Education.-The school enrollment in 1897 was 258,183, of whom 139,156 were colored. The total shows an increase of 25,846 over that of the preceding year. The expenditures were $697,068.06, an increase of $124,430.82. During the year 153 schoolhouses were built, at a cost of $22,728.93. The standard of examination for applicants for teachers' positions has been raised, and the increased number of those holding the higher grades of certificates shows increasingly better preparation. There are 98 high schools and academies and 60 graded schools.

There are 4 State colleges for the education of the white race, 1 for the colored, and the Institution for the Deaf and the Blind, with separate buildings for the races. The white colleges show an enrollment of 1,112 pupils, 81 teachers, 81 buildings (buildings and grounds, valued at $692,600, exclusive of Clemson's buildings and grounds), 5 libraries, containing 40,500 volumes, valued at $60,750, and an average session of 9.4 months, the Institute for the Deaf and the Blind being included in these figures. The colored college shows an enrollment of 1,033 pupils, 32 teachers, 10 buildings (buildings and grounds valued at $84,000), and an eight months' session.

There are 20 private colleges for whites. The reports of these show an enrollment of 2,703 pupils, 186 teachers, 88 buildings (buildings and grounds valued at $836.500), large and valuable libraries, and an average session of nine months.

There are 3 private colored colleges. The reports of these are not full, but they show an enrollment of 1,191 pupils, 28 buildings, valued at $224,000, and libraries containing 4,300 volumes, valued at $4,000.

The School for the Deaf and Dumb had an enrollment of 179, with an average attendance of 142. The cost of support, which includes all running expenses, was $130.77.

The Penitentiary. The number of convicts at the close of the year was 723, showing a decrease of 95 during the year. The institution has not only been self-supporting, but has paid $9,649 on one of the farms, and turned $10,000 into the State treasury. The report says the sanitary condition of the building is bad. During the year 26 have died; the death rate, it is explained, is increased yearly from disabled and sick prisoners sent to the institution from the county chain gangs, some of whom live only a few days.

The Hospital for the Insane.-The receipts of. this institution during the year were $106,066.39, of which $100,000 was from the State treasury; the expenses were $102,290.49. The whole number under treatment during the year was 1,257, and the daily average 875; the number of deaths was 142. A new building for colored men, for which the Legislature appropriated $7,500, is in process of construction.

A fire occurred, June 2, destroying the laundry, electric plant, carpenter shop and mill, and injuring the boilers and engine. The laundry has been rebuilt with insurance money.

Militia. There are five regiments of infantry, three of cavalry, the Fourth Battalion, and some independent companies. The appropriation was cut this year to $8,000.

A court of inquiry was ordered to investigate the conduct of the Adjutant General in a difficulty, May 28, between the militia and the students of the South Carolina College, at Columbia. The troops had permission to use the college grounds for parade on the 26th, but by some mistake went on the 28th. A game of ball was in progress. The acting president told the Adjutant General that the students had permission to use the grounds,

but there was room for all if the troops remained on one side. The officer during some part of the parade ordered the students away, and directed the police to move them back. They resisted, and the troops were ordered to press upon them. The result was a riot. The court of inquiry found that the order to clear the field was an assumption of authority on the part of the officer that was "unwise, unnecessary, and unwarranted," and recommended that he be reprimanded by the Governor. As the Adjutant-General is a constitutional officer, he can be removed only on impeachment by the General Assembly.

Railroads.-The report of the Railroad Commissioners at the end of the year says that, with but few exceptions, the physical condition of the railroads of the State has been improved. The Carolina, Knoxville and Western Railroad is still in the courts, and is not operated. A year ago the Carolina Midland had been consolidated with the Greenwood, Anderson and Western Railroad, and ten miles of new road built, but some financial trouble with the contractor arising, a receiver was appointed.

Improvements have been made in the Charleston and Western Carolina, the Plant system, the Lancaster and Chester, the South Carolina and Georgia, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Ohio River and Charleston, and the Columbia, Newberry and Laurens.

Products.-The phosphate miners have paid only 25 cents a ton royalty to the State since April 1; the former rate was 50 cents. The State has received $40,700 this year from that source; a company that failed in October still owes the State $10,384. A large company, the Coosaw, went out of business June 1. The rock mined during the year is estimated at 76,313 tons, and the amount shipped at 95,237 tons.

The value of the gold product of this State in 1896 was given as $63,300.

