which consists in speculation, iapia, as the contemplation of the heavens, of physical or mathematical objects; practice, pas, which is either moral, political, or ecclesiastical; doing or making, moins, which includes the arts liberal and mechanical. Arist. Physic.; Melancth. Metaph. ACTION (Log.) To me, the fifth predicament or category, into which all things have been divided. It is opposed to passion, and is divided into-Action imminent, that action which remains in the agent so as not to pass over to any other thing without itself, as going, walking, running, &c.-Action transient, that which passes from the agent to the patient, as burning, striking, breaking, &c. Arist. Categ.; Boeth. de Categor.; Wall. Instit. Log. ACTION (Mech.) a force impressed upon a body so as to change its state of rest, or uniform motion. It arises from percussion, pressure, or centripetal force. Newton Princ. def. 4.-Quantity of action, the continual product of the mass of a body by the space which it runs through, and by its celerity. Maupert. Acad. des Sciences, Paris, 1744, Berlin, 1746. ACTION (Med.) function of the body, which is divided into vital, natural, animal, or voluntary.-Vital action, which is immediately essential for the preservation of life, as the motion of the heart and lungs.-Natural action, which is remotely necessary for the continuance of the animal, as the digestion of the aliments, &c.—Animal or voluntary actions, which depend upon the will, as walking, running, &c. ACTION (Eth.) or moral action, a voluntary action of any creature capable of distinguishing between good and evil, or whatever a rational agent thinks, does, or even omits to do, with respect to the end he ought to aim at, and the rule he is to be guided by. A morally good action is that which is agreeable to the law of God; in distinction from a morally evil action, which is disagreeable to the Divine law, as revealed in Scripture. ACTION (Law) the process or form of a suit at law to re cover a right. Actions are generally divided into criminal or civil.-Criminal actions are to have judgment for damage to the party injured.-Civil actions for the recovery of a debt, &c. Criminal actions consist of-Actions, penal, for some penalty or punishment.-Actions upon statute, for the breach of a statute, whereby the injured party has his action.-Actions, popular, for the breach of some penal statute where every one has his action: it is otherwise called a qui tam action, from the form of words used in this action; namely, qui tam pro domino rege sequitur quam pro se ipso, &c. Civil actions consist of different kinds, as-Actions, real, whereby a man claims title to lands, &c. which are called possessory, if of his own possessions; auncestral, if of an ancestor.-Actions, personal, claiming a debt, goods, damages, &c.-Actions, mixed, which lie both for the thing demanded, and against the person having it. Actions are also distinguished into Actions, local, when confined to a particular county.Actions, transitory, which may be laid in any county. Actions, perpetual, which may not be determined by time.-Actions, temporary, that are expressly limitedActions, joint, where several persons conjointly sue or are sued.-Actions, several, where persons are severally charged.-Actions on assumpsit, or promises, for a breach of promise, &c.-Actions on covenant, for a breach of covenant.-Actions on debt, to compel the payment of a debt.-Actions of detinue, to compel the redelivery of goods (or their value) which have been delivered in charge.-Actions of trespass, for any injury denominated a trespass.-Actions of trover, for goods which have come into the possession of another by finding, or otherwise, which he refuses to restore to the ownerActions on the case, that is, an action on a man's own particular case, in distinction from those on any of the above-mentioned cases.