CHAPTER X. CARE OF THE POOR AND OTHER UNFORTUNATE Efforts to limit Pauperism. Support by Townships. Poor- CHAPTER XI. ΤΑΧΑΤΙΟΝ Need of Revenue. The State System. Valuation of Property. Boards of Equalization. Levying of Taxes. TaxCollectors. Treasurer and Auditor. Licenses, Fines, etc. Exemptions. Reasons for not taxing Notes and Mortgages. Bonds should not be Taxed. Federal Taxation. Revenue from Land Sales. Postage. Internal Revenue. Collection Districts. Customs. Protective and Revenue Tariffs. The United States and Direct Taxes. Enforced Action. CHAPTER XII. TOWNS AND CITIES Meaning of Terms. Municipal Constitutions. City Officers. Work of City Governments. Independent Powers of Cities. CHAPTER XIII. THE CHOOSING OF PUBLIC SERVANTS Selecting Teachers. Skilled Officials Selected by Boards or Individuals. Elections. Voting Precincts. Canvassing Votes. Election of President and Vice-President. Disputed Election. The Ballot. The Australian System. Constitutional Provisions. United States Constitution. PART III. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. CHAPTER XIV. ANCIENT USAGES What a Government must do. Union of Departments. Judicial Business in Ancient Townships. Hundreds and Counties. Common Law. The King's Justices. Justices of the Peace. Quarter Sessions. CHAPTER XV. THE ORIGIN OF JURIES The Jury and the Town-Meeting. The Jury and the Normans. Trial by Ordeal. Trial by Battle. Grand and Petit Juries. Changes in the Jury. Jurymen as Representatives. PAGE 64 68 78 81 89 94 Reeves. Constable. Sheriff and Coroner. Marshal. Judicial and Ministerial Functions. CHAPTER XVII. COLONIAL COURTS. The English System. In Massachusetts. In Other Colonies. Separation of the Judiciary. Choosing of Judges. 102 Three Grades of Courts. Courts of Equity. Tribunals of Arbitration. Courts of Record. Clerk of Courts. Variations among States. Decisions of Supreme Court. Supreme Court Reporter. Prosecuting Attorney. Attorney General. CHAPTER XIX. FEDERAL COURTS Commissioners of the Circuit Courts. State Officers as Commissioners. The Habeas Corpus. District Courts. Circuit Courts. Supreme Court. Three Sorts of Cases. Criminal Processes. The Complaint. The Warrant. Preliminary Examination. Bail. The Indictment. The Arraignment. The Trial. Empanelling a Jury. The Testimony. The Arguments. Instructions from the Court. The Verdict. The Sentence. Appeals. Civil Cases. 109 113 CHAPTER XXI. COURTS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT OFFICERS. 119 Cases in State Courts. Cases exclusively Federal. Optional Cases. Removals from State Courts. New Trial. Appeals to a Federal Court. 126 PART IV. MATTERS CHIEFLY FEDERAL. CHAPTER XXIII. THE PRESIDENT His Election. The Constitution changed by Custom. Succession to the Presidency. Cabinet and President. Political and Non-Political Officers. The Appointing Power. The Spoils System. Objections to the Spoils System. Obstacles to Reform. Present Laws. Treaties. Other Purchases. Boundary Disputes. Other Foreign Service. Constitutional Provisions. Secretary of State. Division of the Service. Diplomatic Service. Consular Service. Consuls and Commerce. The Alabama Case. Origin of the Department. Internal Revenue. Customs. Commerce and Navigation. Public Improvements. Treasuries. CHAPTER XXVI. MONEY AND COINAGE Sub Origin of Money. Coinage. Money of the Colonists. Money of the Revolution. Difficulties with Standards. Difficulty Overcome. Gold Coins. Silver Coins. Minor Coins. Gold and Silver Certificates. CHAPTER XXVII. BANKS PAGE 130 139 144 147 Bank of North America. Control of Banks Assumed by Federal Government. State Banks. New York Banking System. National Banks. Treasury Notes. United States Bonds. Bureau of Engraving and Printing. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT Origin of Postal Service. Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York. English Supervision. Franklin as PostmasterGeneral. Congress takes Control. Division of the Business. Salaries. Classification of Mail Matter. Competition with Private Business. 158 PAGE CHAPTER XXIX. THE WAR AND THE NAVY DEPARTMENTS 163 CHAPTER XXX. THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT Different Matters belonging to the Department. Land Surveys. Townships. Principal Meridians and Base Lines. Correction Lines. Sections. 168 CHAPTER XXXI. OTHER FEDERAL MATTERS 173 Department of Justice. Agricultural Department. The Smithsonian Institution. Business of the Institution. National Museum. Interstate Commerce Commission. Legislature and Executive Compared in Number. Legislative Business. Financiering. Local Option. 176 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE CONSTITUTION AND THE LEGISLATURE 180 Basis of Representation. Apportioning Representatives among the States. Members from Territories. Representative Districts. Sessions of Congress. Officers of the Two Houses. President pro tempore. Speaker of the House. CHAPTER XXXIV. METHODS OF CONDUCTING BUSINESS Legislation by Committees. The Speaker and the Committees. What the Committees do. Committees before the House. Appropriation and Revenue Bills. Senate Committees. Co-operation of the Two Houses. Senatorial Executive Business. Impeachments. "Lobby Members." Political Parties in England. Parties in Congress. PART V. CONSTITUTIONS. CHAPTER XXXV. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSTITU TION 185 Constitution Defined. Constitutional Checks. Source of Authority. CHAPTER XXXVI. SOME EXPLANATIONS OF WRITTEN CON STITUTIONS Frame of Government for Counties and Townships. Organization of Courts. "The Legislature shall have Power." Commands upon the Legislature. Prohibitions upon the Legislature. The United States Constitution as affecting States. Restrictions upon Executive and Judiciary. PAGE CHAPTER XXXVII. CONSTITUTIONS AND ORDINARY LAW 201 The Federal Constitution. In the States. Illinois. Railroads and State Constitutions. Lotteries. Duelling. Bribery and Betting at Elections. Slavery and State Constitutions. Intoxicating Liquors. Prohibitory Amendments. Other Statutory Provisions. Special Legislation. CHAPTER XXXVIII. EXPLANATION OF SPECIAL PASSAGES 211 Slavery. Three Classes of Senators. Electors. Yeas and Nays. Vacancies. Compensation of Officers. Privileges of Congressmen. Civil Officers of the United States. Are Congressmen Liable to Impeachment? Letters of Marque and Reprisal. Bills of Attainder and Ex post facto Laws. Corruption of Blood. The United States a Nation. CHAPTER XXXIX. THE SILENCES OF THE FEDERAL CON CHAPTER XL. FEDERAL AND STATE POWERS Powers expressly Conferred. To regulate Commerce. The Liquor Traffic. Indian Trade. Naturalization of Aliens. Bankrupt Laws. Weights and Measures. Counterfeiting. Post-Offices and Post-Roads. Patents and Copyrights. Police Power. Military Powers. Other Grants of Power. Implied Powers. Assumption of State Debts. Banks. Assumed Powers. Elastic Clauses. CHAPTER XLI. CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION 220 222 233 Parties in a Monarchy. Parties in Local Government. Parties in the State and the Nation. 235 |