The number of spindles in operation in 1897 was 1,151,174, and of looms 34,528, of which 1,061,304 spindles and 30,736 looms are on the Southern Railway.

There are more than 300 lumber mills in the State, with a combined capital of about $4,000,000.

Crime. The annual report of the AttorneyGeneral says there has been a gradual increase of homicide cases disposed of in the State each year since 1888. The year 1888 began with 107 cases, and the year 1897 ends with 225 cases. There were 2,485 criminal cases disposed of in 1897. The per cent. of convictions in all the cases disposed of is 37, and of the cases actually tried about 65. The per cent. of convictions in homicide cases is about 27.

There were two lynchings in January, one near Sumter and one near Orangeburg. The Episcopal clergy, under instructions from the bishop, preached, Dec. 19, on the increase of crime in the State.

Attack on Mormons.-About three years ago some Mormon missionaries came to the State and made 50 or more converts in Kershaw and Fairfield Counties. No opposition appears to have been made at that time, but in July of this year their place of worship was burned by so-called regulators, and visits were made to houses of members of the Church, who were warned not to harbor any of the elders, most of whom are from Utah. Two of these were taken out and whipped. Other demonstra tions appear to have been confined to threats and the flourishing of guns and pistols. On complaint of the Mormons 24 persons were arrested and tried and acquitted.

Charleston.-A law of 1894 gave power to the Governor, the Secretary of State, and the Comptroller General to appoint a Board of Police Commissioners for any city or incorporated town, when they should deem it advisable and for the interest

of good government, their tenure of office to be coterminal with that of the appointing board; but the State board was authorized to discontinue the Board of Police Commissioners when, in their judgment, it was no longer needed. Nothing was done under the law for a year after its passage; then Gov. Evans made such appointments for Charleston, on the ground that it was necessary for the enforcement of the dispensary law. The board continued to exist until Oct. 1, when it was abolished by proclamation of the present Governor.

The city now has rapid transit, an electric railway having gone into operation in July.

A trade and commercial issue of the "News and Courier" in September makes a good showing for the business progress of the city. The amount transacted during the year was given as more than $75,000,000, an increase for the year of $8,000,000. There are now 244 feet of water from the city to the sea. The completion of the jetties "has made Charleston the most accessible and finest deep-water port on the South Atlantic coast."

The Dispensary.-The report of the Board of Control of the Dispensary for 1897 shows the receipts to have been $1,196,068.45, including a balance of $78,265.04 from 1896, and the disbursements $1,134,167.19, leaving a balance of $61,901.26. The amount placed to the credit of the school fund during the year was $146,443.

The dispensary has again this year occupied much of the public attention. Decisions given in the Federal courts have interfered with its success. In January the Supreme Court decided that those provisions of the law that forbid citizens of the State from importing liquors into the State for their own use are in contravention of the interstate commerce clause of the national Constitution, and therefore invalid.

This was a confirmation of the decision of the circuit court.

On Oct. 1 the Governor dismissed the entire force of constables, leaving the local authorities to enforce the law in the towns and cities, retaining only a few detectives to suppress "blind tigers" in the country.

The dispensary act makes it the duty of the State Board of Control to withhold their share of profits of the dispensary from any town or city in which the authorities do not enforce the law. So far the profits have been withheld from one town. Legislative Session.-The General Assembly met Jan. 12 and adjourned March 3. There were no Republicans in the Senate, and there was but one in the House. All the other 158 legislators were Democrats. Daniel K. Norris was president of the Senate, and Frank B. Gary Speaker of the House. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor were inaugurated Jan. 18.

Joseph H. Earle, who was chosen as the candidate for United States Senator at the Democratic primaries, was formally elected by the Legislature with but one opposing vote to succeed Senator Irby. James C. Klugh was elected judge of the circuit court to succeed Judge Earle.

First in importance, probably, of the measures passed was the income-tax bill. It provides that from and after Jan. 1, 1898, an annual tax shall be levied on the gains, gross products, and income received during the preceding year by every citizen, from any source whatever, where such income amounts to $2,500 or more. The tax is 1 per cent. on incomes from $2,500 to $5,000; 14 per cent. on those from $5,000 to $7,500; 2 per cent. from $7,500 to $10,000; 24 from $10,000 to $15,000; and 3 per cent. for all above $15,000. A like tax is to be collected from the profits of any business carried on in the State by persons residing outside of the

State, except such corporations as are specially exempted, provided that in estimating gains, profits, and income there shall not be included interest upon such bonds or securities of this State or of the United States the principal and interest of which are by the law of their issue exempt from taxation. The assessments are to be made by county officers.