-Actions, prejudicial, otherwise called preparatory or principal, arising from some doubt in the principal, as in case a man sues his younger brother for lands descended from his father; and it is objected to him, that he is a bastard, which question must be tried before the cause can proceed further it is, therefore, termed prejudicialis quia prius judicanda. Bract. lib. 8, c. 4.-Action of a writ, when one pleads some matter by which he shows the plaintiff had no cause to have the writ.-Action of abstracted multures, i. e. an action for multures, in the Scotch law, against those who are thirled to a mill, and come not, or an action to compel persons to grind at a mill according to their tenure.-Action for poynding of the ground, i. e. an action, in the Scotch law, for poynding or distraining the land, founded on some infeofment for an annuity. Bract. de Leg. 1. 3; Fleta. 1. 1; Glanville. 1. 1; Mirror. c. 21, &c.; F. N. B. 92; Co. in Lytt. I Instit. sect. 285, 2 Inst. sect. 40; Hawk. P. Č. 244, &c.; Comyn. Digest. ACTION (Paint.) the posture of the figure, or that which is expressed by the disposition of its parts, or the passion that appears in the face of it. ACTION (Poet.) an event or series of occurrences mutually connected with, or dependent upon, each other, either real or imaginary, that makes the subject of a dramatic or epic poem, &c. ACTION (Rhet.) an accommodating the person to the subject, or the management of the voice and gesture suitably to the matter delivered. ACTION of the mouth (Man.) the agitation of the tongue and mandible of a horse in champing the bit. ACTION (Com.) moveable effects; a creditor seizes on a merchant's actions, that is, his actual debts.—Action, re hibitory, by which the buyer may oblige the seller to take back damaged goods.-Action of a company, 1. The equal portion of their joint stock. 2. The bonds, contracts, or stock in general, which the directors of trading companies deliver to those who have made themselves proprietors. French actions, or stocks, are-Actions simples, which have a share in all the company's profits and losses, with no security but in their funds.-Actions Rentieres, which have a profit of two per cent. with the King's security. -Actions Interessées, or bearing interest, which have the above profit, and the King's security, besides a share in the overplus of the dividends; whence the phrase "To feed an action," i. e. to pay exactly when they become due the several sums subscribed to the stock of the company. A fed action, one on which all payments have been made, and is capable of sharing in the company's dividends. ACTIONARE (Law) i. e. in jus vocare, to prosecute. ACTIONARY (Fr. Com.) or Actionist, a proprietor of actions. ACTIVE (Phy.) capable of communicating motion or action, as the cause of gravity or fermentation, which are active principles. Newt. Princip. ACTIVE verb (Gram.) a sort of verb which denotes action, as I love, in distinction from the passive or neuter. ACTIVITY (Phy.) faculty of acting, as the activity derived from attraction. Newt. Princip.-Sphere of Activity, the space within which the efficacy of a body extends, as the sphere of activity of a loadstone. ACTON Búrnel (Law) the statute of 11 Ed. I. ordaining the statute merchant, amended by 13 Ed. I. It was so termed from a place named Acton Burnel, where it was made. A'CTOR (Ant.) 1. in the forensic sense, Plaintiff, he who brings an action against any one, whether as accusator vel|| petitor; but, in a dramatic sense, an actor or player. Oratores sunt veritatis ipsius actores; imitatores veritatis histriones, Cic. Orat. 1. 3, c. 56. 2. One who pleads or manages the cause of another; a Counsellor or Proctor. 3. A slave to whom the management of any concern is entrusted. ACTOR ecclesia (Archeol.) he who administered the possessions, &c. of the church.-Actor advocatus, vel defensor Ecclesia, the pleading patron of the church.-Actor dominicus, qui res domini agit; a Lord's-bailiff or Attorney. -Actor villarum, villicus qui prædiorum curam agit; Head-bailiff of a village. ACTS of the Apostles (Bibl.) a canonical book of the New Testament written by St. Luke, and containing a considerable part of the history of St. Peter and St. Paul. Tertull. contra Marcion. 