1758. ADVICE to the FRENCH. litary virtues, and the manly exercises, may become fashionable, and the nation, which now feems immersed in debauchery, and corruption, may think ferioutly, and be once more, what it has often been, the terror of Europe. This is not an unnatural fuppofition. They easily glide from one extreme to another. It is their natural temper, and their whole hiftory is one continued proof of it. Again he says: Our paft conduct has, to all intents and purposes, really united Scotland to England. They now fupply them abundantly, with good officers, and hardy foldiers. They furnish numbers for the fea; for their mariners increase, by the vast increase of their trade. Their commerce is an additional ftrength to England, as more channels, are opened for the entrance of wealth, which infenbly finds its way to the heart of the kingdom, and from thence diffufes itfelf into every part. 25 amufements of elections, party, and faction. Give them peace; and their minifters, muit be directed by popular clamour, which we can always excite, and encou rage. A Give them peace; and their navy, will once more he laid up to rot, and their feamen and artificers, once more be turned over to us. Give them peace; and the greatest part of their army will foon be reduced, and the fmall remains, under the conduct of B a lefs able general than the prefent, will become a meer militia in pay. C D Give them peace; and we shall not fear the defection of one, or two of our prefent allies, which would ruin our prefent fyftem. Give them peace; and they will never think of fchemes for increafing their people, or for making every part of their dominions, of real ufe to every other. Purfue fteadily this plan for fifteen or twenty years, constantly directing the riches of the kingdom, to the raifing a navy, equal or fuperior to England, and then, and not till then, fhall we be able to ftrike the Blow, we have for above a century been meditating. Gentlemen, be not offended. I think as I fpeak, and I write what I think. My ftile may be odd, but my matter is true. Defpife not good advice, tho' given To the AUTHOR, &c. This blow to the interest of France is ftruck, and is now unavoidable; but even this is trivial, to what we should fuffer if the English extended the fame conduct, to the large and fertile kingdom of Ireland. What should we fay, if partiality and prejudice fubfided, and that, That kingdom, was viewed in a juft light, and made the proper and natural ufe of? A continuance of the war, will drive England into that expedient. She would then grant them a free commerce, which E by an Old Seaman. would infinitely increase her own revenues. She would then have well furnished docks on the weit of that island, and fleets there ready, in a moment, for all expeditions. PON reading monfieur Chabert's She would then ruin our woollen manuvoyage, to the coafts of Newfoundfactures, (which now ruin her) as it land, Cape-Breton, and Nova Scotia, [a would then be impoffible for us to ob- F work which does honour to the officers, tain materials. She would then triple of the French marine, and deferves imitathe number of her fubjects there, and tion, in more refpects than one] I find would difcover, that the more she confines that he defcribes the feas in this part of the trade of Ireland, the more the enlarges the world, as perpetually stormy or foggy; ours, and ruins her own. She would then with fuch fhort interpofitions of ferene furnish the Irish, with the means of affift- weather, as fcarce deferve to be mening and relieving her wants, and the Gtioned: And herein Charlevoix agrees would then do all this, and infinitely more, perfectly with him. But there is a very chiefly at the expence of France. remarkable peculiarity, which is constantly to be obferved, on the great bank of Newfoundland. When you approach the edges of it from Europe, the fea is perpetually ftormy, the waves roar, and their agitation is violent, and the atmosphere, is covered with a cold thick fog: But when you are got well upon the bank, the fea is calm, as in other places, and more to than in other places in thefe inhofpitable regions, and the air is more ferene: Infomuch, that the failors regard The general weaknefs, and fupineness, that for ever attends immoderate wealth and luxury, hides from the English, the knowledge of their own ftrength real power, and true intereft. Suffer them not to relapfe into virtue and understanding. Plange them not too deep into difficulties, and they will never emerge from folly into real wifdom. And he concludes, thus: Give them peace; and they will foon return, to their January, 1758. H D the 26 Salutary HINTS in relation to our CRUIZERS. the bank as a port; and when the wind is rough there, they fay proverbially, it must be very bad weather without; and when they go off from the bank, they call it going from home. Jan. from Europe pafs by: And being recom→ menced in June, by frefh fhips from home, [the former being gone to ftrengthen the ftation of Nova Scotia] it fhould continue to the end of the fea campaign : For, excepting one grand convoy, the To apply this morfel of natural history, which