The Governor sent a special message on the finances, Feb. 4, showing a deficiency in the general fund of $34,061.66 unprovided for. He suggested that the deficiency might be made up by increasing the levy or by providing for a graduated income tax and a graduated license tax. The income tax was decided upon as above, and by another act additional license fees were required from foreign insurance companies doing business in the State.

An act to prohibit trusts and combinations was passed.

Among bills affecting railroads were: Requiring common carriers to pay or refuse to pay all claims for loss, breakage, or other damage within sixty days from the time the claim is made; authorizing the Railroad Commissioners to require all railroads to erect depots, and to impose a penalty for their failure to do so when required; to limit the hours of labor of certain employees of horse-railway companies and electric-railway companies and other street-railway companies; to provide for the collection of due railroad taxes; amending and re-enacting the act to incorporate the South Carolina and Augusta Railroad; to make corporations liable for damages resulting to landowners from the wrongful obstruction of water courses; to provide a penalty on railroad companies owning, leasing, or operating competing railroad lines within the State, and to provide for recovery thereof; repealing the act of 1887 entitled "An Act to validate and confirm the consolidation of the Augusta, Edgefield and Newberry Railroad Company with the Northwestern Railroad Company"; to provide for the forfeiture of abandoned railway property; to incorporate the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of South Carolina and to authorize the consolidation of certain railroads under that name; to provide for the transportation by common carriers of bicycles.

The dispensary laws were amended so as to provide for the licensing and restricting of distilleries in the State, and to regulate the importing of liquors for personal use.

The free-school law of the State was amended. It was made a misdemeanor for any State or county officer to receive any rebate on schoolbooks or supplies or advertising; and pupils of the public schools are to be provided with text-books at actual cost.

Four new counties were established-Greenwood, Cherokee, Bamberg, and Dorchester-the propositions for creating them having received the required vote in the territory covered. Four others that were proposed-Dillon, Edisto, Salem, and Calhoun-had failed at the popular election. The laws on county government were amended by several acts.

One of the measures passed has for its object the keeping of actions out of the Federal courts and in the State courts as far as possible.

Other acts were:

To prevent the employment of other than convict labor on any State farm, and the prevention of the employment of convict labor on any private farm.

To exempt soldiers and sailors in the service of the State of South Carolina or of the Confederate States in the war between the States from taking out license as hawkers and peddlers required by statute.

To prescribe punishment for laborers who violate either written or verbal contracts after having received supplies.

To protect the Mongolian pheasant.

To authorize and empower the sheriffs to purchase and keep at the courthouse a pair of bloodhounds, for the purpose of tracking convicts and fugitive lawbreakers.

Prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons. Authorizing the Phosphate Commission to reduce and regulate the royalty on phosphate rock.

Requiring any insurance company or association to be possessed of $100,000 surplus, or in lieu thereof to have $100,000 on deposit with some State for the benefit of all policyholders, or in lieu thereof to deposit with the Treasurer of this State valid securities aggregating $10,000, said securities to be subject to any judgment against said companies, and such judgments shall operate as a lien on such securities.

To protect terrapin and oysters.

To regulate the appointment of receivers by the courts, restricting them in the exercise of their discretion, requiring due notice to be given, and providing that the costs of unnecessary receiverships be charged upon the persons asking for the appoint

ment.

To provide for the election of the State Board of Medical Examiners by the State Medical Association.

To provide for a laborers' lien.

To prohibit secret Greek-letter fraternities or any organizations of like nature in State institutions.

Among resolutions adopted by the House was one declaring that the United States should acknowledge the independence of the republic of Cuba.

Bills to repeal the free-pass law, and to require separate railway coaches for colored passengers, also an anti-cigarette act, were defeated in the Senate. United States Senator.-Joseph H. Earle, who was elected to succeed Senator Irby, died May 20. The Governor appointed John L. McLaurin to fill the vacancy till a successor should be chosen. Primaries were ordered for Aug. 31 to ascertain the choice of the people. The Democratic State Committee marked out a plan of campaign for two months, and the candidates made speeches in every county. They were J. L. McLaurin, Ex-Gov. Evans, Ex-Senator Irby, S. G. Mayfield, and J. T. Duncan, but the two last named withdrew after a short time. The canvass was most excited, and the speeches sometimes were bitterly personal. McLaurin was assailed as being a protectionist, having voted in favor of protective amendments to the Dingley tariff bill. The vote stood: McLaurin, 29,326; Evans, 11,375; Irby. 5,159.

