10. Give instances of incorrect or affected pronunciations of English words, in illustration of the right long and short forms of vowels.

11. Explain the word diphthong; and distinguish one letter representing two combined sounds, and two letters used to express one sound, with one or more instances of each.

12. Thus, show why au and oo are not diphthongs, and thus explain what is a true diphthong. Also, are I (pronounced ei) and ou diphthongs?

13. Show the combined sounds in oi, ai, and u (as in unit), and give instances of each.

14. Show distinctly the two vowel-sounds heard in the words wheat, white, wound, woke.

15. Write words in any language expressing the combined sound, with each (if possible) of the above six elementary sounds,→→

A. The six long sounds.

B. The short sounds.

16. Show distinctly the two vowel-sounds heard in yield, yoke, youth. 17. Write words in any language expressing the combined sound with each of the above six vowel-sounds,

A. Long.

B. Short.

See "System of Phonography," by Isaac Pitman, Bath.

2. CONSONANTS. II.

1. Explain the word consonant.

2. What is the simplest consonant that can be formed by merely pressing together and then opening the lips? Explain its name, labial. 3. What does the sound become if the lips are more heavily pressed together, or more forcibly opened?

4. If, while the lips are being compressed, a little air is allowed to escape, what letter is uttered; and how is this sound expressed in Greek?

5. What letter in Latin and English expresses this sound more heavily or forcibly uttered; and what letter in ancient Greek (afterwards disused) is thought to have expressed this sound?

6. Explain the words tenuis, medial, aspirate, and medial-aspirate, applied to these four letters respectively.

7. Again, what simple consonant is formed by pressing the tongue upon the palate at the roots of the teeth? Explain the name dental. *. Name the medial of this letter.

9. How is the aspirate of this letter expressed in Greek, and by what letters is it expressed in Latin and English?

10. Name English words expressing the light and heavy (i. e. slender and forcible) utterance of this aspirate letter.

11. Again, what third simple consonant is formed in the throat? Explain its name guttural.

12. What Greek letter expresses the medial form of this letter; and what English and Latin letter?

13. How is the aspirate of this letter expressed in Greek? Why is ch, as in church, not the aspirate of k? Is this sound ever used in Latin or English, or in any dialect of the British islands?

14. Give instances of words expressing this aspirate sound and its medial form.

15. Write down the letter or letters expressing these three simple sounds in their four conditions:*

A. Labials.

B. Dentals.

C. Gutturals.

16. Name words in English, Latin, or Greek, expressing these twelve sounds respectively.

17. Give instances of incorrect or imperfect pronunciation, illustrating the similarity of root in the three cases. (A. B. C.)

18. Name the sibilant letter in these same four conditions, and give words expressing the four sounds.†

19. What inference may be drawn from the anecdote about the Ephraimites and sibboleth in the Bible history?

20. If, in pronouncing the labial letter, the air be allowed to escape through the nose, what letter is formed? Name, also, the dental-nasal letter. Also, what two letters in English represent a guttural-nasal sound? 21. Name words expressing these three nasal sounds; and explain the difference between the English and French pronunciation of on. 22. Name the two letters called liquid, and state a reason for their being so named.

23. Name other letters not mentioned above, and show that they are only other forms of those mentioned.

24. What is meant by mutes-double letters-semivowels?

See "System of Phonography," by Isaac Pitman, Bath.

10. Give instances of incorrect or affected pronunciations of English words, in illustration of the right long and short forms of vowels.

11. Explain the word diphthong; and distinguish one letter representing two combined sounds, and two letters used to express one sound, with one or more instances of each.

12. Thus, show why au and oo are not diphthongs, and thus explain what is a true diphthong. Also, are I (pronounced ei) and ou diphthongs?

13. Show the combined sounds in oi, ai, and u (as in unit), and give instances of each.

14. Show distinctly the two vowel-sounds heard in the words wheat, white, wound, woke.

15. Write words in any language expressing the combined sound, with each (if possible) of the above six elementary sounds,→

A. The six long sounds.

B. The short sounds.

16. Show distinctly the two vowel-sounds heard in yield, yoke, youth. 17. Write words in any language expressing the combined sound with each of the above six vowel-sounds,

A. Long.

B. Short.

See "System of Phonography," by Isaac Pitman, Bath.

