also active supporters of Cæsar; and give instances of Cæsar's activity and daring at this eventful crisis. 18. Where was the decisive battle fought? Describe it, and relate the sad fate of Pompey, with the date. 19. What country did Cæsar next conquer, and what famous woman did he meet there? Veni, vidi, vici-on what occasion, and by whom, were these words used? Who commanded against him in Africa, and slew himself when all was over? 20. On Cæsar's return to Rome, he celebrated four triumphs-in what year and for what conquests were they? With what authority was he now invested, and what was his tragic end, with the date? 21. Name the leading conspirators, and give an account of Cæsar's assassination. See Cæsar's Commentaries; Sallust and Cicero; also, Keightley's History of Rome. C.-Antony and Augustus. (B. C. 44-31.) 22. Describe Cæsar's funeral, the tumult which arose, and caused the assassins to fly from Rome. 23. Who was now the leader of the friends of Cæsar? Also, who was Cæsar's heir, and for a time looked upon as the leader of the aristocratic party? What relation was he to Cæsar? What compact was formed by these two, and who else was associated with them to form the second triumvirate? 24. In the proscription which ensued, what famous Roman fell? Give instances of the cruelty and heartlessness of the triumvirs. 25. Meanwhile, what were the assassins of Cæsar doing? Who were the two leaders? Where were the battles fought which decided their fate, and what was their end? Give also the date. 26. Give an account of Antony's misconduct and folly after these victories. 27. What domestic connexion was now formed between Antony and Augustus? How was this dissolved, and what were the consequences? 28. Where was the battle fought which decided the fate of the Roman world? Describe it, giving the date. What was the end of Antony, and of Cleopatra ? 29. Who was Adherbal? Catulus? Cinna? Spartacus? Lucullus ? Tigranes? Julia? Afranius? Juba? Achillas? Clodius and Milo? Sextus Pompey? Decimus Brutus? Hirtius and Pansa? Fulvia? Agrippa and Mæcenas? Horace? Virgil? Ovid? Livy ? See Keightley's History of Rome. 11. ROMAN EMPERORS. IV. (B. C. 30—A.D. 180.) 1. Who was the first emperor of Rome? Give the name and date of the battle which put him in possession of the Roman world. Also, distinguish between "Imperator Augustus" and "Augustus Imperator." 2. What wars were carried on in his reign; and what nations subdued? Who commanded his armies, and who were his political advisers? 3. Give some account of his family, his three wives, his daughter Julia, and her children, with their end. State who were Tiberius and Drusus Nero. 4. As Augustus had no son, who was at first adopted as heir to the empire? Who was he, and what was his end? In what poem is allusion made to him? 5. Who was finally adopted as successor to Augustus ; and in what year did Augustus die? What are said to have been his last words? 6. Give some account of the previous life and character of Tiberius. 7. Who was Germanicus? What military exploits did he perform; and what was his end? 8. Whom did the emperor appoint as prime minister; and what plan did he carry out for his own advantage? 9. Give a short account of the miserable life and death of this emperor, with the date of his death. 10. Who was the third emperor; by what name is he generally known; and why is this appellation given to him? Give some account of his wickedness and folly, naming the date of his death. 11. Who was appointed fourth emperor; and in what state was the government at this time? State the circumstances of his death, giving the date. 12. Who now succeeded by the influence of his mother? Who had been his tutor; and how did he reign at first? 13. What fearful crimes did he afterwards commit, and what extravagant follies? Describe his end, giving the date. 14. What calamity befel Rome in this reign; and who were persecuted for having caused it? Who especially suffered martyrdom ? 15. Of what Roman family had all these emperors been, and what was the character of the "gens"? Mention any circumstances about them at an earlier period of Roman history. 16. Name the next three emperors in order. Who then succeeded, and in what year? 17. What famous city was besieged and taken in this reign by his son, and future successor? In what year ? 18. Write an account of the siege, capture, and fate of the city. 19. Who is characterised as "amor et deliciæ generis humani"? 