interference in the elections to the Duma, and to keep in view a sincere desire for the realization of the ukase of December 25, 1904, it must maintain the prestige of the Duma and confidence in its labors, and not resist its decisions as long as they are not inconsistent with the historic greatness of Russia. One must identify one's self with the ideas of the great majority of society, not with the echoes of noisy groups and factions, too often unstable. It is especially important to secure a reform of the council of the empire on an electoral principle. I believe that in the exercise of the executive power the following principles should be embodied:

(1) Straightforwardness and sincerity in the conformation of civil liberty and in providing guarantees for its maintenance.

(2) A tendency toward the abolition of exclusive laws.

(3) The coordination of the activity of all the organs of government.

(4) The avoidance of repressive measures in respect of proceedings which do not openly menace society or the State.

(5) Resistance to acts which manifestly threaten society or the State, such resistance being based upon the law and on moral unity, with the reasonable majority of society. Confidence must be placed in the political tact of Russian society. It is impossible that that society should desire a state of anarchy, which would threaten, in addition to all the horrors of civil strife, the dismemberment of the empire.

We appeal to all faithful sons of Russia to remember their duty toward the Fatherland, and to aid in bringing to an end these unprecedented troubles, and to apply all their forces in cooperation with us to the restoration of calm and peace upon our natal soil.

Given at Perterhof on the 17th (30th) day of October, 1905, in the eleventh year of our reign. (Signed) NICHOLAS.

The Outbreaks

The day following the manifesto the great cities of Russia were en fête. In St. Petersburg the crowds compelled the police and military-their terror of yesterday-to salute their flags. But almost immediately from the South of Russia came nows that the fêtes had merged into an intoxicated frenzy of excitement and outbreak, of which the Jews had been the principal victims. As the details came in it was seen that the attacks on the Jews exceeded in extent and brutality anything in history since the time of the Crusades. Indeed, no Crusade massacre bore the feature of

such diabolical and lustful torture as did this butchery of 1905. Attacks were reported to have taken place in at least thirty-one towns, viz., Odessa, Simferopol, Kischinef, Kieff, Kherson, Rostoff on Don, Nishni-Novgorod, Elisabethgrad, Witebsk, Vyazma, Krementschug. Novozubkoff, Mariopol, Ekaterinoslav, Tomsk, Orel, Minsk, Warsaw, Berditschew, Gadyacht, Kamenskaja, Yalta, Mardarovka, Nicopol, Tiraspol, Rasdjelnaja, Ismail, Saratof, Jaroslav, Theodosia, and Orscha.

The center of this simultaneous series of bloodthirsty and bestial onslaught was Odessa. This is Russia's chief port on the Black Sea, a fine city of half a million inhabitants, one hundred and seventy thousand of which are Jews. Of the Jewish population, many are prosperous, some few enormously wealthy, and the trade of the city is largely in Jewish hands. There are, however, sixty thousand Jewish workmen, and thirty-five thousand live in a state of chronic poverty.

When, on Tuesday, October 31st, the manifesto of liberty became known, the traffic of the streets in Odessa stopped, speeches were made, large crowds assembled, red flags were waved, revolutionary songs sung, men kissed one another for joy; the bright sun shone upon it all. It was Russia's day of freedom. But in the Jewish poor quarter it was noticed that the police, who were at their posts to the number of two thousand in the morning, were slowly withdrawn. At one o'clock, midday, not one was left. At half-past three the mob in that quarter began to attack the Jews. The attack lasted four days. It reached its height on the Friday night. Immense bands of ruffians, accompanied by policemen, invaded all the Jewish houses and mercilessly slaughtered the occupants. Men and women were barbarously felled and decapitated with axes. Children were torn limb from limb and their brains dashed out against the walls, the streets were littered with the corpses which were hurled out of

the windows. The houses of the murdered Jews were then systematically destroyed, not the smallest piece of furniture being left intact. Six hundred surviving families were rendered homeless. Loathsome barbarities were committed. Some of the ruffians put their victims to death by hammering nails into their heads. Eyes were gouged out, ears cut off, and tongues wrenched out with pincers. Numbers of women were disemboweled. The aged and sick who were found hidden in the cellars were soaked in petroleum and burned alive. in their homes. Police and soldiers marched at the head of the bands and openly discouraged them in their work of devastation, crying out: "The Jews have killed our Emperor and sacked the cathedral! They have massacred the Christians! Cut them to pieces! leading the mob to the houses signaled out for destruction. The police would not allow any assistance to be given to the wounded, actually firing upon the Red Cross workers. They themselves helped in the gruesome work of robbing the dead.