1. 5, c. 1, &c.; Chrysos. in Acta. Homil.; Epiphan, Hares. 30; August. de Utilit. Cred. c. 3, &c.; Hieron. Epist. 103, de Script. Eccles.; Oecumen. in Act. Apost. p. 20; Grab, Spiceleg. &c. Spurious acts of the apostles were supposed to be written by Abdias the impostor.-Acts of St. Peter, otherwise called Periodi Petri, a book full of visions and fables. Fab. Apocr. N. T. p. 759.—Acts of St. Paul, a continuation of St. Paul's narrative to the end of his life, which Eusebius calls spurious. Euseb. Hist. Eccles. 1. 3. c. 3.-Acts of St. John the Evangelist, mentioned by Epiphanius and St. Augustin, contain incredible stories of that apostle; and are supposed to be the acts of St. John published by Abdias the impostor. Epiphan. Hæres. 42, 47; Aug. de Fide. cap. 4 and 405, contra Adversar. Leg, et Proph. 1. 1, c. 20.-Acts of St. Andrew were used by the Manichees, according to St. Augustin and Epiphanius. Epiphan. Hæres. 61; St. August. contra Adversar. Leg. et Prophet. c. 20.-Acts of St, Thomas were used by the Manichees, according to St. Augustin. Aug. contra Adimant. c. 17; contra Faust. 1. 29, c. 79; De Serm. Domini in Monte. c. 20.— Acts of St. Philip was a book used by the Gnostics. Cotel. Monum. Eccles. t. 3. 428.-Acts of St. Matthias; the work which bears this title is not admitted by the critics to contain the genuine acts of the apostle, whose name it bears. Tillemont. Eccles. Hist. tom. 1. ACTS (Ant.) vide Acta. ACTS, clerk of the (Mar.) an officer who receives and enters the Lord Admiral's commissions and warrants, and registers the acts and orders of the commissioners of the navy. ACTUAL (Phy.) in act or done, as distinguished from the Potential. ACTUALIS (Med.) acting by an immediate inherent power, as fire, which is actual, in distinction from a cautery, which is virtual, and acts by an indirect or borrowed power. ACTUA'RIA (Ant.) a sort of small swift sailing vessel plied with oars, so called because they are cito agantur. Non. ACTUA'RII (Ant.) 1. Notaries or short-hand writers who took down the acta or public proceedings. Suet. Jul. c. 55; Pollet. For. Rom. 1. 5, c. 12. 2. Those who took account of the military concerns. Ammian. 1. 20, c. 5; Aurel. Victor. de Cæsar. A'CTUARY (Law) a clerk that registers the acts of the convocation. ACTUATION (Med.) the change wrought on any thing taken into the body by vital heat, which is necessary to make it act. A'CTUS (Ant.) 1. The forms used in making bargains, &c. as actus legitimi, &c.-2. A certain portion of a play, an act. Fest. de Verb. Signif.-3. A measure of land either 4 feet wide and 120 long, as between neighbours' fields, or 120 feet square. Varr. de Re Rust. 1. 1, c. 10; Columel. 1. 5, c. 1; Frontin. Expos. Form. p. 30; Alex. Gen. Dier. 1. 2. ACTUS (Phy.) wysia, energy, or the active principle, which is called Actus purus, having nothing in common with matter, as God, in distinction from the Actus impurus, which communicates with the power of matter, such as physical forms. Aristot. Metaph. 1. 9, c. 1, &c. A'CUANITES (Ecc.) another name for the Manichæans. A'CUBENE (Astron.) a star of the third magnitude in the southern claw, chela or brachium of Cancer, marked (a) by Bayer. It is called by Ovid Labia, by others Acetabulum. Its longitude, for 1761, was 10° 18′ 9′′, South Latitude 5° 5' 56". ACUITION (Med.) from acuo, to sharpen; the sharpening of medicines to increase their effect, as vegetable acids may be sharpened by mineral acids. ACUITZCHUARIA (Bot.) a plant of Mechoachan, in South America, from which a water was distilled called the enemy of poisons. ACULEATED (Bot.) aculeatus, prickly; an epithet applied to different parts of plants.-Caudex aculeatus, an aculeated stem, when the remains of the leaf are set with prickles, as in Coccus aculeatus, Polypodeum asperum, &c.Caulis aculeatus, prickly stalk, when along the stem there are pointed protuberances.