SOUTH DAKOTA, a Western State, admitted to the Union Nov. 3, 1889; area, 77,650 square miles; population, according to the census of 1890, 328,808. Capital, Pierre.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Andrew E. Lee, Populist: Lieutenant Governor, Daniel T. Hindman, Republican; Secretary of State, William H. Roddle; Auditor, Henry E. Mayhew; Treasurer, Kirk G. Phillips; Attorney-General, Melvin Grigsby; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Frank Crane; Commissioner of School and Public Lands, John L. Lockhart; Railroad Commissioners, W. T. La Follette, Alexander Kirkpatrick, William H. Tompkins; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Dighton Corson; Associate Justices, Howard G. Fuller and Dick Haney; Clerk of the Supreme Court, Jessie Fuller.

Finances.-The balance in the State treasury, July 1, 1896, was $412,159.99. The receipts during the fiscal year, including balance of previous year,

warrants and transfer from the deficiency fund, were $800,072.55. The disbursements for the same period were $670,724.96, leaving a balance of $129,347.59.

The bonded indebtedness was reduced $126.600, leaving a total bonded indebtedness of $1,011,600, of which $99,000 bears interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum, $322,600 at 41 per cent., $362,500 at 4 per cent., and $227,500 at 31 per cent.

The assessment of the 2,798 miles of railroads, as equalized by the State board, was $9,124.700. The assessment on lands, as equalized, was $74,363,869; on town lots, $15.982,527: on personal property, $20,455,227. The total valuation of the telegraph companies operating in the State is $127,202; of express companies. $57,500; of telephone companies, $53,406. The total valuation of all assess able property is $120,175,431. The amount of taxes paid by railroads in 1896 was $239,366.69. The amount of taxes due the State from the counties on July 1, 1897, was $411,220.18.

Banks.-An abstract of the condition of the 29 banks doing business in the State on Dec. 17, 1896, shows a much stronger reserve on that date than on Oct. 6, the date of the last report, the increase being from 4002 to 4766 per cent. The principal items are as follow: Loans and discounts, $2.893,845; value of stocks, securities, banking houses, and other real estate, $1,229,260; due from other banks, $316,563; reserve on hand and deposited with reserve agents, $1,882,959, of which $347,850 was gold; total resources, $7,208,290. Liabilities: Capital stock, $1.835,000; surplus fund and undivided profits, $474,504; due to other banks, $315,054: deposits, $4,068,568; borrowed money, $46,500.

A later statement, issued in June, says that the 27 national banks, show total resources of $6,712,537, the loans and discounts being $2,919,716, and the reserve $1,484,486, of which the gold amounted to $326,045. The deposits were $3,841,916, and the average reserve held was 38:01 per cent.

Insurance. The business of outside fire insurance companies in South Dakota for 1896 amounted to $360,436 in premiums, against $163,445 in losses. Total risks taken, $13,421,835. The life losses paid during the year were about $141,000, with a total line of $1,200,000.

Education. The number of persons of school age June 30, 1896, was 87,991, of whom 74,602 were enrolled in the public schools. The number of schoolhouses provided for them was 3,633, and the number of teachers, 4.288. The total amount received from all sources for the support of the schools during the year was $1,688,433.33, of which $290,261.27 was balance remaining on hand July 1, 1895. The sum of $877,286.40 was received from district tax; $60,600.84 from sale of bonds within the year; $337,640.71 by apportionment; $122,644.11 from all other sources, including money in the county treasuries. The principal expenditures for the year were: For salaries of teachers, $749,087; for redemption of bonds, $82,004.42; for interest on outstanding bonds, $86,423.85. The cash in hands of district treasurers July 1, 1896, was $333,507.91; in the hands of the county treasurers, $76,655.32.

Judicial. A recent decision of the Supreme Court declares that the homestead is exempt from mechanics' liens under any conditions or circumstances. The same court declared that the actual cost of the construction of railroads had nothing to do with their value as assessable property, but that their power to earn income must be considered.