Thus the administration of Odessa gave their reply to the grant of a constitution. Processions proceeded in all directions, led by police and cossacks, revolver in hand, and formed of large numbers of hooligans with ikons, the Czar's portrait and the nation's flag, singing the national anthem, and crying: " Hurrah! kill the Jews! The churches were open, the bells ringing; to their rhythmic clang the men marched to murder the innocent. They took street by street sys tematically, going from house to house, from shop to shop, cossacks followed quietly, until parties of the Jewish league of self-defense at tempted to guard their homes, when the cossacks fired upon them and upon every one who resisted a hooligan.

On the second and third day of the Pogrom (Devastation), the police marched openly in full uniform with the mob. They were led by inspectors, who encouraged them to work

with a will, at which the rioters cheered lustily.

Little girls were outraged, women had their breasts cut off, were torn limb from limb, and thrown from windows; men were caught and carried to the soldiers to be shot; children were thrown from high windows, and no mercy shown to babes at the breast. In the Moldavansky a cossack entered a house where there were several women, and said he would shoot them all, but they might choose who should be the first.

The soldiers dragged out a young man into the street, compelled him to raise his arms and stand still to be shot; an officer arrived in time to prevent his life being taken, but the young man's hair is now white! families were put to death!

A Missionary's Letter

Entire

ODESSA, November 7, 1905. HONORED AND BELOVED BROTHER IN THE LORD:

"Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people."-Jeremiah ix.: I.

Who can describe the horrors of these days? Oh, the distress that has come upon my people can not be described, it can God be praised that only be felt. the fear of death is over, the fearful crash of the volleys is silent, the cruel murder and robbery have ceased. But the dreadful consequences of these days will keep this terrible misfortune constantly before our eyes. Oh, unspeakable misery! Wounds, sickness, madness, hunger, death in the most awful forms, is seen on every side. Thousands homeless, who fled from ruined houses and dwellings to cellars and sheds, are sleeping on the cold ground. Hundreds of widows and orphans hold out their hands for a morsel of bread and ask warm clothing for their shivering children.

The

Some Jewish families fled for protection to our house. We took them in gladly, tho from the human point of view they were no safer with us than elsewhere. bands of robbers were quite near us-our neighbor's house was plundered, but they did not approach ours. God's protecting hand was over us. We were indeed in great dread when we heard the cries and lamentations and the destruction of the neighbor's house. But we did what we could. We fell on our knees, supported by the tears of the Jews who were with us, and cried to our Lord, and He heard and

helped us wonderfully. The visible help given us, altho to the astonishment of our Christian neighbors we had no sacred pictures in the window, was a surprise to the Jews also, and made a great impression on them. During those four days we were able to tell them much of the love of God and of Jesus our Savior, and I hope the seed fell on good ground.

Two of these families have lost their all, but they are glad to have saved their lives. I took them and thirty-eight others into our mission house, forty-five in all. Some friends have promised to help me with their support for the immediate future. We must do something for these unfortunates. We must show them practical Samaritan service now. They must see what real Christianity and Christian love are. This opportunity will enable us to reach their souls, too, for they listen willingly to God's Word.

I heard to-day that three families of inquirers have also lost their property. A Jewish Christian has suffered much damage, too. Oh! that one could help them. Let us pray the Lord, dear brother, to give you again means for alleviation of the misery at Odessa. It is only by practical love that we can bring about a reaction on our field of work. A benefit to the unfortunate Jews may be a blessing for the work.

Our heroic soldiers made proof of their courage! They seized several fortresses in Odessa during these days. If a revolver shot came from any house, the house was fired on by order of the commander. Machine guns were used, too. There was firing day and night; it was a regular battle. Four ambulance stations, as well as the hospitals, were at work uninterruptedly for four days. The carrying away of dead and wounded went on without a pause. For the first two days the Jews defended themselves. Booty was taken from the hands of the robbers at every corner, and thousands of roubles were saved in this manner. The last two days they were disarmed and shot down in crowds.

This was how freedom was greeted and interpreted in Russia, especially in Odessa. First of all, they used the devil's weapon, Socialism. Hundreds of red flags were hastily made out of red frocks, aprons, etc., fastened to all sorts of poles, and carried through all the streets. These red rags spoke a devilish language, and announced a horrible massacre. The students, Jewish and Russian, and working men and young vagabonds, thought that they had obtained the upper hand, and permitted themselves to induce the police and the soldiers to lay down their arms and make anarchistic speeches. By this they brought down retribution on themselves, but most of all on the persecuted, hated Jews, who were least to blame.

The murderers went to work with the

holy pictures in their hands, crossing themselves and kneeling in prayer, and then they killed and robbed mothers and infants at the breasts. Is there no difference at all between "Christian" Russians and unbelieving Jews? Can what the Jews have gone through so often, and again now in Russia, incline them to Christianity?