-Folium aculeatum, prickly leaf, when the surface of the leaf is covered with prickles. ACULEO'SA (Bot.) the Gortneria cibaris of Linnæus. A'CULER (Man.) the motion of a horse when in working upon volts he does not go far enough forward at every time, or movement. ACULEUS (Bot.) a Prickle that is a persistent production issuing from the bark, as in Rosa centifolia, the Rose, or, in the words of Linnæus, Mucro pungens cortici tantum affixus. The Aculeus is distinguished into theRectus, straight, when the prickle is not bent.-Incurvus, incurved, when it is curved inwards.-Recurvus, recurved, when it is curved upwards.-Cincinnatus, rolled up, when rolled up with its apex inwards. ACUPUNCTURE (Surg.) from acus, a needle, and punga, F Acus Pastoris (Bot.) Shepherd's Needle, the Scandix anthriscus, the Acus moschata, and the Geranium of Linnæus. ACUSTICUS (Med.) the same as acoustic. ACUTE (Geom.) from acuo, to sharpen, an epithet for several things.-Acute angle oti yaria, that which is less than a right angle, or the measure of 90 degrees, the quadrant of a circle, as A B C, fig. 1, which is less than the Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. G a B A D H angle a B C.-Acute-angled Triangle, one whose angles are all three acute, as DE F, fig. 2.-Acute-angled Cone, one whose opposite sides make an acute angle at the vertex, as GIII, fig. 3.—Acute-angled section of a cone, an ellipsis made by a plane cutting both sides of an acuteangled cone. Euclid. Elem. defin. 1. 1; Apollon. Conic. 1. 1, prob. 20, &c.; Papp. Math. Collect. ACUTE (Bot.) an epithet for different parts of a flower ending in a sharp point, as Folium acutum, an acute leaf; Ligulum aculum, an acute strap; Stigma acutum, a pointed stigma. ACUTE (Mus.) an epithet for a sound which is sharp or elevated, in distinction from a grave sound. Euclid. Introduct. Harmon. ACUTE Accent (Gram.) that elevation of the voice with which any syllable or word is pronounced, marked thus [']. Priscian. de Accent. ACUTE (Med.) an epithet for a disease which is violent and comes quickly to a crisis. Hippocrat. de Rat. Vict. in Acut. &c. and Gal. Comm.; Aret, de Caus, et Sign. Acut. Morb.; Cels. 1. 3, c. 1; Aet. Tetrab. 1. 2, serm. 1; Paul Eginet. de Re Med. 1. 2. ACUTE (Chem.) an epithet for a liquor which is made more piercing by a stronger. ACUTEÑA CULUM (Surg.) a handle for a needle now called Portaiguille. ACUTIATOR (Archeol.) one who whets or grinds cutting instruments. A'CYLOS (Bot.) xvxos, the fruit of the Iler, distinguished by Homer from the Bees, or acorn, the fruit of the Quercus. Odyss. 1. 10, v. 212. Παρράκυλον, βάλανον τ ̓ ἔβαλε. Theocrit. Idyl. 5, v. 94; Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 1. 9, c. 16; Plin. 1. 6, c. 6; Gal. de Alim. ACYRO'LOGY (Gram.) άxvzooyia, from axupos, careless, and Aoys, speech; improper diction, as "one who fears may hope," for fear is the contrary of hope. Isidor. 1. 1, c. 33. A. D. (Chron.) an abbreviation for Anno Domini. [vide Abbreviations] AD (Ant.) this preposition forms a part of several peculiar phrases among the Latin writers, as-Ad bestias, a punishment among the Romans of exposing criminals to wild beasts. Ulpian.; Tertull. Apol. c. 40; Bud. in Pandect. vol. i. p. 240; Holman. Antiq. Roman.--Ad ludos, a similar punishment of being obliged to fight with either man or beast at the public games.-Ad metalla, another Roman punishment borrowed from the Egyptians of condemning criminals to work at the mines. AD scalum (Archeol.) by the scale, that is, by weighing in the scale, a mode of counting money at the mint, when a certain portion having been told out the remainder is weighed by it. This is distinguished from a mode of weighing called ad Pensum, which was employed for money that was diminished in quantity by clipping, wearing, &c. AD absurdum (Logic) vide Reductio. AD valorem (Com.) i. e. according to the value, a term applied to the duties or customs when rated according to the value of the commodities. Ad libitum (Mus.) or Con ad lib, at pleasure; a term signifying that the performer may introduce into the composition any thing extemporaneous according to his own fancy; hence an ad libitum pause, or an ad libitum cadenza.