I take to be very well afcertained. A French hazard every thing elfe in fmall I think it is evident from hence, that fhips The traverfe from Europe is always rough and difagreeable; the wind is perpetually contrary, the currents to fouth are frong, near the banks the fky is feldom ferene, but ftormy or foggy: So that veffels, in this paffage, keep together with difficulty, compute their courfe with confiderable uncertainty, and need to make Cape Raze in Newfoundland, or fome point thereabouts, to adjust their points and reckoning: And here, a few good fhips would put an end to their perplexities, by conducting them, or many of them, fafe to St. John's: If to avoid this danger, they kept out of reach, to the fouthward, they would run into the cruize from Halifax. As I fuppofe the cruize from St. John's to be only fubordinate, in time and in force, to another from Halifax, the former fhould commence early in March, and continue to the beginning of May; and be fufpended, while the great fleets E F fleets of tranfports, unguarded, and at all feafons; content if one in three arrives fafe. Our marine services are fo numerous and extenfive, that every particular cannot be attended to, as it deferves, unless we could cover the whole ocean with our fleets: Tho' I am informed that, by ditributing our feamen more judiciously, we might send out many more fhips than we do. One third of a hip's complement of able bodied feamen, or at most half, is fufficient for the navigation and management of any fhip; other men would do full as well at the guns, and for small arms : Be this, however, as it will; the dexterity ufed in the conduct of the French marine, baffles all our counfels, vigilance and numbers; their skill is all employed to fave their fhips, and yet preferve their moft important fettlements; and they have hitherto, more than fucceeded in most parts: But in the feas I am speaking of, the neceffity of military operations forces them to hazard every thing, and here we should prepare to meet them in the most effectual manner. If we only endeavour to be before them from Europe, and fail in great fleets, incumbered with tranfports, in the fpring, we shall eternally be difappointed: For they can be ready as foon as we; the fame winds with which we can fail, carry them out; and Breft is at leaft three days fail nearer to America than Portsmouth, and as near as Plymouth, the proper and full ufe of which port we do not yet comprehend. It were eafy to enlarge on the usefulnefs of the meafure propofed: For every thing that is right, has a various ufefulnefs connected with it. A fishery of G more value than the mines of Peru, would be effectually protected; and the loaded fhips, at the clofe of the year, convoyed home, or to the places of their destination. Operations, feemingly independent, would be rendered relative, and lefs fubject to difappointment; as a failure in Hone part would probably be recompenced by fuccefs in another; and, upon the whole, the defired effect would be produced, or very much promoted. I might here extend this reflection, and fhew how the exertion of our naval force would be rendered ftronger, by fending fmall 1758. NATURE of BREA D. finall fquadrons to Africa, and fo to the Eat or Welt Indies, and after fome operations in each part, then to come home as convoys, or go to North-America; where New-York, the most important poft in all the continent, even more fo than Alexandria in Virginia, might be made to afford a commodious dock, to repair, refit or careen, and a fure plenty of fresh or fait provifions, cheaper, and more wholefome than diftiller's pork, &c. can, yield. Fleets, &c. likewife fitted out here, in August, might do fomething more than eruize in the Welt-Indies till the end of January, and then go northward, to reap further laurels with their countrymen, in America, before any confiderable armament from Europe could arrive to throw difficulties in the way. A B 27 den death has fnatched off the healthy after meals, in a manner new to the phyfician, and terrible to the furvivors. Infants have pined thro' tedious illneffes; and complaints, at other times as easy to remove as they are hafty to come on, in their tender frames, appear now obftinate and unconquerable. Thefe exaggerations of fymptoms, more frequent illneffes, and fudden deaths, have kept time with the adulteration of bread, and have encreafed with it; all the fymptoms have correfponded with the nature of bread; and in fudden deaths, the catastrophe has come on fo immediately upon eating a large quantity of it, that itis ftrange the caule has not been feen as univerfally, as it has been strongly marked in certain inftances. This caufe appears; and there can be As there are feveral officers, in each affigned no other. It is natural that bread, large fhip, who rank with captains and C fophifticated with fuch ingredients as majors of the land forces, it might be are known now to be used in it, thould made the duty, and a neceffaly qualifica- produce these fymptoms; and as there tion, in tune of peace at least, for some cannot be any other produced, it is just to of them, to be trained up in the arts of lay it to the charge of this. The ingredia field-officer in the land fervice, and en- ents added to flour are, in general, fix; 1. gineering, as well as navigation; and, Bean-meal. 2. Chalk 3. Whiting. 