Mineral Wealth.-The first bulletin of the State Geological Survey was issued by the State Geologist, giving a comprehensive review of the topography and geological formations in South Dakota. The location and nature are described of the ores, earths, building stone, fuels, and water supplies.

Practically, all the gold comes from the Black Hills, and the yield per ton of ore is given at values ranging from $2.03 to $3.87. Placer mining has nearly ceased. The production of gold in the Black Hills for 1893 was $4,000.000; of silver, $181,527. The yield of gold in 1896 was $8,235,000, which was an increase of $3,325,000 over the output of the preceding year. The valuation of the silver and copper mined with the gold was placed at $1,000,000.

Extensive deposits of iron ore, which have not been developed, occur in the Black Hills. Copper deposits are extensive and numerous, and, like the iron, have not been developed. The average per cent. of these ores, as assayed by the School of Mines, is 35 per cent. copper, equal to 700 pounds of metal copper per ton, worth, at present rates, $112. Lead, manganese, nickel, and tin are also found in varying quantities.

Political. James H. Kyle was elected by joint ballot to succeed himself in the United States Senate. Local elections were held through the State on April 7, 1897.

SPAIN, a constitutional monarchy in southwestern Europe. The legislative power is vested in the Cortes, consisting of a Senate of 360 members and a Congress of 432 members. The Senate is composed half of life and official membersnamely, princes of the blood royal, grandees of Spain having an income of 60,000 pesetas, and the superior functionaries of state-and half of members elected for five years by corporate bodies and the highest taxpayers. The members of the Congress, or Chamber of Deputies, are elected for five years in the proportion of 1 deputy to 50,000 inhabitants by electoral colleges, the delegates to which are elected by all male Spaniards who have attained the age of twenty-five years.

The King is Alfonso XIII, born May 17, 1886, who succeeded his father, Alfonso XII. His mother, Maria Christina, daughter of Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, acts as Queen Regent during his minority. The ministry constituted on March 24, 1895, was composed in the beginning of 1897 of the following members: President of the Council, A. Canovas del Castillo; Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Duke of Tetuan; Minister of Justice, Count Tejeda de Valdesera; Minister of Finance, Juan Navarro de Reverter; Minister of War, Lieut.-Gen. de Azcarraga; Minister of Marine, Rear-Admiral José M. Beranger; Minister of the Interior, Fernando Cos-Gayon: Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, Aureliano Linares Rivas; Minister of the Colonies, Tomas Castellano.

Area and Population.-The area of Spain is 197,670 square miles. The population was estimated in 1892 at 17,974,323. Madrid, the capital, has about 500,000 inhabitants; Barcelona, 275,000; Valencia, 175,000; Sevilla, 145,000; Malaga, 135,000; Murcia, 100,000. The net emigration, which is mainly to Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine Republic, was 8,258 in 1892.

Finances.-There was a deficit of 21,969,007 pesetas, or francs, in 1896, one of 25,249,340 pesetas in 1895, one of 74,732,686 pesetas in 1894, and in previous years the accounts were also closed with large deficits. The budget for 1897 made the receipts 773,766,261 pesetas, and the expenditure 757,765,658, showing a surplus of 16,001,604 pesetas. To attain this funds were raised for expenditures classed as extraordinary by means of loans. The revenue is derived from direct taxes on lands, houses, live stock, industry, commerce, registration, titles of nobility, mortgages, and mineral products; from indirect taxes on imports, articles of consumption, and tolls on bridges, ferries, etc.; from the Government monopoly of tobacco, the mint, the lottery, etc.; and from income from Government property. For 1898 the ordinary revenue was estimated at 883,278,771 pesetas, and expenditure at 873,865,877 pesetas. The extraordinary budget for 1897 gave an expenditure of 236,106,000 pesetas, largely intended for naval development. In order to meet increased expenditures and 92,000,000 pesetas required for interest and redemption of the late loans guaranteed on the customs, Minister J. Navarro Reverter proposed a temporary surtax of 10 per cent. on all taxes and duties, with the exception of the land tax, which was estimated to produce 20,000,000 pesetas; additional taxation in the colonies to the extent of 32,000,000 pesetas; and a loan of 40,000,000 pesetas guaranteed by a projected petroleum monopoly, whereby the exclusive privilege of dealing in this commodity would be granted for twenty years. In case the colonies should fail to raise their quota, the deficiency would be made good out of the proceeds of another loan secured on a similar monopoly of gunpowder and explosives. In order to meet the extraordinary expenditure, the minister proposed another loan guaranteed by the lease of the Almaden quicksilver mines and an increase in navigation dues to the extent of 12,000,000 pesetas a year. The extraordinary expenditure for 1898 was placed at 227,000,000 pesetas, more than half of which was for naval and military expenditure. A Philippine loan of 140,000,000 pesetas, guaranteed by the Philippine customs and also by the customs of the Peninsula and paying 6 per cent. interest, was issued at 92 in July, 1897.