And our evangelical Christians. Would that they had done more for Israel than they have. It is not enough to refrain from evil-many boast they have never done Jews any harm. We must do good. May Evangelical Christians make up for lost time, and not hide the light of the Gospel under a bushel any longer.

I close my letter in pain and grief of soul. I am grieved for my suffering brothers and sisters. May the promise of Jeremiah xxxi: 10 be no longer delayed. May the Lord soon come to put an end to all evil. Hoping to receive speedy help through you for our poor people,

Yours truly and gratefully,
J. ROSENBERG.

Causes of the Great Massacre A study of Scripture reveals the truth that Israel (now recognizable in the Jewish people) were and are the people of God's special choice, the first-born among the nations. Their sin, rebellion, and breach of the solemn covenant made with God have brought upon them chastisement commensurate with their high national privilege. This chastisement is not to last forever. Their sorrow is to be turned into joy. But meantime the consequences of their sin and their state of unrepentance as a nation lie heavily upon them.*

The secondary and immediate causes are various. That the police and military, the authorities of law. and order, have possibly engineered and certainly connived at the antiJewish outbreaks is not sufficient explanation of them. How is it that it takes so little to stir the lowest passions of men and women into a flame of bestial brutality against Jews?

Jew-hatred, or anti-semitism, is as old as the Pharaohs. It is the dislike of the native for the alien in his midst, stimulated by envy of his success and jealousy of his power. Wherever the Jews exist in large numbers they soon become the controlling forces in trade. Leviticus xxvi; Isaiah ix: 12, 13.

*

and finance. This is the case in Russia, where, in spite of repressive laws, the Jews are the leading bankers, import and export merchants and manufacturers. They also predominate in literature and the learned professions. In the lower scales of life they are the middlemen, purveyors of agricultural implements from abroad to the country population and buyers of their produce for export. Natural gift and long repression has made them bargain-shrewd in the sense which implies no high sense of honor. They furnish, as do all other commercial peoples, specimens of the lowest types of fraud and also of clean-handed business integrity. But where fraud and overreaching are found among the Jews they naturally accentuate the existing dislike on the ground of envy, and are attributed to the race in a much more general way than the race deserves. That is one powerful cause of Jewhatred, which produces the desire in low-type peoples of getting an even score with the Jew by physical retaliation.

Secondly, the separateness of the Jewish people-their racial isolation. while dwelling among other nations— undoubtedly produces prejudice. This lies in human nature. I do not grumble at the Jew for not committing racesuicide by assimilation; on the contrary, I see this separation to be the distinct plan of God; but I see that it nevertheless and of necessity puts a barrier between them and their neighbors, which builds up prejudice. Moreover, this barrier of race has been emphasized in Russia by the system of Government which has long obtained, laying disabilities upon Jews as Jews. Russian anti-Jewish law has nursed anti-semitism.

Again, religion is a factor in Jewhatred. Corrupt, State - supported, sacerdotal, ignorant Christianity, false to the true teaching and spirit of Christ, has ever persecuted the Jews, and generally for that very sin for which truly they bore the moral responsibility, but concerning which our Lord cried, "Father, forgive them,

they know not what they do." Moreover, as regards Russia, it has been pointed out that the historical enemies of that country have been of other religions, and the Russian has come to regard those of other religions as enemies.

But unquestionably also in this particular pogrom, the active part that the Jews have taken in the violent revolutionary program during the last few years and in the present upheaval has stirred up a fanatic patriotism among Russians, and made it easy for the official world of police and soldiery, in the moment when by manifesto they had lost their power, to vent their spleen upon the Jewish revolutionaries, representing them as enemies of the Czar. For the time being, the Jews have been the lightning-conductor to divert the fury of the mob from their erstwhile tyrants, the police and military; but the end is not yet.

These are causes of Jew hatred; but none of them afford excuse for the brutalities of any age, much less of 1905. Poor, struggling people, as innocent as you or I of any offense to their fellow men, with as deep and tender affections for their homes and kindred, as sensitive to pain and horrow, as zealous-perhaps more SOof the faith they hold dead, have been slaughtered as beasts in the shambles; nay, worse, much worse.

Who Did This Thing? Who did this thing? Christians. You start with horror, and say: "No, not Christians; Christians could not do such things." Bue people “who profess and call themselves Christians" did. They carried the ikon with the picture of the Virgin and the emblem of the Cross, they knelt in prayer and crossed themselves, and then proceeded to butchery and rapine. False Christians, then, you cry, mere idolaters, Chirstians in name only, whose profession of the holy name of our blessed Lord is a lie and a blasphemy.

Granted. By their fruits ve shall know them. By their evil fruits we do