-Ad longum, old compositions so termed, consisting of notes of equal duration and generally the longest in use.-Ad omnem tonum, a term in such old compositions as preserved their harmony from whatever tone or note the cantus started. AD inquirendum (Law) a judicial writ commanding inquiry to be made of any thing relating to a cause depending in the king's courts. Reg. Judic.-Ad jura regis, a writ brought by the King's clerk presented to a living against him who sought to eject him. Reg. of Writs, 61.-Ad largum, at large, as title at large, assize at large.-Ad quod damnum, a writ to inquire when a grant intended to be made by the King will be to the damage of him or others. F. Ñ. B. 221.—Ad terminum qui præteriit, a writ of entry, where a man having leased lands, &c. for a term of life or years, is kept from them by the tenant or possessor after the term is expired.-Ad ventrem inspiciendum, vide Ventre inspiciendo.-Ad vitam aut culpam, an office to be so held as to determine only by the death or delinquency of the possessor; in other words, it is held quamdiu se bene gesserit. ADA'CTED (Mil.) driven into the earth with large malls applied to stakes, or piles, used in securing ramparts or pontoons. ADAGIO (Mus.) a term in music books denoting the slowest time, except the grave, especially if repeated adagio, adagio. A'DAL (Med.) a term used by Paracelsus for that part of plants in which their virtue consists. ADALIDES (Polit.) the name of certain military officers in Spain, who are spoken of in the laws of King Alphonsus. A'DAMANT (Min.) Adamas, so called from, priv. and Japán, to conquer, because of its hardness: it is a sort of diamond, and the hardest, most brilliant, and most valuable of the precious stones. Adamas is classed by Linnæus under the Silicious earths. [vide Adamas] ADAMANTINE Earth (Min.) or Adamantine Spar, a sort of hard and ponderous earth which, under the name of Adamantinus, forms the sixth order of earths in the Linnean system. ADAMANTIS (Bot.) a species of plant so called from its resemblance to Adamant. Plin. 1. 24, c. 16. It is A'DAMAS (Min.) Adamant, or Diamond, a genus of Si- ADAMI pomum (Bot.) the Citrus aurantium of Linnæus. ADANSO'NIA (Bot.) a genus of plants; Class 16 Monadelphia, Order 7 Polyandria, so named from M. Adanson, the French Naturalist. Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. petals five.-STAM. filaments united at bottom into a tube; anthers kidney-shaped.-PIST. Germ ovate; style very long; stigmas many, prismatic.-PER. capsule ovate; seeds numerous. Species. The only species is the Adansonia digitata, Baobab, Abavi, Abavo Arbor, or Guanabanus, Ethiopian Sour Gourd, or Monkeys' Bread. J. Bauh. Hist. Plant.; C. Bauh. Pin; Raii Hist. Plant.; Vesl. Plant. Egypt.; Linn. Spec. Plant. ADA'RCES (Nat.) d'oúpum, a kind of salt concretion adhering to herbs and canes in the fens and marshes of Galatia. It is said to clear the skin of freckles, &c.; and was so called from a, priv. and depxa, to see, because it was not to be seen among the rushes. Diosc. 1. 5, c. 137. || ADA'RCONIM (Bibl.) 778, a sort of money mentioned, 1 Chron. xxix. 7, and Ezra viii. 27, called, in the Septuagint, pure, and, in the Vulgate, aurei; they are the same as dap, the Daricks of the Greeks, a gold coin valued at twenty drachmas. Gronov. de Pecun. Vet. 1. 