The external debt was on June 20, 1896, stated to be 1,971,151,000 pesetas; the perpetual internal debt, 2,350,808,300 pesetas; redeemable internal loans, 1,619,500,000 pesetas; total, 5,941,459,300

pesetas, not including a floating debt of 450,000,000 pesetas nor the Cuban debt. In 1897 the total public debt was stated to be 8,911,000,000 pesetas, including the Cuban debt of upward of 1,750,000,000 pesetas. An internal loan of 400,000,000 pesetas was obtained in November, 1896, for the purpose of paying off pressing obligations to the Bank of Spain and providing for the continuance of the war in Cuba.

The Army.-All able-bodied Spaniards are liable to serve in the army. The annual contingent was fixed by the law of Dec. 16, 1891, at 80,000 men. The period of active service is three years, beginning at the age of nineteen. After their term of active service has expired the soldiers are inscribed in the first reserve for three years, and then for six years in the second reserve. The effective strength of the regular army on the peace footing in 1896 was 128,183 men, divided into 64,190 infantry, 14,376 cavalry, 11,744 artillery, 5,294 engineers, 1,500 administrative troops, 900 in the medical service, 1,296 royal guards, 14,697 gendarmes, and 14,186 customhouse guards. By the royal decree of May 20, 1897, the strength of the army in Spain was fixed for the year ending June 30, 1898, at 100,140 men, while the forces in Cuba and the Philippines would be maintained at a strength to be determined by the eventualities of war. The war strength of the regular army in 1897 was stated to be 132,000 infantry, 17.156 cavalry, 12,166 artillery, 11,027 engineers, 11,140 administrative troops, and 483 surgeons; total, 183,972 men, with 14,250 horses and mules and 590 field guns. Between November, 1895, and May, 1897, there were sent to Cuba 13 expeditions, comprising 181,738 men, 6,261 officers, 40 generals, 212,542 rifles, 91 field guns, 12 quick-firing guns, 92,088,670 cartridges, and 29,500 shells; to the Philippines were sent 27,768 soldiers, 881 officers, 9 generals, 43,100 rifles, 24 guns, 21,726,585 cartridges, and 30,604 shells.

The Navy. The Spanish navy in 1897 possessed two battle ships. The "Cristobal Colon," launched in 1896, has a displacement of 6,840 tons, engines of 14,000 horse power, and an armament of 40 guns, with 4 torpedo-ejectors. The "Pedro d'Aragon," of the same model, was under construction. The Pelayo," launched at La Seyne in 1887, of 9,900 tons displacement, with 6,800 horse power and a speed of 158 knots, with a belt of armor 18 inches thick over the vital parts and 11 inches on the barbettes, carries 2 12-inch guns in turrets fore and aft, 1 11-inch gun in a barbette on either side, a 6-inch gun in the bow, and a battery of 6 44-inch guns on each broadside. There are 6 first-class armored cruisers, launched between 1890 and 1893, but not all ready for service. Five of these, the "Almirante Oquendo," Cardenal Cisneros," "Infanta Maria Teresa," "Princesa de Asturias," and "Vizcaya," have each a displacement of 7,000 tons, 13,000 horse power, and 20 knots nominal speed, a belt of 12-inch steel armor and 8-inch armor over the gun implacements, and an armament of 2 11-inch guns mounted in barbette turrets fore and aft, and a battery of 5 54-inch guns on each side. A more powerful cruiser is the "Emperador Carlos V," resembling the Russian "Rurik," and having a displacement of 9,235 tons, engines of 15,000 horse power, and a more complete secondary armament, The first-class cruisers "Numancia" and "Vitoria" are old vessels fitted with new boilers and modern armaments. The second-class deck-armored cruisers "Alfonso XIII" and "Lepanto," of 4,800 tons displacement, with engines of 12,000 horse power, designed for a speed of 20 knots, have their armament disposed in a model manner. The unfinished armored cruiser "Cataluña," of 6,648 tons and engines of 15,000 horse power, will carry 23