2. CONSONANTS. II.

1. Explain the word consonant.

2. What is the simplest consonant that can be formed by merely pressing together and then opening the lips? Explain its name, labial. 3. What does the sound become if the lips are more heavily pressed together, or more forcibly opened?

4. If, while the lips are being compressed, a little air is allowed to escape, what letter is uttered; and how is this sound expressed in Greek?

5. What letter in Latin and English expresses this sound more heavily or forcibly uttered; and what letter in ancient Greek (afterwards disused) is thought to have expressed this sound?

6. Explain the words tenuis, medial, aspirate, and medial-aspirate, applied to these four letters respectively.

7. Again, what simple consonant is formed by pressing the tongue upon the palate at the roots of the teeth? Explain the name dental. 8. Name the medial of this letter.

9. How is the aspirate of this letter expressed in Greek, and by what letters is it expressed in Latin and English?

10. Name English words expressing the light and heavy (i. e. slender and forcible) utterance of this aspirate letter.

11. Again, what third simple consonant is formed in the throat? Explain its name guttural.

12. What Greek letter expresses the medial form of this letter; and what English and Latin letter?

13. How is the aspirate of this letter expressed in Greek? Why is ch, as in church, not the aspirate of k? Is this sound ever used in Latin or English, or in any dialect of the British islands?

14. Give instances of words expressing this aspirate sound and its medial form.

15. Write down the letter or letters expressing these three simple sounds in their four conditions:*

A. Labials.

B. Dentals.

C. Gutturals.

16. Name words in English, Latin, or Greek, expressing these twelve sounds respectively.

17. Give instances of incorrect or imperfect pronunciation, illustrating the similarity of root in the three cases. (A. B. C.)

18. Name the sibilant letter in these same four conditions, and give words expressing the four sounds.†

19. What inference may be drawn from the anecdote about the Ephraimites and sibboleth in the Bible history?

20. If, in pronouncing the labial letter, the air be allowed to escape through the nose, what letter is formed? Name, also, the dental-nasal letter. Also, what two letters in English represent a guttural-nasal sound? 21. Name words expressing these three nasal sounds; and explain the difference between the English and French pronunciation of on. 22. Name the two letters called liquid, and state a reason for their being so named.

23. Name other letters not mentioned above, and show that they are only other forms of those mentioned.

24. What is meant by mutes-double letters-semivowels?

See "System of Phonography," by Isaac Pitman, Bath.

3. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE.

1. Give an account of Adam in Paradise, as to language, with reference to other animals and to his own species.

2. Give an account, also, of the confusion of tongues at the tower of Babel.

3. Draw up a theory from these two accounts for the formation of language, and for the varieties in language.

4. If two individuals, having no medium of communication, were to meet, how would they make their wishes understood to each other? 5. Illustrate this by a short account of hieroglyphic carving and painting; also, the method by which the Peruvians made known the arrival of the Spaniards to their king; and name other instances.

6. After signs, state what is meant by language as an echo of sense; and name words applied to the sounds made by animals, and to the animals themselves: also to things.

7. Instance the lion, cat, cuckoo, the thunder, &c. Also, explain whizz, whirr, crack, &c.

8. What is the Greek word used to express the sound made by the brand in Cyclops' eye? and for surprise-grief? Name also other instances.

9. From these instances draw up a counter theory for the formation of language, from association of human beings.

10. Also, upon this theory, state the effects of dispersion upon such language as then existed, as exemplified at the tower of Babel.

11. Give instances of animals expressing their feelings by utterances ; and distinguish accurately such utterances from language.

12. Give a definition of language.

13. What is the great mark of distinction between ancient and modern languages, or between a language in its ancient and modern condition? 14. What does a language lose by development and by colloquial use, and what does it usually gain?

15. Illustrate this by a comparative account of the following languages (or one of them), as to loss and gain respectively:

A. Latin and Italian.

B. Anglo-Saxon and English.

C. Persian, before and after the Arabic Conquest.