4. Slaked what ought to be its infeperable atten- Lime. 5. Alum; and, 6. Ashes of bones. dants, practical geometry and astronomy. The firft, bean-flour, is perfectly innoBy this regulation, added to the other be- cent; experiments have fhewn it to afford forementioned, of increafing the number a nourishment fuperior even to that of of marines, and leffening that of failors, wheat But there is a toughnefs in beanevery finall fquadron might carry a good flour, and its colour is dufky: This mixbatalion of troops, be ftrengthened with ture thereof hurts the colour and confifa úmall bomb-ketch, and attended with a tence of the flour, and to recover thefe, good ftore-ship, and be provided with other less innocent ingredients are added, proper officers to conduct them where the chalk to whiten it again, and alum to weakness of the enemy left room for any give it that confiftence which is neceffary attempts, or small defcents. Thus might to make it knead well in the dough. Of numberless operations be fet on foot at all the mixtures made with flour for bread, the fame time, and with the fame expence, this of the bean is the only one that can and be rendered fubfervient to one another, F be pardoned; the reft tend manifeftly to and to the great end of procuring a fud- hurt the conftitution, and often occafion den, folid and lafting peace, by effectually immediate death. diftreffing our enemies wherever they lay open to an attack. I am, &c. D E [See the Map, at p.360, in ourVol. for 1755.] "Ion, I have never feen fuch havock : The doctor afterwards fays, that, left the aftringent quality of bread fhould give a fufpicion of a mixture of chalk, lime, and alum in its compofition, the bakers, by advice of fome of those who pretend to medical knowledge, because they have fwept an apothecary's fhop, or ferved behind the counter of a retail chymift, add another ingredient, namely, jalap. Hence we fee infants carried off by obftinate coftiveness, or unconquerable diarrhæas, as the carelefs fervant to the baker mixes the ingredients. He next proceeds to lay down the method of difcovering bad bread of feveral kinds. The regular method to detect the fraud is this: Cut off the cruft from a loaf, and fetting that afide, cut the crumb into JEWISH BELIEF of the FUTURE STATE. Jan. very thin flices: Break thefe, but not very However the authors of the Monthly and finall, and put them into a glafs cucurbit, Critical Reviews have declared their apwith a large quantity of water. Set this, probation of this in very strong terms; without fhaking, in a fand furnace, and and for this I blame them not. Every let it ftand, with a moderate warmth, for man must judge for himfelf. Thefe in24 hours. The crumb of the bread will, genious writers fhall find no one more in this time, foften in all its parts, and the A ready to concur with them, in their apingredients will feparate from it. The plaufe of this piece than their very humble alum will diffolve in the water, and may fervant, if they shall give a clear and fabe extracted from it in the ufual way. The tisfactory folution of the difficulties I am jalap, if any have been used, will swim going to propole. upon the top in a coarfe film, and the other ingredients, being heavy, will fink quite to the bottom. These are the principal; and the pap being poured off, there will remain the chalk, bone-afhes, or whatfoever else was ufed, in a white powder at the bottom. This is the best and the most regular method of finding the deceit; but as cucurbits and fand furnaces are not at hand in private families, C there is a more familiar method. Let the crumb of a loaf be fliced as before directed, and put with a great quantity of water into a large earthen pipkin. Let this be fet over a very gentle fire, and kept a long time moderately hot; and the pap being poured off, the bone-afhes, or other ingredients, will be found at the bottom. The known and wilful adulteration of bread certainly deferves heavy punishment, but the fource of this is the abuse of thofe who ingrofs and raife the price of corn. From this, the mealmen are tempted more and more to adulterate the flour; and the E baker acts but a third part, tho' perhaps the greatest and most inexcufable of all, in this general abuse and oppreffion." To the AUTHOR of the LONDON SIR, The dean of Bristol contends, that a future ftate was not revealed at all to the B ancient Jews. I fhall not concern myself with his particular hypothefis at prefent. Dr. Stebbing and Dr. Sykes, in their writings against him, do warmly and ftrenuoully maintain, that this doctrine was not intended to be the fanction of any part of the Mofaic law. The fame thing had been as pofitively affirmed by Epifcopius, Grotius, bihop Bull, and the prefent bifhop of London, with many other celebrated writers, both at home and abroad. However, as the point is not to be determined by the authority of man, but by the teftimony of fcripture, I have no