guns and 18 torpedo-ejectors. Of smaller cruisers and gunboats Spain has 28 that are capable of making 12 knots or better, and 71 of less speed. Of the former there are five of the "Infanta Isabel" class, of 1,130 tons displacement, and a speed of 14 knots. Next after these in importance are three torpedo gunboats, not yet completed, of the type of the English "Sharpshooter." Of gunboats there were 10 fitted with torpedo tubes, besides 3 that were unfinished, of 600 tons on the average, 4 of 500 tons, 7 of the first class under 250 tons, 28 of the second class, and 41 of the third class. The torpedo fleet included 2 torpedo-boat chasers, 20 torpedo boats of the first class, 3 of the second class, 4 vedette boats, 1 torpedo school-ship, and 4 not yet completed destroyers, besides 2 more ordered in England.

The personnel of the navy in 1896 comprised 1 admiral, 6 vice-admirals, 15 rear admirals, 20 captains of first-class and 41 captains of second-class vessels, 87 commanders, 100 lieutenants of firstclass and 258 of second-class vessels, 224 ensigns, 658 employees, 64 pilots, 14,000 sailors, and 9,000 marines. The navy is recruited by conscription among the seafaring population.

Communications.-The railroads open to traffic in 1896 had a total length of 7,628 miles.

The length of telegraph lines in 1894 was 23,636 miles, with 59,247 miles of wire. The number of messages was 5,962,339, including 3,812,544 internal, 1,988,300 international, and 161,495 service dispatches. The receipts were 8,090,296 pesetas. The post office in 1895 forwarded in the internal service 82,543,000 letters, 669,000 postal cards, 48,801,000 newspapers, circulars, and parcels, and 137,000 money letters of the value of 169,834,000 pesetas; in the international service 20,439,000 letters, 408,000 postal cards, 20,144,000 newspapers, etc., and 48,000 money letters of the value of 32,059,000 pesetas; and in transit 184,000 letters and 50.000 newspapers and parcels. The receipts were 23,900,627 pesetas; expenses, 11,132,144 pesetas.

Commerce. The total value of the imports in 1895 was 838,500,000 pesetas, and of the exports 804,942,000 pesetas. The imports of cotton were 78,568,000 pesetas in value; coal, 46,580,000 pesetas; timber, 44,281,000 pesetas; tobacco, 40,914,000 pesetas; wheat, 32,428,000 pesetas; salt fish, 27,518,000 pesetas; animals, 24,803,000 pesetas; machinery, 24,510,000 pesetas; chemicals, 22,945,000 pesetas; sugar, 19,003,000 pesetas; iron, 18,513,000 pesetas; ships, 16,180,000 pesetas; coffee, 15,293,000 pesetas; wool, 14.291,000 pesetas; silks, 14,124,000 pesetas; woolens, 14,014,000 pesetas; cacao, 13,309,000 pesetas; linen yarn, 12.188,000 pesetas; petroleum, 8.576.000 pesetas; silk, 8,024,000 pesetas; cotton goods, 6,668,000 pesetas. The exports of wine were valued at 122,235,000 pesetas; iron, 46,577,000 pesetas; lead, 44,128,000 pesetas; cotton goods, 43,384,000 pesetas; copper, 43,341,000 pesetas; oranges, 42,240,000 pesetas; boots and shoes, 25,695,000 pesetas; animals, 23,977.000 pesetas; cork, 22,085,000 pesetas; olive oil, 17.771,000 pesetas; raisins, 15,996,000 pesetas; wool, 14,278,000 pesetas; wheat flour, 12,937.000 pesetas; almonds, 11,807,000 pesetas; hides and skins, 10,595,000 pesetas; grapes, 10,271,000 pesetas; paper, 7,982,000 pesetas; quicksilver, 7,446,000 pesetas; esparto, 6,269,000 pesetas. Spanish industry was disastrously affected by the rebellions in Cuba and the Philippines. Half the mills in Catalonia were closed in 1897, causing much misery, which would have been more apparent had there not been such a drain on the working popula tion to supply recruits for the armies in the field. In the country villages, too, the farm work was to a great extent left for the women and old men to do. The stoppage of work and scarcity of food caused