20. What dreadful volcanic eruption took place in the reign of Titus? Describe it, and give the date. 21. Who succeeded Titus? Give an account of him, and the date of his death. 22. Name the next five emperors, by whom the Roman people were well and peaceably governed. 23. Give some especial account of Trajan and his exploits, with the date of his succession. State also what memorable correspondence passed in this reign. 24. Write the life and character of (a) Hadrian, and (6) Antoninus Pius. 25. Draw a map of the Roman empire at this time, or write a list of the countries, with the boundaries of the empire. 26. Who were Agrippa and Mæcenas? Sejanus? Messalina? Caractacus? Agrippina? Josephus? Tacitus ? Seneca ? Juvenal? Pliny? See Keightley's History of the Roman Empire. Quintilian? 24 SECTION III.-MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 1. THE EASTERN OR BYZANTINE EMPIRE. 1. WHO founded Constantinople; and what is the date of its inauguration? On the site of what ancient city was it built? 2. Give a short account of the advantages of position, &c., which this city possesses. 3. Name the important events in the life of its founder. At his death, who succeeded him? 4. Give some account of (a) Julian, and (b) Theodosius. 5. At the death of this last emperor, the empire was divided,-name the two emperors, and the date of their accession. 6. Name the boundaries of the Eastern empire, and write a list of the countries comprised within it. 7. What barbarian tribes continually harassed the empire, and how were the emperors accustomed to deal with them? 8. Give the date of the accession of Justinian. Who was his famous general, and what conquests did he effect? 9. What famous legal compilation was drawn up in this reign? 10. What religious movement in the East led to the overthrow of the Eastern empire; and in what state was the empire at this time (i.e. in the seventh century) ? 11. In what year was Mahomet born; and to what Roman emperor did he send a message? 12. Give some account of the successive conquest of the provinces of the Eastern empire by the Saracens. 13. How were the invaders repulsed in their several attempts upon Constantinople? Describe some of the effects of the chemical composition used by the Greeks. 14. What was the extent of the Byzantine empire at the time of the Crusades? Who was then emperor; and in what year were the Crusaders at Constantinople? 15. What was effected by the army who composed the (so called) fourth Crusade? Whom did they put on the throne? In what year ? 16. What power aided in this conquest, and shared in the spoils ; and how long did the Latin empire last? 17. Who restored the Byzantine empire? Of what dynasty was he; and what power aided him? In what year was he made emperor? 18. Of what extent was the empire now? Give some particulars of the emperor and people. 19. Give an account of the last siege of Constantinople by the Mahometans, and its fall, with the date. 20. Who was Narses? Eudoxia? Commena? Theodora Pulcheria? Anna See "Handbook of Mediaval History," by Pütz, translated by the 2. THE WESTERN EMPIRE AND THE BARBARIANS. 1. What great family occupied Western Europe during the time of the growth of the Roman state, and what other more Eastern nation seems to have gradually pressed them onward? 2. When did the Romans first come into collision with the firstnamed family, and under what circumstances? 3. Give some further account of this irruption upon Italy, and of Brennus and Camillus; and also of the simultaneous invasion of the Eastern peninsula. 4. Describe a second irruption of barbarians, and their conquest by Marius, with the date; giving the names of the tribes. 5. What name was given by the Romans to the country south-east of the Alps? And to that west and north-west? Also, what river bounded this last-named country on the east? 6. By what famous Roman general was this Western country subdued and the country annexed to the Roman empire; and in what year was this conquest completed? 7. What general name is given to the nation who occupied Central and Eastern Europe; and what natural characteristics of form, character, &c. distinguished them from the Celts or Gauls? 8. What was the result of the Roman attempts upon the Goths or Germans in the reign of Augustus; and what German tribes had previously been conquered by Julius Cæsar? 9. What third family from the East pressed upon the Goths, and |