thought D of infifting on the lanction of thefe great names, but will proceed to confider the reasons which induced these writers to conclude, that a future ftate was not intended to be the sanction of any branch of the Mofaic law. Upon looking into the written law, they did not find that this doctrine was inculcated in it, in plain, direct, and explicit terms, but couched only in remote and diftant intimations. Hence they inferred, that it could not be defigned for the fanction of any part of the Mofaic fyftem of Freligion, fince diflant intimations of fo very capital and important an article as its jonction, would be an eternal blemish and difgrace to any fyftem of this fort, Thus thefe great writers adopted Mr. Addington's fecond propofition; and, in confequence of this adoption, held themselves obliged to reject the first, or to deny the fanétion of a future ftate to branch every of the Mofaic law. very important and interesting question, fhall excite you, or any of your correfpondents, to favour the publick with their fentiments on the argument here proposed, they will fully anfwer the purpofe and in- G tention of your conftant reader, and obedient humble fervant, H. COLEPEPER. Tvanced by Mr. Addington, are, 1. That a future ftate was appointed to be the fanction of the moral part of the Mosaic Law. 2. That this doctrine was delivered to the ancient Jews under diflant intimations, and not revealed to them in plain, open, and express terms. These two pofitions feem to me to be evidently incomgatible, H They feem to have reckoned it a kind of axiom, that the promises and threatenings annexed to a religious covenant, ought to be mentioned in the most clear, precife, and determinate language; fo that it should not be possible for the most ignorant and illiterate of the common people not to fee, or to mifapprehend them. Promiffa, præfertim fæderi annexa, debent effe clara ac diferta, & ejufmodi, ut ab utraque parte ftipulante intelligi poffint. Promiffa autem hæc typica * Vide the Reviews for June and July laft, generalia, HOR. ODE I. illucidated. 1758. If thefe typical and general promifes, And, does not common fenfe fay the fame thing? For, let us reflect, that fyftems of religion are defigned for the body of the people. Now, is it reafonable, or proper, to leave the grofs and unthinking multitude with nothing more than diftant intimations of the fanctions of the religion C under which they are appointed to live? Can you produce any inftance of a written fyftem of religion, whofe fanctions are not laid down in the moft circumftantial, precise, and exact manner, unless in the new difcovered iflands of Pantagruel? The fanctions are the great motive and D inducement, which are to promote and encourage the obfervance of the religious fyftem. Now it seems evident, from the nature and reafon of the thing, that men ought to be as well informed of the motives which are to promote and encou rage their obedience, as of the duties which are to be practifed and obferved by them. The doctrine of a future ftate, therefore, thould have been delivered in the Jewish law with the fame perfpecuity and clearness, as the knowledge of the one true God, and the worship and fervice due unto him, and required by him. [To be concluded in our next.] To the AUTHOR of the LONDON SIR, IN TN a club I belong to, our converfation happened lately to turn upon the first ode of Horace, when I fuggefted a method of pointing and reading that ode, which the company feemed to be pleased with; therefore I have fent it to you, that, if you think proper, you may give it to your raders. MA AEcenas atavis edite regibus, O et praefidium; et dulce decus meum: 29 Hunc, fi mobilium turba Quiritium By this method of pointing the third, fourth, fifth, and fixth lines, may mean two forts of people, one fort, fuch as deE light in contending at the Olympick gaines; and the other fort, kings, and fovereign princes, who delight in victories and triumphs. And as there is some fort of connection between these two forts, I put a colon only after rotis, and a point or full ftop after Deos. The 7th and 8th lines F point out an ambitious man, who delights in honours and preferments conferred by the people; and the 9th and 10th point out an avaricious man, who delights in heaping up goods or money; and as there is a fort of connection, or, if you will, an oppofition between these two, G therefore I put a colon only after honoribus, and a point after areis. The 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th lines, defcribe a hufbandman or farmer, who delights in agriculture, and is frightened at giong to fea; and the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th, a merchant, who praises eafe, and a country Hlife, but, after fhipwreck, ventures again to fea, because he cannot bear poverty; and, as there is a plain oppofition between these two, I put a colon only after mare, a point after pati, and a femicolon only after fui, becaufe what follows, in the 17th and 18th lines, relates ftill to the merchant. Bibop Bull's Harmonia Apoftolica, Differt. Pofter. c. 10. fect. 8. p. 474. ↑ Reasonableness of Chriflianity, p. 8. |