3, c. 7. ADA'RME (Com.) a small Spanish weight, the sixteenth of our ounce Troy weight. ADA'RNECK (Chem.) Auripigmentum, or orpiment. ADARTICULA'TION (Anat.) a species of articulation the same as Arthrodia. A'DATAIS (Com.) a clear fine Bengal muslin. A'DCHER (Bot.) the Andropogon schoenanthus of Linnæus. ADCORDA'BILES Denarii (Archeol.) money paid by the vassal to his lord upon the selling or exchanging of a feud. ADCORPORATION (Med.) vide Incorporation. ADCREDULITA'RE (Archæol.) to purge oneself of an offence by oath. ADCRESCENTES (Ant.) a sort of soldiers, the same as Accensi. A'DDAD (Bot.) a poisonous plant in Numidia. ADDEPHAGIA (Med.) anpayia, from ad, excessively, and pay, to eat; voracity. A'DDER (Zo.) the name of a small poisonous serpent, with plates on the belly, and scales under the tail, greatly resembling the viper Coluber verus of Linnæus, which inhabits Europe, and is not rare in our own country. It is called in Saxon Edder, Ærten, Ærton, Naddre; in low German and Dutch, adder and natter, from eitten, poison. ADDER (Her.) the poisonous serpent has been made a charge in coats of arms, of which Guillim gives two examples, as follow: ADDER, nowed or knotted, as in fig. 1. "The field is gules, an adder nowed, or, by the name of Nathiley." erected upon its tail, in pale sable." This coat was allowed or assigned by patent, dated January 2, 1606, by William Camden, Clarencieux, to Sir Thomas Coach, of the city of London. ADDER'S grass (Bot.) a herb so called, as Skinner supposes, because it serves as a lurking place for adders.-Adder's tongue, the Ophioglossum of Linnæus, a herb so called because it has a single leaf that puts forth a spike in the shape of an adder's tongue.-Adder's wort, a herb so called because it is imagined to cure the bite of a serpent. ADDER stung (Med.) stung by adders and venemous creatures, as in the case of cattle. ADDICTI (Ant.) those who, according to the laws of the twelve tables, were delivered over to their creditors to be made slaves until they discharged their debts. Cic. Rosc. Com. c. 14; Flacc, c. 20, &c.; Liv. 1. 6, c. 14, &c.; Alex. Gen. Dier. 1. 5, c. 4. ADDITAMENT (Med.) any thing added to the ordinary ingredients. ADDITAMENTS (Her.) what is added to coat armour to distinguish the bearer. Guill. ADDITAMENTS (Chem.) things added to a menstruum, to render it more efficacious in dissolving any mixed body. ADDITAMENTUM (Anat.) the same as Epiphysis necatum; the Epiphysis of the Ulna.-Additamentum coli, the Appendicula cæci vermiformis. ADDITION (Law) whatever is added to a man's name by way of title, as additions of degree, estate, mystery, place. -Additions of degree, are Knight, Lord, Earl, Marquis, and Duke.-Additions of an estate or quality, are Yeoman, Esquire, Gentleman, and the like.—Additions of mystery, are such as Scrivener, Painter, Mason, and the like.Additions of place are of London, York, &c. ADDITION (Nat.) a name given by distillers to whatever is added to a liquor to improve its spirit, which includes ferments and every thing else which is not expressly of the same nature as the liquor. ADDITION (Arithm.) the uniting or joining together several numbers into one sum.-Addition of integers, the first of the four fundamental rules of arithmetical operation, which is either performed by placing the figures under one another in columns, or by means of the sign plus [+], which is called the sign of addition, as 6 + 3 9, that 6 plus, or added to 3, is equal to 9. This operation is either simple or compound.-Simple addition, the method of collecting several numbers into one sum, as 4, 5, 9, which, added together, make 18.—Compound Addition, the method of collecting quantities of different denominations into one sum, as pounds, shillings, pence, yards, feet, and inches, &c.— Addition of Vulgar Fractions is the adding together the numerators into one sum, when the fractions have, by the rules of reduction, been brought to a common denomination, as in the adding of,, and together, they are first reduced [vide Reduction], to 4,, and, then 36 + + + + 8 = 43.-Addition of decimals is performed #+#+= in the same manner as that of whole numbers, only having regard to the decimal points, that they should range under one another, as 34. 17 19. 143 167. 13 220 443 -Addition of circulating decimals is performed by chang ing each of them into its equivalent vulgar fraction, and finding the sum of such fractions. ADDER, curling erected, as in fig. 2. "Or, an adder curling ADDITION (Algeb.) the finding the sum of several algebraical |